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G.R.No.92161

TodayisWednesday,October05,2016

RepublicofthePhilippines
SUPREMECOURT
Manila
THIRDDIVISION
G.R.No.92161March18,1991
SIMPLICIOBINALAY,PONCIANOGANNABAN,NICANORMACUTAY,DOMINGOROSALES,GREGORIO
ARGONZA,EUSTAQUIOBAUA,FLORENTINOROSALES,TEODOROMABBORANG,PATRICIO
MABBORANGandFULGENCIOMORA,petitioners
vs.
GUILLERMOMANALOandCOURTOFAPPEALS,respondents.
JosefinDeAlbanLawOfficeforPetitioners.
FELICIANO,J.:
ThelateJudgeTaccadoriginallyownedaparceloflandsituatedinTumauini,Isabelahavinganestimatedareaof
twenty (20) hectares. The western portion of this land bordering on the Cagayan River has an elevation lower
thanthatoftheeasternportionwhichbordersonthenationalroad.Throughtheyears,thewesternportionwould
periodicallygounderthewatersoftheCagayanRiverasthosewatersswelledwiththecomingoftherains.The
submerged portion, however, would reappear during the dry season from January to August. It would remain
underwaterfortherestoftheyear,thatis,fromSeptembertoDecemberduringtherainyseason.
The ownership of the landholding eventually moved from one person to another. On 9 May 1959, respondent
Guillermo Manalo acquired 8.65 hectares thereof from Faustina Taccad, daughter of Judge Juan Taccad. The
landsoldwasdescribedintheDeedofAbsoluteSale1asfollows:
...aparcelofagriculturallandinBalug,Tumauini,Isabela,containinganareaof8.6500hectares,moreor
lessboundedontheNorthbyFranciscoFortoontheEastbyNationalRoadonSouthbyJulianTumolva
andontheWestbyCagayanRiverdeclaredfortaxationunderTaxDeclarationNo.12681inthenameof
FaustinaTaccad,andassessedatP750.00....
Later in 1964, respondent Manalo purchased another 1.80 hectares from Gregorio Taguba who had earlier
acquired the same from Judge Juan Taccad. The second purchase brought the total acquisition of respondent
Manaloto10.45hectares.Thesecondpieceofpropertywasmoreparticularlydescribedasfollows:
...apieceofagriculturallandconsistingoftobaccoland,andcontaininganareaof18,000squaremeters,
moreorless,boundedontheNorthbyBalugCreekontheSouth,byFaustinaTaccad(nowGuillermoR.
Manalo)ontheEast,byaProvincialRoadandontheWest,byCagayanRiverassessedatP440.00,as
taxDeclarationNo.3152....2
During the cadastral survey conducted at Balug, Tumauini, Isabela on 21 October 1969, the two (2) parcels of
land belonging to respondent Manalo were surveyed and consolidated into one lot, designated as Lot No. 307,
Pls964. Lot 307 which contains 4.6489 hectares includes: (a) the whole of the 1.80 hectares acquired from
Gregorio Taguba and (b) 2.8489 hectares out of the 8.65 hectares purchased from Faustina Taccad. As the
surveywasconductedonarainymonth,aportionofthelandboughtfromFaustinaTaccadthenunderwaterwas
leftunsurveyedandwasnotincludedinLot307.
TheSketchPlan 3submittedduringthetrialofthiscaseandwhichwasidentifiedbyrespondentManaloshows
thattheCagayanRiverrunningfromsouthtonorth,forksatacertainpointtoformtwo(2)branchesthewestern
and the eastern branchesand then unites at the other end, further north, to form a narrow strip of land. The
easternbranchoftherivercutsthroughthelandofrespondentManaloandisinundatedwithwateronlyduring
the rainy season. The bed of the eastern branch is the submerged or the unsurveyed portion of the land
belonging to respondent Manalo. For about eight (8) months of the year when the level of water at the point
wheretheCagayanRiverforksisatitsordinarydepth,riverwaterdoesnotflowintotheeasternbranch.While
thisconditionpersists,theeasternbedisdryandissusceptibletocultivation.
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ConsideringthatwaterflowedthroughtheeasternbranchoftheCagayanRiverwhenthecadastralsurveywas
conducted, the elongated strip of land formed by the western and the eastern branches of the Cagayan River
lookedverymuchlikeanisland.Thisstripoflandwassurveyedon12December1969.4
Itwasfoundtohaveatotalareaof22.7209hectaresandwasdesignatedasLot821andLot822.Theareaof
Lot822is10.8122hectareswhileLot821hasanareaof11.9087hectares.Lot821islocateddirectlyopposite
Lot307andisseparatedfromthelatteronlybytheeasternbranchoftheCagayanRiverduringtherainyseason
and, during the dry season, by the exposed, dry river bed, being a portion of the land bought from Faustina
Taccad. Respondent Manalo claims that Lot 821 also belongs to him by way of accretion to the submerged
portionofthepropertytowhichitisadjacent.
PetitionerswhoareinpossessionofLot821,upontheotherhand,insistthattheyownLot821.Theyoccupythe
outer edges of Lot 821 along the river banks, i.e., the fertile portions on which they plant tobacco and other
agricultural products. They also cultivate the western strip of the unsurveyed portion during summer. 5 This
situationcompelledrespondentManalotofileacaseforforcibleentryagainstpetitionerson20May1969.The
case was dismissed by the Municipal Court of Tumauini, Isabela for failure of both parties to appear. On 15
December1972,respondentManaloagainfiledacaseforforcibleentryagainstpetitioners.Thelattercasewas
similarlydismissedforlackofjurisdictionbytheMunicipalCourtofTumauini,Isabela.
On 24 July 1974, respondent Manalo filed a complaints 6 before the then Court of First Instance of Isabela,
Branch 3 for quieting of title, possession and damages against petitioners. He alleged ownership of the two (2)
parcelsoflandheboughtseparatelyfromFaustinaTaccadandGregorioTagubaforwhichreasonheprayedthat
judgment be entered ordering petitioners to vacate the western strip of the unsurveyed portion. Respondent
Manalo likewise prayed that judgment be entered declaring him as owner of Lot 821 on which he had laid his
claimduringthesurvey.
Petitionersfiledtheiranswerdenyingthematerialallegationsofthecomplaint.Thecasewasthensetfortrialfor
failure of the parties to reach an amicable agreement or to enter into a stipulation of facts. 7 On 10 November
1982,thetrialcourtrenderedadecisionwiththefollowingdispositiveportion:
WHEREFORE, in the light of the foregoing premises, the Court renders judgment against the defendants
andinfavoroftheplaintiffandorders:
1.Thatplaintiff,GuillermoManalo,isdeclaredthelawfulownerofthelandinquestion,LotNo.821,Pls964
ofTumauiniCadastre,andwhichismoreparticularlydescribedinparagraph2boftheComplaint
2.Thatthedefendantsareherebyorderedtovacatethepremisesofthelandinquestion,LotNo.821,Pls
964ofTumauiniCadastre,andwhichismoreparticularlydescribedinparagraph2boftheComplaint
3. That the defendants are being restrained from entering the premises of the land in question, Lot No.
821, Pls964 of Tumauini Cadastre, and which is more particularly described in paragraph 2b of the
Complaintand
4.Thatthereisnopronouncementastoattorney'sfeesandcosts.
SOORDERED.8
PetitionersappealedtotheCourtofAppealswhich,however,affirmedthedecisionofthetrialcourt.Theyfileda
motionforreconsideration,withoutsuccess.
WhilepetitionersinsistthatLot821ispartofanislandsurroundedbythetwo(2)branchesoftheCagayanRiver,
theCourtofAppealsfoundotherwise.TheCourtofAppealsconcurredwiththefindingofthetrialcourtthatLot
821 cannot be considered separate and distinct from Lot 307 since the eastern branch of the Cagayan River
substantiallydriesupforthemostpartoftheyearsuchthatwhenthishappens,Lot821becomesphysically(i.e.,
byland)connectedwiththedriedupbedownedbyrespondentManalo.Bothcourtsbelowineffectrejectedthe
assertionofpetitionersthatthedepressionontheearth'ssurfacewhichseparatesLot307andLot821is,during
partoftheyear,thebedoftheeasternbranchoftheCagayanRiver.
Itisafamiliarrulethatthefindingsoffactsofthetrialcourtareentitledtogreatrespect,andthattheycarryeven
moreweightwhenaffirmedbytheCourtofAppeals. 9Thisisinrecognitionofthepeculiaradvantageonthepart
of the trial court of being able to observe firsthand the deportment of the witnesses while testifying.
JurisprudenceislikewisesettledthattheCourtofAppealsisthefinalarbiterofquestionsoffact. 10Butwhethera
conclusiondrawnfromsuchfindingsoffactsiscorrect,isaquestionoflawcognizablebythisCourt.11
In the instant case, the conclusion reached by both courts below apparently collides with their findings that
periodicallyattheonsetofandduringtherainyseason,riverwaterflowsthroughtheeasternbedoftheCagayan
River.Thetrialcourtheld:
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TheCourtbelievesthatthelandincontroversyisofthenatureandcharacterofalluvion(Accretion),forit
appears that during the dry season, the body of water separating the same land in controversy (Lot No.
821, Pls964) and the two (2) parcels of land which the plaintiff purchased from Gregorio Taguba and
JustinaTaccadCayababecomesamarshylandandisonlysix(6)inchesdeepandtwelve(12)metersin
width at its widest in the northern tip (Exhs. "W", "Wl", "W2", "W3" and "W4"), It has been held by our
Supreme Court that "the owner of the riparian land which receives the gradual deposits of alluvion, does
nothavetomakeanexpressactofpossession.Thelawdoesnotrequireit,andthedepositcreatedbythe
currentofthewaterbecomesmanifest"(Roxasvs.Tuazon,6Phil.408).12
TheCourtofAppealsadheredsubstantiallytotheconclusionreachedbythetrialcourt,thus:
Asfoundbythetrialcourt,thedisputedpropertyisnotanislandinthestrictsenseofthewordsincethe
easternportionofthesaidpropertyclaimedbyappellantstobepartoftheCagayanRiverdriesupduring
summer. Admittedly, it is the action of the heavy rains which comes during rainy season especially from
September to November which increases the water level of the Cagayan river. As the river becomes
swollen due to heavy rains, the lower portion of the said strip of land located at its southernmost point
wouldbeinundatedwithwater.ThisiswherethewateroftheCagayanrivergainsitsentry.Consequently,if
thewaterlevelishighthewholestripoflandwouldbeunderwater.
InGovernmentofthePhilippineIslandsvs.ColegiodeSanJose,itwasheldthat
Accordingtotheforegoingdefinitionofthewords"ordinary"and"extraordinary,"thehighestdepthofthe
waters of Laguna de Bay during the dry season is the ordinary one, and the highest depth they attain
duringtheextraordinaryone(sic)inasmuchastheformeristheonewhichisregular,common,natural,
which occurs always or most of the time during the year, while the latter is uncommon, transcends the
general rule, order and measure, and goes beyond that which is the ordinary depth. If according to the
definitiongivenbyArticle74oftheLawofWatersquotedabove,thenaturalbedorbasinofthelakesisthe
groundcoveredbytheirwaterswhenattheirhighestordinarydepth,thenaturalbedorbasinofLagunade
Bayisthegroundcoveredbyitswaterswhenattheirhighestdepthduringthedryseason,thatisuptothe
northeasternboundaryofthetwoparcelsoflandinquestion.
Wefindtheforegoingrulingtobeanalogoustothecaseatbar.Thehighestordinarylevelofthewatersofthe
CagayanRiveristhatattainedduringthedryseasonwhichisconfinedonlyonthewestsideofLot[821]andLot
[822].ThisisthenaturalCagayanriveritself.ThesmallresidualofwaterbetweenLot[821]and307ispartofthe
smallstreamalreadyinexistencewhenthewholeofthelateJudgeJuanTaccad'spropertywasstillsusceptibleto
cultivationanduneroded.13
TheCourtisunabletoagreewiththeCourtofAppealsthatGovernmentofthePhilippineIslandsvs.Colegiode
SanJose 14isapplicabletothepresentcase.ThatcaseinvolvedLagunadeBaysinceLagunadeBayisalake,
the Court applied the legal provisions governing the ownership and use of lakes and their beds and shores, in
order to determine the character and ownership of the disputed property. Specifically, the Court applied the
definitionofthenaturalbedorbasinoflakesfoundinArticle74oftheLawofWatersof3August1866.Uponthe
otherhand,whatisinvolvedintheinstantcaseistheeasternbedoftheCagayanRiver.
WebelieveandsoholdthatArticle70oftheLawofWatersof3August1866isthelawapplicabletothecaseat
bar:
Art. 70. The natural bed or channel of a creek or river is the ground covered by its waters during the
highestfloods.(Emphasissupplied)
WenotethatArticle70definesthenaturalbedorchannelofacreekorriverasthegroundcoveredbyitswaters
duringthehighest floods. The highest floods in the eastern branch of the Cagayan River occur with the annual
coming of the rains as the river waters in their onward course cover the entire depressed portion. Though the
easternbedsubstantiallydriesupforthemostpartoftheyear(i.e.,fromJanuarytoAugust),wecannotignore
theperiodicalswellingofthewaters(i.e.,fromSeptembertoDecember)causingtheeasternbedtobecovered
withflowingriverwaters.
The conclusion of this Court that the depressed portion is a river bed rests upon evidence of record. Firstly,
respondentManaloadmittedinopencourtthattheentireareaheboughtfromGregorioTagubawasincludedin
Lot307.15Ifthe1.80hectarespurchasedfromGregorioTagubawasincludedinLot307,thentheCagayanRiver
referred to as the western boundary in the Deed of Sale transferring the land from Gregorio Taguba to
respondentManaloaswellastheDeedofSalesignedbyFaustinaTaccad,mustrefertothedriedupbed(during
thedrymonths)ortheeasternbranchoftheriver(duringtherainymonths).IntheSketchPlanattachedtothe
recordsofthecase,Lot307isseparatedfromthewesternbranchoftheCagayanRiverbyalargetractofland
which includes not only Lot 821 but also what this Court characterizes as the eastern branch of the Cagayan
River.
1 w p h i1

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Secondly,thepicturesidentifiedbyrespondentManaloduringhisdirectexaminationdepictthedepressedportion
as a river bed. The pictures, marked as Exhibits "W" to "W4", were taken in July 1973 or at a time when the
easternbedbecomesvisible. 16Thus,Exhibit"W2"whichaccordingtorespondentManalowastakenfacingthe
east and Exhibit "W3" which was taken facing the west both show that the visible, dried up portion has a
markedlylowerelevationthanLot307andLot821.IthasdikelikeslopesonbothsidesconnectingittoLot307
andLot821thatareverticalupwardandveryprominent.Thistopographicfeatureiscompatiblewiththefactthat
ahugevolumeofwaterpassesthroughtheeasternbedregularlyduringtherainyseason.Inaddition,petitioner
Ponciano Gannaban testified that one had to go down what he called a "cliff" from the surveyed portion of the
landofrespondentManalotothedepressedportion.Thecliff,asrelatedbypetitionerGannaban,hasaheightof
eight(8)meters.17
TherecordsdonotshowwhentheCagayanRiverbegantocarveitseasternchannelonthesurfaceoftheearth.
However, Exhibit "E" 18 for the prosecution which was the Declaration of Real Property standing in the name of
FaustinaTaccadindicatesthattheeasternbedalreadyexistedevenbeforethesaletorespondentManalo.The
words"oldbed"enclosedinparenthesesperhapswrittentomakelegitimatetheclaimofprivateownershipover
the submerged portionis an implied admission of the existence of the river bed. In the Declaration of Real
Property made by respondent Manalo, the depressed portion assumed the name Rio Muerte de Cagayan.
Indeed, the steep dikelike slopes on either side of the eastern bed could have been formed only after a
prolongedperiodoftime.
Now,then,pursuanttoArticle420oftheCivilCode,respondentManalodidnotacquireprivateownershipofthe
bedoftheeasternbranchoftheriverevenifitwasincludedinthedeedsofabsolutesaleexecutedbyGregorio
TagubaandFaustinaTaccadinhisfavor.Thesevendorscouldnothavevalidlysoldlandthatconstitutedproperty
ofpublicdominion.Article420oftheCivilCodestates:
Thefollowingthingsarepropertyofpublicdominion:
(1)Thoseintendedforpublicuse,suchasroads,canals,rivers,torrents,portsandbridgesconstructedby
theState,banks,shores,roadsteads,andothersofsimilarcharacter
(2)ThosewhichbelongtotheState,withoutbeingforpublicuse,andareintendedforsomepublicservice
orforthedevelopmentofthenationalwealth.(Emphasissupplied)
AlthoughArticle420speaksonlyofriversandbanks,"rivers"isacompositetermwhichincludes:(1)therunning
waters,(2)thebed,and(3)thebanks. 19Manresa,incommentinguponArticle339oftheSpanishCivilCodeof
1889fromwhichArticle420ofthePhilippineCivilCodewastaken,stressedthepublicownershipofriverbeds:
Lanaturalezaespecialdelosrios,enpuntoasudisfrutegeneral,hacequeseanecesarioconsiderarensu
relaciondedominioalgomasquesusaguascorrientes.Enefectoentodorioesprecisodistinguir1.esta
aguacorriente2.elalveoocauce,y3.lasriberas. Ahora bien: son estas dos ultimas cosas siempre de
dominiopublico,comolasaguas?
RealmentenopuedeimaginarseunriosinalveoysinriberadesuertequealdecirelCodigocivilquelos
riossondedominiopublico,parecequedebeirimplicitoeldominiopublicodeaquellostreselementosque
integranelrio.Porotraparte,encuantoalosalveosocaucestenemosladeclaraciondelart.407,num1,
dondedice:sondedominionpublico...losriosysuscaucesnaturalesdeclaracionqueconcuerdaconlo
quedisponeelart.34delaleyde[Aguas],segunelcual,sondedominionpublico:1.losalveosocauces
delosarroyosquenosehallencomprendidosenelart.33,y2.losalveosocaucesnaturalesdelosrios
enlaextensionquecubransusaguasenlasmayorescrecidasordinarias.20(Emphasissupplied)
TheclaimofownershipofrespondentManalooverthesubmergedportionisbereftofbasisevenifitwerealleged
and proved that the Cagayan River first began to encroach on his property after the purchase from Gregorio
Taguba and Faustina Taccad. Article 462 of the Civil Code would then apply divesting, by operation of law,
respondent Manalo of private ownership over the new river bed. The intrusion of the eastern branch of the
Cagayan River into his landholding obviously prejudiced respondent Manalo but this is a common occurrence
sinceestatesborderingonriversareexposedtofloodsandotherevilsproducedbythedestructiveforceofthe
waters. That loss is compensated by, inter alia, the right of accretion acknowledged by Article 457 of the Civil
Code.21ItsohappenedthatinsteadofincreasingthesizeofLot307,theeasternbranchoftheCagayanRiver
hadcarvedachannelonit.
Weturnnexttotheissueofaccretion.Afterexaminingtherecordsofthecase,theCourtconsidersthattherewas
no evidence to prove that Lot 821 is an increment to Lot 307 and the bed of the eastern branch of the river.
AccretionasamodeofacquiringpropertyunderArticle457oftheCivilCoderequirestheconcurrenceofthree
(3)requisites:(a)thatthedepositionofsoilorsedimentbegradualandimperceptible(b)thatitbetheresultof
theactionofthewatersoftheriver(orsea)and(c)thatthelandwhereaccretiontakesplaceisadjacenttothe
banks of rivers (or the sea coast). 22 The Court notes that the parcels of land bought by respondent Manalo
border on the eastern branch of the Cagayan River. Any accretion formed by this eastern branch which
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respondentManalomayclaimmustbedepositedonorattachedtoLot307.Asitis,theclaimedaccretion(Lot
821)liesonthebankoftherivernotadjacenttoLot307butdirectlyoppositeLot307acrosstheriver.
Assuming(arguendoonly)thattheCagayanRiverreferredtointheDeedsofSaletransferringownershipofthe
landtorespondentManaloisthewesternbranch,thedecisionoftheCourtofAppealsandofthetrialcourtare
bare of factual findings to the effect that the land purchased by respondent Manalo received alluvium from the
actionoftheaverinaslowandgradualmanner.Onthecontrary,thedecisionofthelowercourtmadementionof
severalfloodsthatcausedthelandtoreappearmakingitsusceptibletocultivation.Asuddenandforcefulaction
likethatoffloodingishardlythealluvialprocesscontemplatedunderArticle457oftheCivilCode.Itistheslow
andhardlyperceptibleaccumulationofsoildepositsthatthelawgrantstotheriparianowner.
Besides,itisimportanttonotethatLot821hasanareaof11.91hectares.Lot821isthenorthernportionofthe
stripoflandhavingatotalareaof22.72hectares.WefinditdifficulttosupposethatsuchasizableareaasLot
821 resulted from slow accretion to another lot of almost equal size. The total landholding purchased by
respondent Manalo is 10.45 hectares (8.65 hectares from Faustina Taccad and 1.80 hectares from Gregorio
Tagubain1959and1964,respectively),infactevensmallerthanLot821whichheclaimsbywayofaccretion.
ThecadastralsurveyshowingthatLot821hasanareaof11.91hectareswasconductedin1969.Ifrespondent
Manalo's contention were accepted, it would mean that in a span of only ten (10) years, he had more than
doubled his landholding by what the Court of Appeals and the trial court considered as accretion. As already
noted,therearesteepverticaldikelikeslopesseparatingthedepressedportionorriverbedandLot821andLot
307. This topography of the land, among other things, precludes a reasonable conclusion that Lot 821 is an
incrementtothedepressedportionbyreasonoftheslowandconstantactionofthewatersofeitherthewestern
ortheeasternbranchesoftheCagayanRiver.
WeturnfinallytotheissueofownershipofLot821.RespondentManalo'sclaimoverLot821restsonaccretion
coupled with alleged prior possession. He alleged that the parcels of land he bought separately from Gregorio
TagubaandFaustinaTaccadwereformerlyownedbyJudgeJuanTaccadwhowasinpossessionthereofthrough
his (Judge Taccad's) tenants. When ownership was transferred to him, respondent Manalo took over the
cultivationofthepropertyandhaditdeclaredfortaxationpurposesinhisname.Whenpetitionersforciblyentered
intohisproperty,hetwiceinstitutedtheappropriateactionbeforetheMunicipalTrialCourtofTumauini,Isabela.
Against respondent Manalo's allegation of prior possession, petitioners presented tax declarations standing in
theirrespectivenames.Theyclaimedlawful,peacefulandadversepossessionofLot821since1955.
IfrespondentManalohadprovedpriorpossession,itwaslimitedphysicallytoLot307andthedepressedportion
ortheeasternriverbed.ThetestimonyofDomingaMalanawhowasatenantforJustinaTaccaddidnotindicate
that she was also cultivating Lot 821. In fact, the complaints for forcible entry lodged before the Municipal Trial
CourtofTumauini,IsabelapertainedonlytoLot307andthedepressedportionorriverbedandnottoLot821.In
thesamemanner,thetaxdeclarationspresentedbypetitionersconflictwiththoseofrespondentManalo.Under
Article 477 of the Civil Code, the plaintiff in an action for quieting of title must at least have equitable title to or
interestintherealpropertywhichisthesubjectmatteroftheaction.Theevidenceofrecordonthispointisless
thansatisfactoryandtheCourtfeelscompelledtorefrainfromdeterminingtheownershipandpossessionofLot
821,adjudgingneitherpetitionersnorrespondentManaloasowner(s)thereof.
WHEREFORE, the Decision and Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CAGR CV No. 04892 are hereby SET
ASIDE. Respondent Manalo is hereby declared the owner of Lot 307. The regularly submerged portion or the
easternbedoftheCagayanRiverisherebyDECLAREDtobepropertyofpublicdominion.TheownershipofLot
821 shall be determined in an appropriate action that may be instituted by the interested parties inter se. No
pronouncementastocosts.
SOORDERED.
Fernan,C.J.,Gutierrez,Jr.,BidinandDavide,Jr.,JJ.,concur.

Footnotes
1

Records,p.123.

Id.,p.120.

Id.,p.209.

Id.,p.210.

Exhibits"1C.""1D"and"1E"fortheProsecution.Records,p.209.

Records,pp.16.

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7

Id.,p.24.

CourtofFirstInstanceDecision,p.40Rollo,p.98.

GoOngvs.CourtofAppeals,154SCRA270(1987).

10

Sesevs.IntermediateAppellateCourt,152SCRA585(1987).

11

PilarDevelopmentCorporationvs.IntermediateAppellateCourt,146SCRA215(1986).

12

CourtofFirstInstanceDecision,p.39Rollo,p.97.

13

CourtofAppealsDecision,pp.56citationomitted.

14

53Phil.423.(1929).

15

TSN,7October1975,pp.46.

16

TSN,13October1975,pp.910.

17

TSN,3November1976,p.3.

18

Records,p.122.

19

Hilariovs.CityofManila,126Phil.128(1967).

20

3Manresa,ComentariosalCodigoCivilEspaol(6aed.,1934),p.75.

21

Cortesvs.CityofManila,10Phil.567(1908).SeealsoArticle461,CivilCode.

22

Republicvs.CourtofAppeals,132SCRA514(1984).

TheLawphilProjectArellanoLawFoundation

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