COURSE OUTLINE

Matter, atoms, molecules, ions, Chemical bonds

Chemistry of carbon, carbon compounds,
Hydrocarbons
Isomerism
Functional groups
Aromatic and heterocyclic compounds
Chemistry of carbohydrates
Chemistry of lipids
Chemistry of amino acids and proteins
Chemistry of nucleic acids

Atoms, Molecules and Ions

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is the study of the properties, composition,

and structure of matter, the physical and chemical
changes it undergoes, and the energy liberated or
absorbed during those changes.
MATTER

Matter is anything that occupies space and

has mass.
Examples: chairs
gasoline clothes
people
the earth paint
paper
water
salt
aluminum air

batteries
oxygen
rocks

ATOMS, MOLECULES
ATOMS smallest distinctive unit in a sample of matter

MOLECULES larger
units of 2 or more atoms.

STATES OF MATTER
Plasma
Nuclei

Electrons

Gas
Atoms or Molecules

Liquid
Atoms or Molecules

Crystalline Solid

Condense

Freeze

Evaporate

Melt

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Some Physical Properties

Temperature
Color
Boiling point
Freezing point
Hardness
Density

Some chemical properties

Oxidation (rusting and tarnishing)
Flammability
Inertness

Property and Change

Physical Change: any non-molecular-composition change
(atom rearrangement).
= change of physical property
(how the matter can be changed,
when molecule is not changed)

Melting, Boiling, Color change, Density change, friction

Change
Chemical Change: any change of molecular composition
= change of chemical property
(how molecule can be changed)
Reaction, Salt Solvation, Corrosion

Classification of Matter
Matter
Substances

Elements

Compounds

Mixtures

Homogeneous
(Solutions)
Heterogeneous

Memorize

ATOMS

Bohrs Model
Nucleus
Electron

Orbit

Energy Levels

Isotopes
Radioactive isotopes - Spontaneously decay into
elements of lower atomic number.
emit energy and/or subatomic particles
Half-life refers to the amount of time necessary to
decay half the atoms of a given sample.

Molecules and Compounds

Atoms form bonds to fill the outer shell
with electrons.
When atoms of different elements bond, a
compound is formed.
Molecule A compound of two or more
nonmetal atoms, which are held together by
covalent bond (O2, Cl2, I2)
Two typical types of bonds are ionic bonds
and covalent bonds.

Molecular Compounds
Molecular compounds are
composed of molecules and
almost always contain only
nonmetals.
Bonding: covalent
Physical state depends on
intermolecular forces

IONS
When atoms lose or gain electrons, they form charged
particles called ions
Metals loses e-s positively charged ions: cations
Nonmetals gain e-s negatively charged ions : anions
monoatomic ions: from single atom (Na+,K+, F- )
polyatomic ions: from two or more atoms ( OH-,
PO43-, NO3-)

Ionic compounds a compound composed of a metal +

nonmetal(s), which are held together by ionic bond
(electrostatic attraction)

The ionic compound NaCl

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