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Abstract
The slip surface has a significant effect on the tribological performances of a slider bearing and a hydrodynamic journal
bearing. Less attention has been paid to the influence of a boundary slip on a hybrid journal bearing. However, hybrid
journal bearings are increasingly used due to their intrinsic advantages. The effects of slip surface on the performances of
a hybrid journal bearing are studied in this work. The affecting rule of both the slip-region location and the size on the
load-carrying capacity is obtained. Only a well-designed slip surface could improve the tribological performances of
hybrid journal bearings. This work could provide a valuable guide for the design of a slip surface in high-speed hybrid
journal bearings.
Keywords
Boundary slip, hybrid journal bearing, load-carrying capacity, slip starting location, slip end location
Date received: 1 April 2015; accepted: 8 December 2015
Introduction
Liquid owing on superhydrophobic surfaces may
induce boundary slip,13 i.e. liquid molecules do not
adhere to the solid surface, resulting in a relative velocity at uidsolid interface. Such superhydrophobic
surfaces can be prepared by modifying the surface
microtopography (e.g. surface texture) and surface
energy. Thus, the inuences of the engineered slip surface on the performances of sliding bearings, such as
friction force and load-carrying capacity, have been
paid extensive attention.48
A review on the hydrodynamic lubrication with the
slip surface was presented recently by Zhang.9 Spikes4
noted that a slider bearing with slip against its stationary surface could cause both an increase in load
support and a reduction in friction only when the slip
surface moves relative to the convergent bearing in the
converging direction. Salant and Fortier5,8 also
demonstrated that heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface
in slider bearings and hydrodynamic journal bearings
would result in high load-carrying capacity and low
friction.
Fatu et al.10 studied the inFuence of wall slip on the
load-carrying capacity and power loss in hydrodynamic journal bearings and also compared the
eect of the wall slip condition with the eect of the
surface texture under similar lubrication condition.10
This study indicated that the tribological behavior of
the wall slip condition was similar to that of the
wall slip on the hydrodynamic lubrication performance of a journal bearing and found that slip surface
could distinctly improve the load-carrying capacity.
A study on the inuences of wall slip and critical
shear stress on the journal bearing was conducted
by Wang et al.16 They noted that wall slip may
aect the oil lm rupture position, the positive pressure area, and the pressure peak. Strozzi et al.17 investigated the tangential velocity slip problem based on a
slider bearing model. Furthermore, the inuences
of boundary slip on heat generation and heat transfer
were reported by Mahmoud and Waheed18 and Ishak
et al.19
Although there are important discoveries revealed
by published studies, there are also some limitations
to address. The research objectives of these studies
were focused on slider bearings and hydrodynamic
journal bearings, which is still insucient to produce
a practical design of the slip surface for hybrid journal
bearings due to the lack of impact criteria. The externally pressurized compensated hybrid journal bearing
is widely used due to its advantages of high accuracy,
Fuid Elm stiness, and damping capacity. This study
focuses on the inuences of the slip surface on hybrid
journal bearings and especially takes into account the
inuences of the starting and end locations of slip
region. The results will help us better understand the
design criteria of slip surface for hybrid journal
bearings.
divU 0
divUui divgradui gradp
v l
m U2C
2 t f min0, p PSat
m v
Lin et al.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of hybrid journal bearing: (a) complete view, (b) medium cross-section in axial direction, (c) lubricationfilm thickness distribution.
internal surface of the bearing bush in the axial direction. The pressure distribution in the medium cross
section in the axial direction is illustrated in
Figure 5. The dimensionless pressure is dened as
P pc2/(r!B). For this situation, the size of slip
region is zero, i.e. there is no-slip region, and the
Lin et al.
Figure 5. Pressure distribution along the circumferential direction for different slip regions.
surface, i.e. the size of slip region is 0. Thus, this phenomenon indicates that the slip region located at bearing outlet has an adverse eect and will decrease the
load-carrying capacity.
Conclusions
Hybrid journal bearings have been increasingly used
in engineering due to their remarkable intrinsic tribological performances, especially under high-speed
condition. However, the existing literature reports
mainly studied the eects of slip surface on the
slider bearing and the hydrodynamic journal bearing,
whereas these eects on the hybrid journal bearing
were seldom reported. In this paper, the inuences
of slip surface on the tribological performances of
hybrid journal bearing are investigated, and both
the location and the size of the slip region in the circumferential and axial directions are taken into
account. The results can be concluded as follows:
1. Boundary slip could produce a uid hydrodynamic action in the downstream zone of the
slip region and also result in a negative uid
hydrodynamic action in the upstream zone of
slip region. These tribological behaviors of the
slip surface are similar with that of concave
texture.
2. The uid hydrodynamic actions produced by the
slip surface and the convergence structure may
promote each other when the slip region is located
in the pressure rising zone. In this moment, the slip
surface has a benecial impact and the load-carrying capacity increases with the size of slip-region.
3. The negative uid hydrodynamic action produced
by the slip surface would damage the uid hydrodynamic action resulting from the convergence
structure when the slip region is located in the
pressure drop zone. In this case, the slip surface
has an adverse inuence, and the load-carrying
capacity decreases with the size of slip region.
Lin et al.
Funding
The work is nancially supported by the China Postdoctoral
Science Foundation (No. 2015M580853), and the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (61575157).
References
1. Rothstein JP. Slip on superhydrophobic surfaces. Ann
Rev Fluid Mech 2010; 42: 89109.
2. Feuillebois F, Bazant MZ and Vinogradova OI. Effective
slip over superhydrophobic surfaces in thin channels.
PhysRev Lett 2009; 102: 026001.
3. Bhushan B, Wang Y and Maali A. Boundary slip study
on hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and superhydrophobic surfaces with dynamic atomic force microscopy. Langmuir
2009; 25: 81178121.
4. Spikes HA. The half-wetted bearing. Part 1: extended
Reynolds equation. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering
Tribology 2003; 217: 114.
5. Salant RF and Fortier AE. Numerical analysis of a slider
bearing with a heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface. Tribol
Transact 2004; 47: 328334.
6. Ma G, Wu C and Zhou P. Wall slip and hydrodynamics
of two-dimensional journal bearing. Tribolo Int 2007; 40:
10561066.
7. Lin Q, Wei Z, Wang N, et al. Effects of large-area textured/slip surface on slider bearing. J Balkan Tribol
Assoc 2015; 21: 1223.
8. Fortier AE and Salant RF. Numerical analysis of a journal bearing with a heterogeneous slip/no-slip surface. J
Tribol 2005; 127: 820825.
Appendix
Notation
b
B
c
Cc/Cv/Um/tm
f
f1/f2
l
m
n
p
slip length
bearing width
radial clearance
empirical constants
liquid volume fraction
slip coefficients
liquid phase
mass transfer rate
surface normal vector
pressure
8
P
PSat.
r
ui
Ui
Us
v
wl
W
WL
ws
WS
!
0
c
s