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DOI 10.1007/s10803-007-0364-6
ORIGINAL PAPER
Introduction
Asperger syndrome (AS), described as autistic psychopathy already in 1944 by the Austrian paediatrician
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73
Methods
AS group
One-hundred males with AS, 1636 years old, diagnosed at the Child Neuropsychiatric Clinic (CNC) in
Goteborg, Sweden, in the years 19851999, were approached for inclusion in the follow-up study. They
were born 19671988, and had been diagnosed with AS
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74
group had been evaluated in childhood with the following results: Severe Mental Retardation (SMR,
IQ < 50) (n = 39), Mild Mental Retardation (MMR,
IQ 5069) (n = 31), Near Average Intelligence (NA,
IQ 7084) (n = 10) and Average Intelligence
(A, IQ 85114) (n = 4).
Autism Group
Autism Group
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Attrition
AS Group
There was no mortality in the original AS group of 100
males. A letter of information about the AS study was
sent to all 100 individuals or their parents (in those
under 18 years of age). The study was referred to as a
follow-up study of Asperger syndrome. Of the 100
males with AS and/or their parents targeted for inclusion, 24 refused or failed all participation in the followup study. Nineteen of these declined participation over
the telephone, and three did so in writing. In two cases
there was no response in spite of reminders, and so we
have no clue as to who was responsible for the
failure to participate. (Of the 24 who refused, five had
never been informed about their condition. Parents
had never told their child about the diagnosis, and they
did not want for their sons to find out about it now. In
the other 19 cases, we only have limited information
about the reason for refusal/failure to participate).
There was no significant difference in mean FSIQ at
original diagnosis between the participating (n = 76),
and the non-participating (n = 24) AS groups.
Participants
AS Study Group
Of the 76 cases participating in the follow-up study,
seventy had had a complete DISCO interview performed, and these were included for further study,
since we intended to match clinical and DISCO-diagnoses. These 70 cases constituted the AS study
group.
Among these 70 cases there were 4 parents who
participated without their son (in one of these cases the
son was unaware of his condition), and test information
about intellectual ability at follow-up is missing for
these four individuals.
Autism Study Group
Of the 77 cases participating in the follow-up study, 75
had had a DISCO-interview completed, and of these,
seventy males fell in approximately the same age-range
as those 70 males who were chosen for the AS study
group. These 70 autism cases constituted the Autism
study group.
Mean Age
AS Study Group
Mean age in the AS study group at follow-up was
21.5 years (SD 4.4, range 16.033.9) years. Forty-eight
(69%) individuals in the AS study group, were 22 years
or younger at follow-up.
75
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76
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77
AS (%)
Autism (%)
Clinical diagnosis
of AS
Clinical diagnosis of
autistic disorder
Clinical diagnosis of
atypical autism
No clinical diagnosis of
any autism spectrum
disorder
DISCO algorithm
diagnosis of AS
DISCO algorithm
diagnosis of autistic
disorder
DISCO algorithm
diagnosis of atypical
autism
No DISCO algorithm
diagnosis of an autism
spectrum disorder
52 (75%)
7* (10%)
58 (83%)
3 (4%)
11 (16%)
8 (11%)
1 (1%)
59
11
55
56
10
14
Results
Diagnosis at Follow-Up and Diagnostic Stability
Over Time
AS Study Group
Fifty-nine individuals in the AS study group (84%) still
met clinical (Gillberg, 1991) diagnostic criteria for AS,
three (4%) met criteria for atypical autism, and
8 (12%) no longer met criteria for a clinical diagnosis
in the autism spectrum. Seven (10%) of the males
meeting clinical criteria for AS also met clinical criteria
for autistic disorder (DSM-IV) and were clinically
judged to better fit the latter diagnosis.
The DISCO-classification (Gillberg, DISCO-algorithm criteria) concurred with that of the clinical
assessment in 55 of the 59 (93%) cases with a clinical
diagnosis of AS at follow-up.
Of the eight males who did not meet full clinical
criteria for an ASD diagnosis at follow-up, six had a
diagnosis of atypical autism (DSM-IV/ICD-10), one
had a diagnosis of AS (Gillberg, 1991), and one did
not have any autism spectrum diagnosis (DSM-IV/
ICD-10) according to the DISCO-10 algorithm
(Table 1).
Autism Study Group
In the Autism study group, 43 out of 53 (81%) originally diagnosed AD still met clinical criteria for AD, 9
(17%) had a clinical diagnosis of atypical autism, and
one individual did not have a clinical autism spectrum
diagnosis at follow-up.
Only 2 out of 17 individuals with atypical autism at
original diagnosis fulfilled criteria for the same diagnosis at follow-up. All remaining 15 individuals fulfilled criteria for AD at follow-up. Fifty-four out of
58 (93%) with a clinical AD diagnosis at follow-up
also had a DISCO-10 diagnosis of AD and the other
four had atypical autism. Nine out of eleven individuals with a clinical diagnosis of atypical autism had
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78
AS original diagnosis
(n = 70) (%)
AS follow-up
(n = 66) (%)
Autism follow-up
(n = 70) (%)
49
5069
7084
85114
115129
130
0
0
15
41
10
4
0
1
4
45
14
2
33
24
10
3
0
0
50
15
2
3
0
0
(0%)
(0%)
(21%)
(59%)
(14%)
(6%)
(0%)
(2%)
(6%)
(68%)
(21%)
(3%)
(47%)
(35%)
(14%)
(4%)
(0%)
(0%)
(72%)
(21%)
(3%)
(4%)
(0%)
(0%)
p < 0.001 for IQ-level comparing AS group at original diagnosis (and at follow-up) versus autism group at original diagnosis and at
follow-up. The change in the AS group is without trend. In the autism group there is a downward shift in intellectual capacity that was
significant (p < 0.001)
individual basis between evaluation at original diagnosis and at follow-up. There was a significant
VIQ > PIQ difference (15 points) in 13 (19%) at
follow-up, compared to 31 (45%) at original diagnosis (p < 0.01). The gap between VIQ and PIQ for
the whole group had decreased from 11 IQ-points
at original diagnosis to less than 3 IQ-points at follow-up. The PIQ had gone up and the VIQ had
dropped somewhat, but changes were not statistically
significant. The subtests included in PIQ at original
diagnosis were not all identical to those used at follow-up. Matrix reasoning (MR) was included in this
score at follow-up instead of Object Assembly (OA).
The males scored much better on MR at follow-up
than at OA at original diagnosis. However, the result
on OA at follow-up was also better than OA at
original diagnosis, and the results on OA and MR at
follow-up were similar. The individuals who no
longer had a diagnosis in the autism spectrum did not
differ in intellectual capacity from the group who did
(FSIQ 101.9 (SD 12.3) compared to 103.1 (SD 15.2)).
Autism Study Group
In the Autism study group, Wechsler scale testing
(WAIS-R or WISC-III) was only possible in 16
individuals. The mean FSIQ in this small tested
group was 59.6 (SD 17.9, n = 16), VIQ 63.2 (SD 19.8,
n = 15) and PIQ 58.9 (SD 12.3, n = 15). The results
from the overall intellectual assessment of the Autism study group (including those tested on the
Wechsler scales) are presented in Table 2. Those
individuals who could not be tested on the Wechsler
scales were categorized according to results on the
VABS. The results in the Autism study group were
significantly lower than at original evaluation, and
contrasted to those of the AS group, in which mean
FSIQ had not changed over time (Table 2).
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Overall Outcome
AS study Group
Of the 70 males in the AS study group, 19 (27%) had
good outcome. Seven of these 19 no longer met clinical
criteria for AS diagnosis. Thirty-three (47%) had fair
outcome and, 16 (23%) had restricted outcome. Two
individuals (3%) in the AS group had poor outcome,
but no one had very poor outcome (Table 3). Lower
FSIQ contributed to poorer outcomes. Analysis of
covariance found age-difference to be non-significant
when overall outcome was related both to FSIQ and
VIQ. However, there was a significant difference between Good and Poor outcome (FSIQ & VIQ)
(p < 0.05), and between Good-Fair and RestrictedPoor ooutcome (FSIQ & VIQ) (p < 0.05) (Table 4).
When participants in the AS study group were divided into groups according to age at original diagnosis, good outcome was seen in 9/26 (35%) in the
youngest group (5.59.5 years at diagnosis), in 9/35
(26%) of the in-between-group (10.015.5 years at
diagnosis), and in 2/9 (22%) of the oldest group (16.0
24.5 years at diagnosis) (n.s.).
Table 3 Overall outcome categories
Outcome categories/Independent
living
AS
Good outcome
Fair outcome
Restricted outcome
Poor outcome
Very poor outcome
Independent living (23 years of
age or older)
19
33
16
2
0
14/22
Autism
(27%)
(47%)
(23%)
(3%)
(0%)
(64%)
0
5
12
14
39
3/40
(0%)
(7%)
(17%)
(20%)
(56%)
(8%)
79
FSIQ (n = 66)
VIQ (n = 66)
Age at follow-up
(SD) years
Good 19 (27%)
Fair 33 (47%)
Restricted 16 (23%)
Poor 2 (3%)
Very poor 0 (0%)
107.8
105.0
97.4
82.0
109.3
104.3
98.6
92.0
21.5
20.7
23.5
18.5
(SD
(SD
(SD
(SD
14.3)
14.8) *
13.0)
4.2)
(SD
(SD
(SD
(SD
17.5)
14.2) *
15.1)
12.7)
(SD
(SD
(SD
(SD
3.7)
4.5)
4.8)
2.4)
Table 5 Outcome related to intelligence level and age in autism study group
Outcome Autism
Good n = 0
Fair n = 5 (7%)
Restricted n = 12 (17%)
Poor n = 14 (20%)
Very poor n = 39 (56%)
Intellectual level
A
NA
MMR
SMR
1
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
7
5
1
0
3
9
38*
26.1
25.9
25.5
23.5
(5.9)
(7.1)
(5.1)
(4.9)
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80
normal or near normal functioning (Table 6). However, six of these 12 men no longer met criteria for an
autism spectrum diagnosis. Of the males, who were still
regarded clinically to have sufficient impairment from
their symptoms to warrant a clinical diagnosis of AS,
five had a GAF-score of 70, and one had a GAF-score
of 72.
There was no difference at follow-up in GAF-scores
between the AS-age-at-diagnosis-groups, 59 years
59.5 (SD 7.1, n = 26), 1015 years 58.4 (SD 9.7, n = 35)
and 16+ years 59.0 (SD 14.3, n = 9). The individuals
with AS, who had been followed-up at the CNC on a
fairly regular basis after diagnosis (n = 29) had a mean
GAF score of 57.6 (SD 6.8), similar to those who had
not been followed there (n = 41) 59.8 (SD 10.8).
Autism Study Group
The mean GAF-score was 22.2 (SD 16.5 range 467,
p < 0.001) in the Autism study group. No individual in
the Autism study group had a GAF score of 70 or
above (Table 6).
AS Study Group
GAF-Scores
The vast majority in the AS study group were considered very lawabiding. However, according to parent
report, seven males (10%) with AS had been involved
with police and the law for different reasons, (fraud
(1), harassment of police officer (1), harassment of
young woman (1), stealing (1), assault (1), sexual abuse
(1), and unknown in 1 case).
AS Study Group
AS
FSIQ (SD)
Autism
Intellectual ability
58.9 (9.4)
12
51
7
0
109.7 (15.2)
102.7 (14.2) *
91.9 (13.7)
22.2 (16.5)
0
8
13
49
* n = 47
p < 0.001 for mean GAF-scores AS versus Autism group
p < 0.001 for intellectual ability related to GAF score
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Psychotic Disorder
AS Study Group
Three individuals in the AS study group had been
diagnosed as suffering from psychosis by independent
psychiatrists. One of these males had received a
diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and there was suspicion
of such disorder in at least one further case. No individual had been diagnosed with schizophrenia in the
AS group. All three individuals with a psychosis diagnosis in the AS group were on current anti-psychotic
medication. In terms of intellectual ability two of them
(the third one was not assessed) had had significant
drop (20 IQ-points) in their FSIQ as measured on the
WAIS-III. However, all 3 individuals with psychosis
were reported to have shown a significant drop in
intellectual ability between original diagnosis and follow-up.
Autism Study Group
In the Autism study group four individuals had been
diagnosed as suffering from psychosis, and in none of
those cases had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder been
made. No individual had been diagnosed with schizophrenia in the Autism group. Two out of four individuals with a psychosis diagnosis in the Autism group
were on current anti-psychotic medication.
Discussion
This, to our knowledge, is the largest prospective
comparative follow-up study ever published of a cohort
of individuals with AS, and autism, followed over a
period of more than 5 years. We believe that the
individuals included are representative of AS, and
autism/atypical autism, as diagnosed 10 years ago or
more. The results are of particular interest, given that
most previous studies have related to smaller, and/or
possibly highly selected samples.
Were our hypotheses supported by the findings?
The diagnosis of AS was still clinically valid in the
vast majority of AS cases (84%), but 11 individuals
did not meet clinical criteria for this particular diagnosis at follow-up. Three of these 11 had a clinical
diagnosis of atypical autism, but eight did not have
sufficient clinical impairment to warrant a clinical
diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. However,
this was not equivalent to lack of impairment from
autistic type problems. In the Autism study group
81% originally diagnosed with AD still met clinical
81
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Limitations
1.
123
Conclusions
Males with AS diagnosed in childhoodyoung adult
age have outcomes that are very much better than
those found in males diagnosed in childhood as suffering from autism/atypical autism. Nevertheless, given
their good intellectual capacity, the outcomes must be
regarded as sub-optimal. Medical, social and occupational services must find ways to achieve more individually adjusted solutions so as to be more successful
in meeting the needs of individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Linnea &
Josef Carlsson Foundation, the Wilhelm and Martina Lundgren
Foundation, the Soderstrom-Konigska Foundation, the Swedish
Autism Foundation, the Goteborg Medical Society, the Petter
Silverskiold Memorial Foundation, grants from the State under
the ALF (LUA) agreement, and by a grant from the Swedish
Scientific Council (MRC grant: 20034581) for professor
Gillberg. Both studies were approved by the Medical Ethical
Committee of Goteborg University.
3.
83
Motor clumsiness
poor performance
examination.
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