Mga Pangunahing Tauhan Sa Noli me Tangere

Crisostomo Ibarra
Si Juan Crisostomo Ibarra y Magsalin o Crisostomo o Ibarra, ay isang
binatang nag-aral sa Europa; nangarap na makapagpatayo ng paaralan
upang matiyak ang magandang kinabukasan ng mga kabataan ng San
Diego.
Maria Clara
Si Maria Clara de los Santos y Alba o Maria Clara, ay ang mayuming
kasintahan ni Crisostomo; mutya ng San Diego na inihimatong anak ng
kanyang ina na si Doa Pia Alba kay Padre Damaso.
Padre Damaso
Si Damaso Verdolagas o Padre Damaso, ay isang kurang Pransiskano na
napalipat ng ibang parokya matapos maglingkod ng matagal na panahon
sa San Diego; tunay na ama ni Maria Clara.
Kapitan Tiago
Si Don Santiago de los Santos o Kapitan Tiago, ay isang mangangalakal na
tiga-Binondo; ama-amahan ni Maria Clara.
Elias
Si Elias ay isang bangkero at magsasakang tumulong kay Ibarra para
makilala ang kanyang bayan at ang mga suliranin nito.
Sisa, Crispin, at Basilio
Si Narcisa o Sisa, ay isang masintahing ina na ang tanging kasalanan ay
ang pagkakaroon ng asawang pabaya at malupit.
Sina Basilio at Crispin ay mga magkapatid na anak ni Sisa; sila ang
sakristan at tagatugtog ng kampana sa simbahan ng San Diego.
Pilosopo Tasio
Si Don Anastasio o Pilosopo Tasio, ay maalam na matandang tagapayo ng
marurunong na mamamayan ng San Diego.
Donya Victorina
Si Donya Victorina de los Reyes de Espadaa o Donya Victorina, ay isang

babaing nagpapanggap na mestisang Kastila kung kaya abut-abot ang

kolorete sa mukha at maling pangangastila. Mahilig niyang lagyan ng isa
pang "de" ang pangalan niya dahil nagdudulot ito ng "kalidad" sa pangalan
niya.
Ibang Tauhan
Padre Salvi o Bernardo Salvi- kurang pumalit kay Padre Damaso,
nagkaroon ng lihim na pagtatangi kay Maria Clara.
Alperes - matalik na kaagaw ng kura sa kapangyarihan sa San Diego
(itinuring ni Rizal na Hari ng Italya ng San Diego habang ang kura ang Papa
ng Estado Pontipikal)
Donya Consolacion - napangasawa ng alperes; dating labandera na may
malaswang bibig at pag-uugali.
Don Tiburcio de Espadaa - isang pilay at bungal na Kastilang napadpad sa
Pilipinas sa paghahanap ng magandang kapalaran; napangasawa ni Donya
Victorina.
Linares - malayong pamangkin ni Don Tiburcio at pinsan ng inaanak ni
Padre Damaso na napili niya para mapangasawa ni Maria Clara.
Don Filipo - tenyente mayor na mahilig magbasa na Latin
Seor Nyor Juan - namahala ng mga gawain sa pagpapatayo ng paaralan.
Lucas - kapatid ng taong madilaw na gumawa ng kalong ginamit sa dinatuloy na pagpatay kay Ibarra.
Tarsilo at Bruno - magkapatid na ang ama ay napatay sa palo ng mga
Kastila.
Tiya Isabel - hipag ni Kapitan Tiago na tumulong sa pagpapalaki kay Maria
Clara.
Donya Pia Alba - masimbahing ina ni Maria Clara na namatay matapos na
kaagad na siya'y maisilang.
Inday, Sinang, Victoria, at Andeng - mga kaibigan ni Maria Clara sa San
Diego
Kapitan-Heneral - pinakamakapangyarihan sa Pilipinas; lumakad na
maalisan ng pagka-ekskomunyon si Ibarra.

Don Rafael Ibarra - ama ni Crisostomo; nakainggitan nang labis ni Padre

Damaso dahilan sa yaman kung kaya nataguriang erehe.
Don Saturnino - lolo ni Crisostomo; naging dahilan ng kasawian ng nuno ni
Elias.
Balat - nuno ni Elias na naging isang tulisan
Don Pedro Eibarramendia - ama ni Don Saturnino; nuno ni Crisostomo
Mang Pablo - pinuno ng mga tulisan na ibig tulungan ni Elias.
Kapitan Basilio - ilan sa mga kapitan ng bayan sa San Diego Kapitan
Tinong at Kapitan Valentin; ama ni Sinang
Tenyente Guevarra - isang matapat na tenyente ng mga guwardiya sibil na
nagsalaysay kay Ibarra ng tungkol sa kasawiang sinapit ng kanyang ama.
Kapitana Maria - tanging babaing makabayan
pagtatanggol ni Ibarra sa alaala ng ama.

na

pumapanig

sa

Padre Sibyla - paring Dominikano na lihim na sumusubaybay sa mga kilos

ni Ibarra.
Albino - dating seminarista na nakasama sa piknik sa lawa.

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
Nelson Mandela: 1918-2013
South Africas first black president dies at 95
DECEMBER 05, 2013
Nelson Mandela was the president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.
A nation mourns the loss of its former leader, Nelson Mandela, who has
died after a long illness. He was 95.
Jacob Zuma, South Africa's president, announced Mandela's death at a
news conference. "We've lost our greatest son," Zuma said.
Mandela was known for ending apartheid, a system that separated whites
from nonwhites in South Africa. After spending 27 years in prison for
fighting against racial inequality, he became the countrys first

democratically elected president. I think hes a hero for the world, said
President Barack Obama in a speech during his visit to Senegal in June.
Early Years
Mandela was born Rolihlahla Mandela on July 18, 1918. He grew up poor in
a small South African village. When Mandela was nine, he was adopted by
and sent to live with his fathers friend, a prosperous clan chief.
In school, Mandela learned about African history and his ancestors
struggles with discrimination. He wanted to help his countrymen. He later
traveled to Johannesburg, where he studied law and opened the countrys
first black law practice. He also joined the African National Congress, a
group that fought for racial equality.
Fight Against Apartheid
In 1948, the government introduced apartheid, which left the countrys
nonwhite majority with few economic opportunities. In response, Mandela
traveled throughout South Africa and encouraged people to take part in
nonviolent demonstrations against the governments racial segregation
policies. He was arrested for organizing anti-government activities and
eventually sentenced to life in prison. I have cherished the ideal of a
democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony
and with equal opportunities, he said during his trial. It is an ideal which I
hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am
prepared to die.
Mandelas imprisonment led to protests around the world and economic
sanctions, or limits on trade, against his country.
First Black President
On February 11, 1990, South African president F.W. de Klerk released
Mandela from prison, and the two worked together to end apartheid. Three
years later, they won the Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts.
In 1994, for the first time in South African history, nonwhites were allowed
to vote in democratic elections. Mandela was elected president by an
overwhelming majority. While in office, he worked to improve housing,
education, and economic opportunities for the countrys large black
population.
Mandela stepped down as president in 1999. That same year, he created the

Nelson Mandelas Children Fund, a charity that helps poor South African
children. Children are the wealth of our country, he said in an interview
with TFK in 2002. They must be given love.
Over the years, Mandela continued working to promote peace around the
world. In 2007, he helped found The Elders, an organization of world
leaders committed to ending conflicts and promoting human rights. When
you want to get a herd to move in a certain direction, he told TIME in 1994,
you stand at the back with a stick. Then a few of the more energetic cattle
move to the front and the rest of the cattle follow. You are really guiding
them from behind. That is how a leader should do his work.

Festival DancesWhat Are the Benefits of Attending Special Dances

Festival, Convention, Weekend...
Why should I attend Special Dances and Dance Events?
What can I get out of it? Will I make a fool of myself? Virtually every dancer,
from every type of
dance activity, has aked one or more of
these questions at one time or another. Answering the last question first,
no, you will not make any more a fool of yourself than every other couple
there. Armed guards are not going to appear and escort you off the floor
and out of the hall if you make a mistake, crash into inanimate objects
(walls, chairs...), trip over yourpartner, fall, or any make any other faux pas.
Why should I attend the Festivals and other special dances?
The reasons are as varied as the number of people dancing, but some of
the basic benefits are:
1. Increase the Amount of Floor Time Spent With Your Partner: Remember
the old saying "practice makes perfect". In reality, practice increases your
body memory (ability to almost subconsciouslyexecute figures and
movements). It also increasesyour sensitivity to the movement with your
partner,allowing you to better feel and give leads (remember, only one
person should be the leader ideallythis should be the man, but...).
2.Learn and Workshop Newand Old Figures that have been and/or will (95%

of the time) be
choreographed into other routines. You may not becometotally comfortable
with the figure, but you
have gained useful information and the next time you are exposed to that
figure (or another figure in
the sameclass) it will comemore easily. For example: Left turn,reverse turn,
telemarks, reverse wave, telespin...are all in the same figure class in this
case, the first two steps are very similar for the man & the rotation is to the
left.
3.Workshop Dance Technique: Technique is the mechanics of how a figure
should be executed, from the toes on up. Technique does not include
styling, which individualizes figures and actions.
4.Learn and Workshop Rhythm Characteristics : These are what make one
rhythm
look and feel different than another rhythm, evenwhen executing the same
figure.
For example: A waltz flows up and down and glides across the floor, while a
jive is springy, energetic, and less rigid, and generally confined to a smaller
amount of floor space.
5.Styling Tips and Development : Learn new methods of styling, reinforce
the styling you already do,and/or develop unique styling with your partner.
Styling normally involves parts of the body that are not otherwise in use
while executing a figure; it is something you cando that will not interfere
with the proper execution of the figure or action. Styling is always optional.

IMPORTANCE OF BODY FUEL

Your body is like a wonderful machine
family membersFirst of all it builds itself in your mother's womb.
It works hard on growing bigger and stronger.
It repairs itself (like healing a cut or a broken arm).

It changes itself from a child to an adult.

It runs all the systems needed to keep the body working.
It's more complicated than the most expensive computer and it's free!
To look after this amazing body machine you need to keep it supplied with
the right kind of fuel.
re-fuelling the bodyDoes your family have a car?
Do you go to the petrol station sometimes when mum or dad is filling the
car with fuel?
Have you noticed that there are different kinds of fuel? Eg petrol, diesel,
LPG (liquid petroleum gas).
The kind of fuel you buy depends on the kind of fuel the engine runs on.
Your body runs on the fuel it gets from what you eat.
If it doesn't get the right kind of fuel then it doesn't work very well or, like
your car, it could break down.

FESTIVAL ORIGINATE IN PAMPANGA

-CUTUD LENTEN RITES
A re-enactment Christs's passion and death is done every year during the
lenten season at Cutud, San Pedro, San Fernando, Pampanga. The reenactment is complete with the passion play and culminates with the actual
nailing of at least three flagellants on wooden crosses a top a makeshift
calvary.
-SABAT-SANTACRUZAN
A moro-moro feature of the Santacruzan that occurs at certain places.
During the procession, the Goydo, said to be non-christian knight errand,
confronts St, Helen and her handmaiden and tries to stop her search for
the cross. After armed skirmies between the two groups and a series of
drmatic dialogues in vernacular jousts, the Goydo and his men are
converted into Christian faith.

What is Drug?
A drug is any chemical you take that affects the way your body works.
Alcohol, caffeine, aspirin and nicotine are all drugs. A drug must be able to
pass from your body into your brain. Once inside your brain, drugs can
change the messages your brain cells are sending to each other, and to the
rest of your body. They do this by interfering with your brain's own
chemical signals: neurotransmitters that transfer signals across synapses.
Risk factors of using drugsPeople of any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug.
However, certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing
an addiction:

Family history of addiction. Drug addiction is more common in some

families and likely involves genetic predisposition. If you have a blood
relative, such as a parent or sibling, with alcohol or drug problems, you're
at greater risk of developing a drug addiction.
Being male. Men are more likely to have problems with drugs than women
are. However, progression of addictive disorders is known to be faster in
females.
Having another mental health disorder. If you have a mental health disorder
such as depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or posttraumatic stress disorder, you're more likely to become dependent on
drugs.
Peer pressure. Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and abuse
drugs, particularly for young people.
Lack of family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with
your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of
parental supervision.
Anxiety, depression and loneliness. Using drugs can become a way of
coping with these painful psychological feelings and can make these
problems even worse.
Taking a highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or
painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs.
However, taking drugs considered less addicting so-called "light drugs"

 can start you on a pathway of drug use and addiction.

Harmful Effects of Drug Use

Substance Abuse and Drug Addiction
The World Health Organization describes substance abuse as, "The
harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol
and illicit drugs." Often people begin experimenting with drugs; however
this can lead to addiction.
Unfortunately, most people don't realize they are addicted until it is too late.
Once addicted, the drug user will continue to use drugs even though it can
cause great harm. The National Institute on Drug Abuse in the United
States describes addition as, "A chronic, relapsing brain disease that is
characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful
consequences."
Drug addiction can be harmful to many elements of one's life. Areas at risk
are one's health, social life, financial state and legal/criminal record.

How is Drug Use Harmful?

Trouble thinking clearly, paying attention and remembering are
consequences of drug use. As a result, students who use drugs may do
poorly in school or even drop out. Adults might have trouble with their
work performance and maintaining employment. In addition, social
relationships regardless of age could suffer.
Individuals may act on at risky behaviors while under the influence of
drugs which can result in violence and infectious diseases. Drug use can
alter the function and structure of the brain. Other medical problems which
can result of drugs use are: Mental disorders, cardiovascular disease,
stroke, HIV/AIDS, cancer, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and lung disease and
Death just to name a few.
Pregnant women who use drugs endanger the health of their unborn child.
The child could be born prematurely, have a low birth weight and have
trouble with both intellectual development and behavior.

Signs and Symptoms

Warning Signs:
The use and abuse of drugs are serious issues that should not be ignored
or minimized and we should not sit back and hope they just go away. If left
untreated, use and abuse can develop into drug dependence. As a result, it
is important to recognize the signs and symptoms of drug abuse early. If
youre worried that a friend or family member might be abusing drugs, here
are some of the warning signs to look for:
Physical and health warning signs of drug abuse
Eyes that are bloodshot or pupils that are smaller or larger than normal.
Frequent nosebleeds--could be related to snorted drugs (meth or cocaine).
Changes in appetite or sleep patterns. Sudden weight loss or weight gain.
Seizures without a history of epilepsy.
Deterioration in personal grooming or physical appearance.
Injuries/accidents and person wont or cant tell you how they got hurt.
Unusual smells on breath, body, or clothing.
Shakes, tremors, incoherent or slurred speech, impaired or unstable
coordination.

Behavioral signs of drug abuse

Drop in attendance and performance at work or school; loss of interest in
extracurricular activities, hobbies, sports or exercise; decreased
motivation.
Complaints from co-workers, supervisors, teachers or classmates.
Unusual or unexplained need for money or financial problems; borrowing
or stealing; missing money or valuables.
Silent, withdrawn, engaging in secretive or suspicious behaviors.
Sudden change in relationships, friends, favorite hangouts, and hobbies.
Frequently getting into trouble (arguments, fights, accidents, illegal

activities).

Psychological warning signs of drug abuse

Unexplained change in personality or attitude.
Sudden mood changes, irritability, angry outbursts or laughing at nothing.
Periods of unusual hyperactivity or agitation.
Lack of motivation; inability to focus, appearing lethargic or spaced out.
Appearing fearful, withdrawn, anxious, or paranoid, with no apparent
reason.

Signs and symptoms of Drug Dependence

Drug dependence involves all the symptoms of drug abuse, but also
involves another element: physical dependence.
1. Tolerance: Tolerance means that, over time, you need more drugs to feel
the same effects. Do they use more drugs now than they used before? Do
they use more drugs than other people without showing obvious signs of
intoxication?
2. Withdrawal: As the effect of the drugs wear off, the person may
experience withdrawal symptoms: anxiety or jumpiness; shakiness or
trembling; sweating, nausea and vomiting; insomnia; depression;
irritability; fatigue or loss of appetite and headaches. Do they use drugs to
steady the nerves, stop the shakes in the morning? Drug use to relieve or
avoid withdrawal symptoms is a sign of addiction.
In severe cases, withdrawal from drugs can be life-threatening and involve
hallucinations, confusion, seizures, fever, and agitation. These symptoms
can be dangerous and should be managed by a physician specifically
trained and experienced in dealing with addiction.
3. Loss of Control: Using more drugs than they wanted to, for longer than
they intended, or despite telling themselves that they wouldnt do it this
time.

4. Desire to Stop, But Cant: They have a persistent desire to cut down or
stop their drug use, but all efforts to stop and stay stopped, have been
unsuccessful.
5. Neglecting Other Activities: They are spending less time on activities
that used to be important to them (hanging out with family and friends,
exercising or going to the gym, pursuing hobbies or other interests)
because of the use of drugs.
6. Drugs Take Up Greater Time, Energy and Focus: They spend a lot of
time using drugs, thinking about it, or recovering from its effects. They
have few, if any, interests, social or community involvements that dont
revolve around the use of drugs.
7. Continued Use Despite Negative Consequences: They continue to use
drugs even though they know its causing problems. As an example,
person may realize that their drug use is interfering with ability to do their
job, is damaging their marriage, making problems worse, or causing health
problems, but they continue to use.
Prevention and Control of using Drugs abusement
-Why is adolescence a critical time for preventing drug addiction?
As noted previously, early use of drugs increases a persons chances of
developing addiction. Remember, drugs change brainsand this can lead
to addiction and other serious problems. So, preventing early use of drugs
or alcohol may go a long way in reducing these risks. If we can prevent
young people from experimenting with drugs, we can prevent drug
addiction.
Risk of drug abuse increases greatly during times of transition. For an
adult, a divorce or loss of a job may lead to drug abuse; for a teenager,
risky times include moving or changing schools.12 In early adolescence,
when children advance from elementary through middle school, they face
new and challenging social and academic situations. Often during this
period, children are exposed to abusable substances such as cigarettes
and alcohol for the first time. When they enter high school, teens may
encounter greater availability of drugs, drug use by older teens, and social
activities where drugs are used.
At the same time, many behaviors that are a normal aspect of their
development, such as the desire to try new things or take greater risks,

may increase teen tendencies to experiment with drugs. Some teens may
give in to the urging of drug-using friends to share the experience with
them. Others may think that taking drugs (such as steroids) will improve
their appearance or their athletic performance or that abusing substances
such as alcohol or MDMA (ecstasy or Molly) will ease their anxiety in
social situations. A growing number of teens are abusing prescription
ADHD stimulants such as Adderall to help them study or lose weight.
Teens still-developing judgment and decision-making skills may limit their
ability to accurately assess the risks of all of these forms of drug use.
Using abusable substances at this age can disrupt brain function in areas
critical to motivation, memory, learning, judgment, and behavior control.7
So, it is not surprising that teens who use alcohol and other drugs often
have family and social problems, poor academic performance, healthrelated problems (including mental health), and involvement with the
juvenile justice system.

The festival that honored Santo NINO-

Ati Atihan- The Ati-Atihan is a festival in honour of the Santo Nio,

celebrated in the third week of January. During the last three days of this
week-long festival (fiesta), a parade is characteristic. A colourful happening
with celebrants who paint their faces in many different ways and who are
dressed in the most exceptional costumes. The dancing on the rhythms of
the drums makes this festival comparable with carnival in Rio in Brazil!
The fiesta is celebrated in Kalibo on the island of Panay (Visayas).

The origin- In the thirteenth century, long before the Spaniards came to the
Philippines, light-skinned immigrants from the island of Borneo
(Kalimantan) in Indonesia arrived on Panay. The local people of Panay, the
Ati (negritos), a small and dark (black) kinky-haired people, sold them a
small piece of land and allowed them to settle down in the lowlands. The
Atis themselves, lived more upland in the mountains.
One time the Ati people was in need of food because of a bad harvest in
their homelands. They came down to the lowlands of the Maraynon and
asked them food. Every year since then, the Atis came down to the lowland
inhabitants to ask for some food. They danced and sang in gratitude for the
helping hand. A real friendship was born and the Maraynon started to
paint their faces black in honor of the Atis and took part in the fiesta.
Spanish influence- After the Spaniards settled down in the Philippines,
some Catholic elements infiltrated in the fiesta, especially honoring Santo
Nio. A Spanish representative arranged a deal with the local leaders of the
Atis and the leader of the immigrants from Borneo. The outcome of the deal
was, that in the future the existing native celebration would be dedicated to
the Santo Nio. Nowadays it is a mix of parades, procession and dancing
people on the rhythms of monotonous music of drums or the rhythmic
tinkling of metal and stone on bottles. It looks as if the dancing never
stops! The ritual dance originates from the Atis. The name Ati-Atihan
means "make-believe Atis."
Viva kay Santo Nio!
It is said that the procession is the climax of the fiesta. It is held on the last
Sunday. The street dancers never fail to enter the Kalibo church every time
they pass by.

All About Bugo

Elected Government Officials of Bugo, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis
Oriental, Philippines
Elected Bugo Officers for the term of 2013 - 2016
Punong Barangay :

Morial, Jesus Jr. Serdan

Barangay Kagawad :

Capirig, Monico Ratilla

Barangay Kagawad :

Aban, Edwin Virtudazo

Barangay Kagawad :

Emano, Presley Cadavez

Barangay Kagawad :

Igot, Alan Del Puerto

Barangay Kagawad :

Salilig, Eduardo Villegas

Barangay Kagawad :

Dawal, Ponciano Jabines

Barangay Kagawad :

Aleria, Irwin Allen Palojoren

Elected Bugo Officers for the term of 2010 - 2013

Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Punong Barangay
(Chairman), Raul M Aleria
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 1, Jesus S Morial
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 2, Presley C
Emano
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 3, Edwin V Aban
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 4, Alan P Igot
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 5, Ruby S Jamero
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 6, Celestino P
Cubillo
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, Kagawad 7, Monico R
Capirig
Misamis Oriental, Cagayan De Oro City, Bugo, SK Chairman, Donica G Igot
Businesses in Bugo, Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental, Philippines

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