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Original Article

Effects of the slip surface on the


tribological performances of
high-speed hybrid journal bearings

Proc IMechE Part J:


J Engineering Tribology
0(0) 18
! IMechE 2016
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DOI: 10.1177/1350650116630202
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Qiyin Lin1,2, Zhengying Wei2, Yubin Zhang2 and Ning Wang2

Abstract
The slip surface has a significant effect on the tribological performances of a slider bearing and a hydrodynamic journal
bearing. Less attention has been paid to the influence of a boundary slip on a hybrid journal bearing. However, hybrid
journal bearings are increasingly used due to their intrinsic advantages. The effects of slip surface on the performances of
a hybrid journal bearing are studied in this work. The affecting rule of both the slip-region location and the size on the
load-carrying capacity is obtained. Only a well-designed slip surface could improve the tribological performances of
hybrid journal bearings. This work could provide a valuable guide for the design of a slip surface in high-speed hybrid
journal bearings.
Keywords
Boundary slip, hybrid journal bearing, load-carrying capacity, slip starting location, slip end location
Date received: 1 April 2015; accepted: 8 December 2015

Introduction
Liquid owing on superhydrophobic surfaces may
induce boundary slip,13 i.e. liquid molecules do not
adhere to the solid surface, resulting in a relative velocity at uidsolid interface. Such superhydrophobic
surfaces can be prepared by modifying the surface
microtopography (e.g. surface texture) and surface
energy. Thus, the inuences of the engineered slip surface on the performances of sliding bearings, such as
friction force and load-carrying capacity, have been
paid extensive attention.48
A review on the hydrodynamic lubrication with the
slip surface was presented recently by Zhang.9 Spikes4
noted that a slider bearing with slip against its stationary surface could cause both an increase in load
support and a reduction in friction only when the slip
surface moves relative to the convergent bearing in the
converging direction. Salant and Fortier5,8 also
demonstrated that heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface
in slider bearings and hydrodynamic journal bearings
would result in high load-carrying capacity and low
friction.
Fatu et al.10 studied the inFuence of wall slip on the
load-carrying capacity and power loss in hydrodynamic journal bearings and also compared the
eect of the wall slip condition with the eect of the
surface texture under similar lubrication condition.10
This study indicated that the tribological behavior of
the wall slip condition was similar to that of the

surface texture, as also shown in other analyses.11,12


Wus13 study found that the enhanced eect of the slip
surface on the hydrodynamic journal bearing performance was much greater at a small eccentricity
ratio than that at a large eccentricity ratio. Most existing studies noted that the location and size of slip
region would aect bearing performances, but they
did not take into account the eects of the starting
and end locations of the slip region. Some other analyses indicated that the starting location of slip region
would greatly aect the load-carrying capacity of
both the slider bearing and the hydrodynamic journal
bearing.7,11 The eect of the uidsolid interfacial slip
resulting from a textured surface on the slider bearings was investigated by Ismail and Sarangi14, and the
numerical results indicated that the boundary slip
produced by surface texture would enhance the
hydrodynamic lubrication performance. Rao et al.15
analyzed the eect of slip on a grooved bearing and
found that the pressure distribution was higher than
that without slip. Ma et al.6 studied the inFuence of
1

Fuli School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science, Xian Jiaotong


University, Xian, China
2
State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xian
Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Corresponding author:
Qiyin Lin, Fuli School of Food Equipment Engineering and Science, Xian
Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xian 710049, China.
Email: qiyinlin88@gmail.com

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Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

wall slip on the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of a journal bearing and found that slip surface
could distinctly improve the load-carrying capacity.
A study on the inuences of wall slip and critical
shear stress on the journal bearing was conducted
by Wang et al.16 They noted that wall slip may
aect the oil lm rupture position, the positive pressure area, and the pressure peak. Strozzi et al.17 investigated the tangential velocity slip problem based on a
slider bearing model. Furthermore, the inuences
of boundary slip on heat generation and heat transfer
were reported by Mahmoud and Waheed18 and Ishak
et al.19
Although there are important discoveries revealed
by published studies, there are also some limitations
to address. The research objectives of these studies
were focused on slider bearings and hydrodynamic
journal bearings, which is still insucient to produce
a practical design of the slip surface for hybrid journal
bearings due to the lack of impact criteria. The externally pressurized compensated hybrid journal bearing
is widely used due to its advantages of high accuracy,
Fuid Elm stiness, and damping capacity. This study
focuses on the inuences of the slip surface on hybrid
journal bearings and especially takes into account the
inuences of the starting and end locations of slip
region. The results will help us better understand the
design criteria of slip surface for hybrid journal
bearings.

Method and model


Governing equations and slip model
The hybrid journal bearing is increasingly popular in
the application of high-speed machine tool spindle.
To reduce the generation of frictional heat, a lubricant
with low viscosity is usually used; water was chosen as
the lubricant in this study. Assuming that water is a
continuous isoviscous incompressible uid medium,
the continuity equation and full NavierStokes equations are used to predict the performances of the uid
domain. For steady state study, these governing equations are expressed as


divU 0
divUui divgradui  gradp

where  is the density of mixture (water and vapor),


U is the velocity vector, ui is ith component of velocity,  is the viscosity, and p is the lubricant
pressure.
The cavitation phenomenon in the uid domain is
governed by a phase change model based on pressure
change, i.e. phase transitions between liquid and
vapor resulting from the pressure change. The transition from liquid phase to vapor phase is triggered
when the pressure is less than the saturation vapor
pressure PSat. All the variables in the governing

equations adopt the corresponding value of mixture


phase (i.e. liquid phase vapor phase). The physical
properties of the mixture phase are scaled by the
liquid volume fraction f. The liquid volume fraction
f is dened as the ratio of liquid volume to the total
volume (liquid volume vapor volume). Thus, the
physical properties of mixture phase  are dened as
 fl (1  f )v. The subscripts l and v represent
the liquid phase and vapor phase, respectively.
Because the pressure is higher than the saturation
vapor pressure PSat, the liquid volume fraction f is
equal to 1. The ambient pressure (its absolute value
is 1 atm) is usually used to study the cavitation phenomenon in tribological analysis. The saturation
vapor pressure PSat is equal to 1 atm in this paper.
When a liquidvapor transition occurs as the pressure
changes, the mass transfer rate m is modeled as
8
c
< m U2C
2 t  1  f  max0, p  PSat
m
m

v l
m U2C
2 t   f  min0, p  PSat
m v

where Cc, Cv, Um, and tm are empirical constants


based on the mean ow. The superscripts and
represent the phase change from vapor to liquid (condensation) and the phase change from liquid to vapor
(vaporization), respectively.
The Navier boundary condition, i.e. the slip
length boundary condition, and the limiting shear
stress boundary condition are usually used to describe
boundary slip.47,10,15,20,21 The Navier boundary condition states that the slip velocity Us is proportional to
the surface shear rate (qu/qy) and the slip length b.
The slip length b is dened as the Ective distance
below the solid surface where the velocity extrapolates
linearly to zero. The limiting shear stress boundary
condition assumes that there is a limiting/critical
shear stress  c at the uidsolid interface, and the
wall slip occurs only when the wall shear stress  0
reaches the critical value  c. If slippage occurs, then
the surface shear stress  s is equal to the critical value,
i.e.  s  c (if  0 5  c) and  s  0 (if  0 <  c), where
 0 (qu/qy). The slip velocity Us is always related
to uid velocity Ui in the nearest region close to this
uidsolid interface. Thus, a modied slip boundary
condition with two coecients is derived from the
limiting shear stress slip boundary condition. The
slip velocity Us is related to Ui and the surface
normal vector n, dened as
Us f1  Ui  f2  n  Ui  n

where f1 and f2 are the slip coecients, representing


the slip intensity; f1 and (f1-f2) are restricted to the
range from 0 to 1. The dot product Uin is the projection value of uid velocity Ui projecting to the surface
normal direction. The minus sign () in the formula
indicates that the angle between the surface normal
vector n and the velocity vector Ui is an obtuse angle.

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Lin et al.

Figure 2. Comparison of the current results and that in


Reference 7.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the velocity.

This dot product n (Ui n) represents the velocity


component of Ui in the surface normal direction.
Assuming that the three components of slip velocity Us are us, vs, and ws and that the three components of uid velocity Ui are ui, vi, and wi, respectively,
the coordinate system xnynzn, where the direction of
surface normal vector n is zn, as shown in Figure 1,
equation (3) can be rewritten as
8
f1  ui
>
< us
vs
f 1  vi
>
:
ws f1  f2  wi
Consequently, when f1 1 and f2 0, this boundary condition becomes the limiting shear stress slip
boundary condition, with  c 0, i.e. the shear free
condition, also called the perfect slip condition.
When f1 f2 0, this boundary condition regresses
to a no-slip boundary condition with zero velocity
(stationary wall). This slip boundary condition is
built rst under the framework of OpenFOAM.
The current boundary condition is veriEed by comparing the computational results with the results of
Lin et al.7 The comparison study is performed using
the same set of geometrical parameters and running
conditions as that in Lin et al.7 The limiting shear
stress slip boundary condition with  c 0 was used
in Lin et al.7 In the current study, f1 1, and f2 0.
Figure 2 shows that very small deviation is observed
between the current prediction and the results in Lin
et al.7 This result validates the current numerical
model.

Hybrid journal bearing model


A hybrid journal bearing with two rectangular
recesses is presented in Figure 1. The journal radius

r is 25 mm; the bearing width B is 25 mm; and the


radial clearance c is 50 mm. The axial width of rectangular recess is 15 mm, its circumferential length is
30 , and its radial depth is 50 mm. These two rectangular recesses are located at 75 105 and 255 285
along the circumference. The eccentricity is 0.5. The
lubrication lm thickness distribution is illustrated in
Figure 3(c). The thickest and thinnest positions of the
lubrication lm are located at 40 and 220 in the
circumferential direction, respectively. The rotational
speed of journal ! is 1000 rads1, approximately
9550 r/min. The supply pressure is 10 kPa. The pressures at the two end surfaces of lubricant domain in
axial direction are equal to ambient pressure, i.e. 0 Pa.
The density of lubricant (water)  is 998.2 kgm3, and
its viscosity  is 1.003 mPas.
To improve the tribological performances of this
hybrid journal bearing, a slip region is designed on
the internal surface of bearing bush, as shown in
Figure 3(a). The distance from the bearing end surface
to the starting position of slip region in axial direction
is marked as ws. The ratio of ws to the bearing width
B is dened as the dimensionless slip-region starting
position WS, i.e. WS ws/B. The dimensionless slipregion width WL is dened as the ratio of the slipregion width wl in axial direction to the bearing width
B, i.e. WL wl/B. The slip boundary condition, as
mentioned above, is applied to the slip region, and
the no-slip boundary condition is applied to the
other regions. A careful check on the mesh independence is conducted rst to ensure the accuracy of the
numerical solution. Finally, the total grid number
used is approximately 224,000.

Results and discussion


The inuences of the slip coecients, i.e. slip intensity,
on the tribological performance of hybrid journal
bearing are studied rst. Two bearing models with
dierent slip regions are investigated: one slip region
is located from 150 to 180 in the circumferential

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Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of hybrid journal bearing: (a) complete view, (b) medium cross-section in axial direction, (c) lubricationfilm thickness distribution.

direction, and its axial location is dened by


WS 0.15 and WL 0.7; the other slip region is
located from 180 to 210 in the circumferential direction, and its axial location is dened by WL 1.0
(which implies WS 0). It can be observed from
Figure 4 that the boundary slip can not only improve
but also reduce the load-carrying capacity, which is
related to the position of slip region; we will analyze
this phenomenon in detail later. If the slip surface
enhances the load-carrying capacity, then its benecial inuence will increase with the slip intensity, i.e.
the value of slip coecients. Otherwise, if the slip surface has an adverse eect on load-carrying capacity,
its negative inuence also increases with the slip intensity. In summary, the inuence of slip intensity is
monotonic. Focusing on the inuences of the position
and size/area of slip region, the same slip intensity
f1 f2 1 is considered in the following study.
The inuences of the location and the size of the
slip region in the circumferential direction on the pressure and the load-carrying capacity are investigated.
In this section, the impacts of the location and the size
of the slip region in the axial direction are not taken
into account, so the slip region covers the whole

Figure 4. Influences of the slip coefficients.

internal surface of the bearing bush in the axial direction. The pressure distribution in the medium cross
section in the axial direction is illustrated in
Figure 5. The dimensionless pressure is dened as
P pc2/(r!B). For this situation, the size of slip
region is zero, i.e. there is no-slip region, and the

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Lin et al.

Figure 5. Pressure distribution along the circumferential direction for different slip regions.

maximum pressure is located at 180 . This pressure


peak results from the uid hydrodynamic action while
the lubricant is owing into a convergence region
(bearing bush and journal shaft are not concentric).
The hydrodynamic pressure rising region is located
from 75 to 180 , where qp/q > 0, and  represents
the circumferential angle. The pressure drop zone is
located from 180 to 235 , where qp/q < 0.
For the other three situations, namely when, the
slip regions are located at 150 180 , at 120 180 ,
and at 105 180 , i.e. the end location of slip region
is xed at 180 and the maximum pressures are all
higher than those without slip region. These slip
regions could enhance the uid hydrodynamic
action. Because when the uid (lubricant) ows
from a slip region into a non-slip region, its speed
will decrease, i.e. the kinetic energy of the lubricant
will decrease, and then the kinetic energy will transform into pressure energy; as a result, the slip surface
will produce a uid hydrodynamic action in its downstream zone. The position of maximum pressure is
just located at the end line of the downstream zone
of the slip surface, as clearly shown in Figure 7. Thus,
the load-carrying capacity increases with the size of
slip region in the pressure rising zone, as shown in
Figure 6. The dimensionless load-carrying capacity
is dened as W wc2/(r3!B), where w is the
load-carrying capacity obtained from the pressure
integral over the journal surface. Comparing with
the situation without the slip region, there is an
increase of 11.1% in the load-carrying capacity
when the slip region is located from 150 to 180 .
When the starting location of slip region moves
from 150 to 105 , the size of slip region correspondingly increases from 30 to 75 , and the increase rate
of load-carrying capacity comparing with the case
without slip region increases to 37.3%.
Figure 5 also indicates that there is a negative uid
hydrodynamic action in the upstream zone of slip
region, indicating that there is a decrease in pressure.
Because when the uid (lubricant) ows from a

Figure 6. Load-carrying capacity with different sizes of slip


region in the pressure rising zone.

Figure 7. Pressure distribution with different slip regions in


the pressure drop zone.

non-slip region to a slip region, the speed of uid


increases, i.e. the kinetic energy of the lubricant is
increased, and the increased part of kinetic energy is
transformed from the pressure energy, thereby decreasing the pressure. Thus, in the upstream zone of slip
region, the uid hydrodynamic action that due to the
convergence structure will break down. In particular,
when the slip region is located in the pressure drop
zone, the negative uid hydrodynamic action due to
slip will break down the high-pressure zone (i.e. the
main load-carrying zone) resulting from the convergence structure, as shown in Figure 7. This will reduce
load-carrying capacity, as illustrated in Figure 8.
Figure 8 indicates that the load-carrying capacity
decreases with increasing size of the slip regions in the
pressure drop zone. These four slip regions have the
same starting location, located at 180 , and their end
locations are located at 210 , 215 , 220 , and 225 .
Compared with the situation without a slip region,
there is a decrease of 18.8% in load-carrying capacity
when the slip region is from 180 to 210 . When
extending the end location of slip region to 220 , the
load-carrying capacity has a further decrease and its

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Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Figure 8. Load-carrying capacity with different sizes of slip


region in the pressure drop zone.

decrease rate increases to 65.6%. If the end location


of slip region is near the cavitation zone, when the end
location of slip region toward cavitation zone to
increase the size of slip region is further extended,
the decrease tendency of load-carrying capacity
turns to a gentle pattern, which means that the slip
region locating in the cavitation zone has slight or no
inuence on load-carrying capacity.
The inuences of the location and size of slip
region in the axial direction on load-carrying capacity
are investigated in the following section. To focus on
the impact of the slip-region parameters in axial direction, the locations and sizes of slip regions in the
circumferential direction are kept unchanged, and
these slip regions are located from 120 to 150 . The
load-carrying capacity for slip regions with dierent
locations and sizes in the axial direction is presented
in Figure 9. The load-carrying capacity increases with
the slip-region width (i.e. the slip-region size) in the
axial direction. For the case that the dimensionless
slip-region starting position WS is equal to 0.15,
there is an increase of 9.81% in the load-carrying capacity when the dimensionless slip-region width WL
increases from 0.25 to 0.7.
The load-carrying capacity distribution curve for
WS 0.4 lies above the curve for WS 0.15, and
the curve for WS 0.15 lies above the curve for
WS 0, as shown in Figure 9. This result indicates
that the enhanced impact of the slip region on loadcarrying capacity is much stronger if the slip region is
near the bearing center, under the same slip-region
width.
The load-carrying capacity for the case WS 0 and
WL 0.15 is smaller than that when WS 0 and
WL 0. The load-carrying capacity for the case
WS 0 and WL 1.0 is also smaller than that when
WS 0 and WL 0.8. When WS 0, the starting
location of slip region is just located at the bearing
outlet in axial direction. When WS 0 and WL 1.0,
both the starting and end locations of slip region are
just located at the bearing outlet. When WS 0 and
WL 0, there is no-slip region in bearing bush

Figure 9. Load-carrying capacity distribution for different slip


regions in the axial direction.

surface, i.e. the size of slip region is 0. Thus, this phenomenon indicates that the slip region located at bearing outlet has an adverse eect and will decrease the
load-carrying capacity.

Conclusions
Hybrid journal bearings have been increasingly used
in engineering due to their remarkable intrinsic tribological performances, especially under high-speed
condition. However, the existing literature reports
mainly studied the eects of slip surface on the
slider bearing and the hydrodynamic journal bearing,
whereas these eects on the hybrid journal bearing
were seldom reported. In this paper, the inuences
of slip surface on the tribological performances of
hybrid journal bearing are investigated, and both
the location and the size of the slip region in the circumferential and axial directions are taken into
account. The results can be concluded as follows:
1. Boundary slip could produce a uid hydrodynamic action in the downstream zone of the
slip region and also result in a negative uid
hydrodynamic action in the upstream zone of
slip region. These tribological behaviors of the
slip surface are similar with that of concave
texture.
2. The uid hydrodynamic actions produced by the
slip surface and the convergence structure may
promote each other when the slip region is located
in the pressure rising zone. In this moment, the slip
surface has a benecial impact and the load-carrying capacity increases with the size of slip-region.
3. The negative uid hydrodynamic action produced
by the slip surface would damage the uid hydrodynamic action resulting from the convergence
structure when the slip region is located in the
pressure drop zone. In this case, the slip surface
has an adverse inuence, and the load-carrying
capacity decreases with the size of slip region.

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Lin et al.

4. The slip surface near the bearing center in the axial


direction has a much stronger impact on the
enhancement of the load-carrying capacity.
5. The slip surface located at the bearing outlet
also has adverse inuence on the load-carrying
capacity.
In summary, an unreasonable design of slip region not
only does not improve the tribological performances
of hybrid journal bearings but it also has an adverse
impact and would result in a decrease of the loadcarrying capacity. Additionally, although load-carrying capacity is not the only design criteria in highspeed hybrid journal bearing, the dynamic characteristics of the journal bearing, such as uid lm stiness
and damping, are also very important; the research
results in current work can be helpful for the design
of the slip surface in high-speed hybrid journal
bearings.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Prof. Yiping Tang for discussions, and also the reviewers and editor for their contributions and hard works on this paper.

Declaration of conflicting interests


The author(s) declared no potential conicts of interest with
respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of
this article.

Funding
The work is nancially supported by the China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (No. 2015M580853), and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (61575157).

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Appendix
Notation
b
B
c
Cc/Cv/Um/tm
f
f1/f2
l
m
n
p

slip length
bearing width
radial clearance
empirical constants
liquid volume fraction
slip coefficients
liquid phase
mass transfer rate
surface normal vector
pressure

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8
P
PSat.
r
ui
Ui
Us
v
wl
W
WL
ws

Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)


dimensionless pressure,
P pc2/(r!B)
saturation vapor pressure
journal radius
ith component of velocity
fluid velocity near fluid-solid interface
slip velocity
vapor phase
slip-region width in axial direction
dimensionless load-carrying capacity,
W wc2/(r3!B)
dimensionless slip-region width,
WL wl/B
starting position of slip region in axial
direction

WS


!

0
c
s


dimensionless slip-region starting position, WS ws/B


physical properties
viscosity
rotational speed
density
original shear stress
limiting shear stress
surface shear stress
circumferential angle
represent phase change from vapor
phase to liquid phase
represent phase change from liquid
phase to vapor phase

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