Exponential and Logarithmic - Series

Contents
Graph of exponential function ....................................................................................... 4

History ............................................................................................................................ 4
Exponential series .......................................................................................................... 5
Some results of exponential series ............................................................................. 5
The value of e .............................................................................................................. 7
Exponential theorem .................................................................................................. 7
General terms ............................................................................................................. 8
ex as limit ................................................................................................................. 8
Example: Prove that e2 e = [ 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2 + 22)/3! + . . . ] ............... 9
Example: Find sum C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n) / P(n. n) ............................. 9
Example: what is coefficient of xr in the expansion of 1 + (a + b x)/1! + (a + b x)2
/2! + (a + b x)3 /3! + . ..................................................................................... 10
Example: Evaluate (i) e rounding to one decimal place (ii) e2 rounding to one
decimal place (iii) 1/ e1/5 up to four decimals ..................................................... 10
Example: Find the square root of e to three decimal places ................................. 11
Example: Find the value of 1/e1/3 rounded off to 5 decimal places ....................... 11
Example: Express (e5x + ex)/ e3x in ascending powers of x .................................. 12
Example: Find [1/1.2 + 1.3/ 1.2.3.4 + 1.3.5 /1.2.3.4.5.6 + . . . ] ....................... 12
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in expansion of (1 4x - x2)/ex .................... 12
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion e7x + ex/e3x ....................... 13
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in 1 + (a + bx) + (a + bx)2 /2! + (a + bx)3 /3!
+ ..................................................................................................................... 13
Example: if n >1 then find the coefficient of xn in ex /(1 x) ............................... 13
Example: Find the sum of infinite series 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2+ 3)/3! + (1 + 2 +
3 + 4)/4! + . . .. Show that it is 3e/2 ................................................................... 14
Example: Prove that 2/ 3! + 3/4! + 4/ 5! + . . . = 1/e ........................................ 14
Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 22/2! + 32/3! +42/4! +. . . ................. 15
Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 23/2! + 33/3! +43/4! +. . . ................. 15
Example: Find the sum of the series when nth term is given as n2 / (n + 1)! ....... 15
Example: show that the coefficient of xn in the series (1 + x)/1! + (1 + x)2 /2! + (1
+ x)3 /3! + . . . = e/n!......................................................................................... 16
Example: Find the value of (e ix + e-ix) ............................................................. 16
Example: Find the sum of series C(n, 2)/ (n + 1)! n { 2 to } ..................... 17
Example: if ex/(1 x) = B0 + B1 x + B2 x2 + B3 x3 + . . . , find the value of Bn - Bn1 .............................................................................................................................. 17
Example: Find the coefficient of (i) x10 in the expansion of e2x (ii) x10 in the
expansion of e2x (iii) xn in the expansion of (a - bx)/ex ....................................... 18
M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com
Example: Expand
in ascending powers of x up to x3 term. Find its nth
term. ...................................................................................................................... 18
Example: Find the value of (1 + 3) log3 + (1 + 32 )/2! log2 3 + (1 + 33)/3! log3 3 19
Example: (1 + ! + ! + . . . )/(1 + 1/3! + 1/5! + . . .) ......................................... 19
Example: prove (1 + 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 + . . .)(1 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 - . . . ) = (e2 -1)/e 19
Example: Find the value of 1 + (1 + a)/2! + (1 + a+ a2)/3! + . . . .....................20
Example: 9/1! + 19/2! + 35/3! + 57/4! + 85/5! + . . . = 12e - 5 .......................20
Example: Prove that 1 + logx + log2 x/2! + log3 x/3! + . . . = x ......................... 21
Example: Show that 2/1! + 4/3! + 6/5! + 8/7! + . . . = 1/(2/3! + 4/5! +6/7! + . . . )
............................................................................................................................... 21
Example: Find the value of (x2 - y2)/1! + (x4 y4)/2! + (x6 - y6)/3! + . . . ...... 22
Example: show that [1 + a2 x2 /2! + a4 x4 /4! + a6 x6 /6! . . . ]2 - [a x + a3 x3 /3!
............................................................................................................................... 22
+ a5 x5/5! + a7 x7 /7! . . . ]2 = 1 ............................................................................ 22
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in
........................................................... 23
xn in
(1 + x + x2 )/ex .......................................... 23
Example: Find the coefficient of
Example: A = [1 + 22/2! + 24 / 3! + 26 / 4! + . . . ] and B = [1 + 1/2! + 2 / 3! + 22

/ 4! + . . . ]. Then find A/B .................................................................................. 24
Example: Prove that 1 +3/1! + 5/2! + 7/3! +9/4! + . . . . . . = 3 e ..................... 24
Example: Prove that 12.2/1! + 22 .3/3! +32. 2/3! + . . . = 7e ............................. 24
Example: 1. 4/0! + 2.5/1! + 3. 6/2! + 4.7/3! + . . . = 11 e .................................. 25
Example: 1 + (1 +2)/2! + (1 + 2+ 3)/3! + (1 + 2+ 3+ 4)/4! + . . . = 3e/2 ......... 25
Example: 2/1! + (2 + 4)/2! + (2 + 4 + 6)/3! + . . . = 3e.................................... 26
Example: (2.12+ 3)/2! +(2.22 + 4)/2! + (2.32 +5)/3! + . . . = 4e - 5 ................ 26
Logarithmic series ........................................................................................................ 26
log (1 + x) .................................................................................................................. 26
log (1 x) ................................................................................................................... 27
log(1 x2) ................................................................................................................... 27
log (1 +x)/(1 - x) ........................................................................................................ 27
Natural logarithms (ln) ............................................................................................ 27
Common logarithms ................................................................................................. 27
Relation between Common and natural logarithms ................................................ 27
log(x + 1)/x................................................................................................................28
log (x -1)/x.................................................................................................................28
Log 2..........................................................................................................................28
Example: Prove that if |x| < 1, then log(1 + x) = x x2 /2 + x3 /3 x4 /4 . . . ... 28
or derive logarithmic series ..................................................................................28
Prove that [1/(n+1) +1/ 2(n+1)2 + 1/3(n+1)3 + . . . ] = 1/n 1/2n2 + 1/3n3 - . . .

] .......................................................................................................................... 29
Example: Prove that log (1 + x)1+x (1 - x)1 x = 2[ x2/1.2 + x4 /3.4 + x6/5.6 + . . .
............................................................................................................................... 29
Example: if and are the roots of equation ax2 + b x + c = 0 then prove that
log(ax2 + b x + c) = log a + 2log x (1/x) ( + ) 1/2x ( + )2 (1/3) ( + )3 +
. . . ] ....................................................................................................................30
Example: If , are the roots of x2 + p x + q = 0 then find ( + )x (2 + 2)
x2/2! + (3 + 3) x3/3! + . . . .............................................................................30
Example: Prove the result {1/(n+1)} +1/{1/2(n+1)2}+{1/3(n+1)3} + . . . ] =
(1/n) -(1/2n2) + (1/3n3) - . . . ] ........................................................................... 31
Example: if y = [ x -x2/2 +x3 /3 - . . . ], then prove x = [ y + y2/2! + y3/3! + . . .
] .......................................................................................................................... 32
Example: Prove that log m/n = 2 {(m - n)/ (m + n) + {(m - n) 3/3(m + n) 3 +
{(m - n) 5/5(m + n)5 + . . . }. Hence calculate log 2 to four decimal places ....... 32
Example: Prove that log(1 +1/n)n = 1 1/1.2(n + 1) .3(n + 1)2 - 1/3.4(n + 1)3
+ .5((n + 1)5 + . . . .......................................................................................... 33
Example: if |x| < 1, prove that [x + 3x2/2 + 5x3/3 +7x4/4 + . . . ] = 2x/(1-x)
+log(1 x) ............................................................................................................. 33
Example: Show that log {(1 + x)(1 - x)/2 }/{(1 x)(1 + x)/2 } = x +5x3/2.3 + 9 x5/4.5
+13 x7/6.7 + . . . ] ............................................................................................... 34
Example: If log 1/(1 +x + x2 + x3) be expanded in series of ascending powers of x
show that (i) the coefficient of xn is 1/n if n is of the form 4m + 2 (ii) the
coefficient of xn is 3/n if is of the form 4m, where m is a positive integer. ......... 34
Example: Prove that log (n + 1) log (n - 1) = 2 [1/n + /3n3 +1/ 5n5 + 1/7n7 + . .
] .......................................................................................................................... 35
Example: Prove that log (n+ 1) log n = 2 [1/(2n + 1) + 1/3(2n + 1)3 +1/ 5(2n +
1)5 + ]............................................................................................................ 36
Example: If y = 2x2 1, and x > 1, prove that [1/x2 + 1/2x4 +1/3x6 + . . . ] =
[2/y + 2/3y3 + 2/5y5 + . . . ] ............................................................................... 37
Example: [1/9 +1/3.93 + 1/5.95 + . . . ] = [(1/17 + 1/19) + 1/3(1/173 + 1/193) + . .
. ] ........................................................................................................................ 37
Example: [x2/2 + 2x3/3 + 3x5/5 + . . . ] = log(1 x) + x/(1 x) ........................ 37
Example: log(x + 2h) = 2 log (x + h) log x [h2/(x + h)2 +h4 /2(x + h)4 +
x6/3(x + h)6 + . . . ] ............................................................................................38
Example: If x2 y = 2x y, then show that 4[x2 + x6/3 + x10 /5 + . . . ] = [y2 + y4
/2 + y6/3 + . . . ] ................................................................................................. 38
Example: log (1 + 1/n)n = [1 1/1.2 (n + 1) .3 (n + 1) 1/3.4(n + 1) . . . ] . 38
Example: Sum the series [1/1.2 + .3 +1/3.4 + . . . ] ...................................... 39
Example: Sum the series [2. 1/3 + 3/2 . 1/9 + 4/3 . 1/27 + . . . ] ..................... 39
Example: Find the sum of [(x2 + 1/x2) +a2/2 (x4 + 1/x4) + a3/3(x6 + 1/x6) + . . .
] and find the valid values of x for above series to be true. ..................................40
Example: Show that [1/1.2.3 + 5/3.4. 5 + 9/5.6.7 + . . . ] = 3 log2 ..................40

Example: if (a + b + c) = 0 then using expansion log (1 - x) = x 2x2 1/3
3x3 - . . . ], prove that (a5 +b5 + c5)/ 5 = {(a2 +b2 +c2)/2}.{(a3 +b3 +c3)/3} ..... 41
Example: Sum the series to ; [ 1/ 1.2.3.4 + 4/3.4.5.6 + 9/5.6.7.8 + . . . ]...... 41
Example: find Log [(1 +x)/(1 x)] ...................................................................... 42
Example: If x = 1 +loga b c; y = 1 +logb c a; z = 1 +logc a b; Then find 1/x +1/ y +
1/z .......................................................................................................................... 42
Example: prove that if f = [x/(1 + x2) + x3/3(1 + x2)3 + x5/ 5(1 + x2)5 . . . ] and g
= [ x 2x3/3 + x5/5 + x7/7 2x9 /9, then f = g ..................................................... 43
Example: [log3 x + log3 x1/2 + log3 x1/4 + log3 1/6 x + . . . ] = 2 then x = ? ............ 43
Graph of exponential function
History
Leonhard Euler 1707 1783 was a Swiss mathematician who discovered and named
e for the number. e is also called Napiers constant. Napier is inventor of natural
logarithms.
The number e is an important mathematical constant that is the base of the natural
logarithm. It is approximately equal to 2.71828.

It is the limit of (1 + 1/n)n as n approaches infinity. It is an expression that arises in
the study of compound interest, study of population growth etc.
e=
=1
1
----------- = 2.71828 . . . ; It is an irrational number.
(n 1)!
Exponential series
The following is called exponential series.
ex
x
x2
x3
= 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ; =
1! 2!
3!
=0
xn
;----- ; x
n!
ex is exponential function which is inverse of logarithmic function Loge x

If x = 1 then we get Euler number e
1
1
1
e = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + =
1! 2!
3!
!
=0
1
--------n!
Some results of exponential series
e-x
x
x2
x3
= 1 - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . to ; x
1! 2!
3!
ex + e-x
x2
x4
x6
--------- = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- . . . to ; This function is Cosh x
2
2!
4!
6!
ex - e-x
x
x3
x5
-------- = ---- + ------ + ------ . . . to ; x . This function is Sinh x
2
1!
3!
5!
1
1
1
e-1 = 1 - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . to
1! 2!
3!
e + e-1
1
1
1
------- = 1 + ----- + ----- + ---- . . . to ;
2
2!
4!
6!
e - e-1
1
1
1
-------- = ---- + ------ + ---- . . . to
2
1!
3!
5!
i is basic complex number. It is square root of -1.
we have i2 = - 1 and i3 = - i
e ix - e-ix
x3
x5
x7
-------- = x - ------ + ----- - ----- + . . . to ; x This function is Sin x
2i
3!
5!
7!
eix + e-ix
x2
x4
x6
--------- = 1 - ----- + ----- - ----- . . . to ; ; This function is Cos x
2
2!
4!
6!
1
ex = lim
1 + ----n
n
nx
1
Let n N and n > 1 so that ----- < 1
n
Then by binomial expansion
1
1 + ----n
nx
1
nx(n x - -1) 1 nx(nx - -1)(nx 2) 1
= 1 +n x ----- + -------------- --- + ---------------------- ----- + . . .
n
2
n2
3!
n3
1 (x/n 1)
x (x/n 1)(x/n - 2)
= 1 + 1 + -------------- + ------------------------- + . . .
2!
3!
1
lim 1 + ----n
n
nx
x2
x3
= 1 + x + ------ + ------ + . . .
2!
3!
Thus we proved that
x
x2
x3
ex = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ; =
1! 2!
3!
=0
xn
;----- ; x
n!
The value of e
we know that
1
1
1
e = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + e > 2
1! 2!
3!
1
1
1
e < 1 + ---- + ---- + --------- + . . . +
1! 1.2
1. 2 2
1
1
1
e < 1 + 1 + ---- + ----- + ---- + . . .
2
22
23
1
e < 1 +( 1 + ---------- )=
(1 )
Thus we proved that 2 < e < 3
Exponential theorem
For a > 0, a line of the shortest distance ax = ex log a
(x loga) (x loga)2 (x loga)3
ax = 1 + -------- + ---------- + ----------- + . . .
1!
2!
3!
Proof: we know that
ebx
bx
(bx)2 (bx)3
= 1 + ---- + ------- + ------ + . . . + ; ..(1)
1!
2!
3!
Now let eb = a then b = loge a

then, equation (1) becomes
ax
(x loge a) (x l loge a)2 (x loge a)3

= 1 + ---------- + ------------ + ------------- + . . .
1!
2!
3!
proved
General terms
ax
(ax)2 (ax)3
(ax)n
eax = 1 + ---- + ------- + ------ + . . . + ------- ;
1!
2!
3!
n!
ax
(ax)2 (ax)3
(-ax)n
e-ax = 1 - ---- + ------- - ------ + . . . + ------------ ;
1!
2!
3!
n!
e(ax + b)
(ax + b) (ax + b)2

(ax + b)3
(ax + b)n
= 1 + -------- + ---------- + ----------- + . . . + ------------- ;
1!
2!
3!
n!
n=1
1
---------- =
(n 1)!
=1
1
1
1
1
1
1
------ - --------- = ---- - ---- + ---- - --- = 1/e
(2n)! (2n + 1)! 2! 3!
4!
5!
=1
1
1
1
1
1
--------- + ---------- = ------ + --- + ---- + . . . = e
(2n - 2)! (2n - 1)!
0!
1! 2!
=1
1
------ = e - 1
(n)!
=1
1
---------- = e - 2
(n + 1)!
n=1
1
-------- =
(n -2)!
n=0
1
--------- = e
(n 3)
ex as limit
If n > 1, (1 + 1/n) nx can be expanded by binomial theorem.
(1 + 1/n)
nx
1
nx (nx 1) 1
nx (nx 1)(nx 2) 1
= 1 + (nx) ---- + -------------- ---- + ----------------------- ----- + . . . ]
n
2!
n2
3!
n3
x(x 1/n)
x (x 1/n)(x 2/n)
= [ 1 + x + ------------- + ----------------------- + . . . ]
2!
3!
Now put x = 1, then above equation becomes
(1 1/n)
(1 1/n)(1 2/n)
= 1 + 1 + ------------- + ----------------------- + . . . ]
2!
3!
but we know (1 + 1/n)nx = [(1 + 1/n)n]x. Therefore
(1 1/n)
(1 1/n)(1 2/n)
= {1 + 1 + ------------- + ----------------------- + . . . ]x =
2!
3!
1
nx (nx 1) 1
nx (nx 1)(nx 2) 1
= 1 + (nx) ---- + -------------- ---- + ----------------------- ----- + . . . ]
n
2!
n2
3!
n3
If we now apply limits, as n , 1/n, 2/n, 3/n . . . all 0; thus we prove
1
1
1
x2
x3 x4
[ 1 + 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]x = [ 1 +x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2!
3! 4!
2!
3!
4!
Example: Prove that e2 e = [ 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2 + 22)/3! + . . . ]

1 + 2 + 22 + . . . + 2n-1 (2n 1)
Solution: The nth term Tn of given series is -------------------------- = --------n!
21
2n - 1
2n
1
=--------- = ----- - ---- ; Applying summation
n!
n!
n!
2n
1
Tn = ----- - ------ = e2 - e
n!
n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find sum C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n) / P(n. n)

Solution:
C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n)

--------------------------------------P(n, n)
We know that C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n) = 2n and P(n, n ) = n!

The given series is
2n
------- = e2
. . . . . . Ans
Example: what is coefficient of xr in the expansion of 1 + (a + b x)/1! + (a + b x)2

/2! + (a + b x)3 /3! + .
Solution: Given
(a + b x) (a + b x)2 (a + b x)3
(a + b x)n
1 + --------- + --------- + --------- + . . . + ----------- ; x
1!
2!
3!
n!
Let S = e(a + b x) = ea . ebx
S=
ea+bx
ea
bx
(bx)2
(bx)3
(bx)r
(bx)n
1 + ------- + ------- + ------- +. . . + ------ + . . . + -------1!
2!
3!
r!
n!
(bx)r
The coefficient of
xr
ea --------r!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Evaluate (i) e rounding to one decimal place (ii) e2 rounding to one
decimal place (iii) 1/ e1/5 up to four decimals
Solution(i):
1
1
1
e = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + e > 2
1! 2!
3!
= 1 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.166 + 0.0.0416
Since we are asked to tell correct up to one decimal only, further terms are not going
to affect much
= 2. 7076
So the answer is 2.7
Solution(ii):
10
x
x2
x3
By substituting 2 for x in ex = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ; we have
1!
2!
3!
e2 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 1.333 + 0.667 + 0.267 + 0.089 + 0. 025 + 0.006
0.006 need not be taken into account.
Since we are asked to tell correct up to one decimal only, further terms are not going
to affect much. We are content up to single zero after decimal.
Therefore, e2 = 7.381 or
7.3
Solution(iii):
x
x2
x3
e-x = 1 - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . to ; x
1! 2!
3!
substituting x = 1/5 in that series, we get
e-1/5
1
1
x3
= 1 - ------ + --------- - -------- + . . . to
5. 1!
52. 2!
53 3!
1
1
1
= 1 - ------ + --------- - --------- + . . . to
10
50
125. 27
= 1 0.2 + 0.02 - 0. 00133 + 0.00006 = 0.81873 or 0.8187
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the square root of e to three decimal places

1/2 (1/2)2
Solution: e = e1/2 = 1 + ------ + ------- + . . .
1
2!
= 1 + 0.500 + 0.1250 + 0.0208 +0. 0026 = 1.6484 = 1.648
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the value of 1/e1/3 rounded off to 5 decimal places

1
(1/3) (1/3)2
Solution: ------ = e-1/3 = 1 - ------ + ------- + . . .
e1/3
1!
2!
11
= 1 0.333333 + 0.055555 ++ 0.006173 = 0.71653
Example: Express (e5x + ex)/ e3x in ascending powers of x

Solution: Given expression is e-2x + e-2x
e2x
2x
(2x)2 (2x)3
(2x)n
= 1 + ---- + ------- + ------ + . . . + ------- ;
1!
2!
3!
n!
2x
(2x)2 (2x)3
(-2x)n
e-2x = 1 - ---- + ------- - ------ + . . . + ------- ; adding we get
1!
2!
3!
n!
e2x
e-2x
(2x)2 (-2x)4 (-2x)6

= 2[ 1 + ------- + ------- + ------- ;
2!
4!
6!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find [1/1.2 + 1.3/ 1.2.3.4 + 1.3.5 /1.2.3.4.5.6 + . . . ]

Solution:
1 . 3 . 5 . . . (2n 1)
1 . 3 . 5 . . . (2n 1)
The general term Tn = --------------------------- = --------------------------1.2.3.4.5.6.(2n)
(2n)!
= 1. 2. 3.4. 5 (2n -1) (2n)

(2n)!
(1/2)
------------------------------------- = -------------- = ------(2n)! 2.4.6.8 (2n)
(2n)! 2 (n!)
n!
On summing up we get answer = e1/2
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in expansion of (1 4x - x2)/ex

1 4x - x2
Solution: Given expression is -----------------ex
(1 4x -
x2)
e-x
x
x2
x3
= 1 - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . to
1! 2!
3!
(1 4x - x2)
we have to segregate x5 terms in this expansion

12
(-) x5
(+) x4
(-) x3
We have ------- (1) + -------- (-4x) + ------- (- x2); three terms that would make up
5!
4!
3!
1
4
1
1
1
1
x5 terms. Simplifying we have x5 [ ---- - ----- + -----] = ---- - ----- + ----5!
4!
3!
5!
3!
3!
1
(-) -----, because the last two terms get cancelled.
120
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion e7x + ex/e3x

Solution: The given expression is e4x + e-2x
4n (-2)n
Coefficent of xn in expansion is --- + ----n!
n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in 1 + (a + bx) + (a + bx)2 /2! + (a + bx)3 /3! +
Solution:
(a + b x) (a + b x)2 (a + b x)3
Given, 1 + ----------- + ------------ + ---------- + . . . ; This is expansion of e(a + bx)
1!
2!
3!
e(a + bx) = ea (ebx)

(bx)2 (bx)3
(bx)n
= ea [ 1 + bx + ------ + ----- + . . . -------- + . . . ]
2!
3!
n!
Coeffient of
xn
ea bn
in above series is -------n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: if n >1 then find the coefficient of xn in ex /(1 x)

Solution: ex /(1 x) = ex (1 x)-1
x
x2
xn
= (1 +---- + ---- + . . . + ----- + .)(1 + x + x2 .. + xn +)
1!
2!
n!
13
x
x2
xn
(1 +---- + ---- + . . . + ----- + .)( xn +xn-1 + xn 2+ . . . + x + 1)
1!
2!
n!
Coefficient of
xn
1
1
1
is 1 + --- + --- + . . . + ---1! 2!
n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of infinite series 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2+ 3)/3! + (1 + 2 + 3 +

4)/4! + . . .. Show that it is 3e/2
Solution: Given series
1+2 1+2+3
(1 + 2 + 3 + n)
1 + ------ + ----------- + . . . + -------------------- + . . .
2!
3!
n!
n(n + 1)
(n + 1)
(n -1) + 2
The nth term is ------------ = ----------- = ------------2 n!
2 (n 1)!
2 (n 1)!
1
1
The above can be written as ---------- + ---------- ..(1)
2 (n 2)!
(n 1)!
Note: factorial zero = 1.
n!
We know that, npr = n (n 1)(n- 2)(n -3) . . .(n r + 1) = --------(n r)!
0!
1
by substituting 0 for n we get 0 = -------- = ------(-r)!
(-r)!
Expanding series (1) from n = 1 to

1
1
1
1
1
1
(1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ) + (1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . )
1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!
= e + e = 3e/2
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that 2/ 3! + 3/4! + 4/ 5! + . . . = 1/e
14
2n
(2n + 1) - 1
Solution: The nth term of the series is ---------- = -------------(2n + 1)!
(2n + 1)!
1
1
Thus Tn = ------- - ---------- ; Thus,
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
Tn =(
1
= ---e
1
1
1
1
1
1
----- - ----------- ) = ------ - ----- + ----- + ------ . . .
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
2!
3!
4!
5!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 22/2! + 32/3! +42/4! +. . .

Solution: Let the nth term of the series be, Tn
(n)2
n
1
1
Tn = -------- = --------- = ------- + -----(n)!
(n - 1)!
(n - 2)! (n - 1)!
Tn =
1
------- +
(n - 2)!
1
-------- = e + e = 2e
(n - 1)!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 23/2! + 33/3! +43/4! +. . .

(n)3
n2
n2 - 1 + 1
n+1
1
Tn = -------- = --------- = ------------ = -------- + -----(n)!
(n - 1)!
(n - 1)!
(n - 2)!
(n - 1)!
n2+3
1
1
3
1
= -------------- + -------- = -------- + ------- + -------- =
(n - 2)!
(n - 1)! (n - 3)! (n - 2)! (n - 1)!
Tn =
1
-------- +
(n - 3)!
1
------- +
(n - 2)!
3
-------- = e + e + 3e = 5e
(n - 1)!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of the series when nth term is given as n2 / (n + 1)!
15

n2
(n 1)(n + 1) + 1
n1
1
Tn = ---------- = ---------------------- = ---------- + --------(n + 1)!
(n + 1)!
n!
(n + 1)!
1
1
1
= -------- - ---- + --------(n - 1)!
n!
(n + 1)!
1
1
1
1
--------- = e;
------ = 1 + ---- + ---- + . . . = e - 1
(n 1)!
n!
2!
3!
1
1
1
1
--------- = ----- + ----- + ------ + . . . = e - 2
(n + 1)!
2!
3!
4!
Tn = e (e - 1) + (e 2) = e - 1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: show that the coefficient of xn in the series (1 + x)/1! + (1 + x)2 /2! + (1 +
x)3 /3! + . . . = e/n!
Solution: The given series is e(1+x) = e. ex
= e (1 + x/1! + x2/2! + . . . + xn/n! + . . . )
The coefficient of xn is e/n
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the value of (e ix + e-ix)

Solution: (e ix + e-ix)
(ix) (ix)2 (ix)3
(-ix) (-ix)2 (-ix)3
= { 1 + ----- + ----- + ------ . . . } + { 1 + ----- + ----- + ------ . . . }
1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!
(ix) (ix)2 (ix)3
(ix) (-ix)2 (ix)3
= { 1 + ----- + ----- + ------ . . . } + { 1 - ----- + ----- - ------ . . . }
1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!
we know that in complex number system, i2 = -1 and i3 = - i and so on.
(ix)
x2
i x3
(ix)
(x)2
i x3
16
= { 1 + ----- - ----- - ------ . . . } + { 1 - ----- - ----- + ------ . . . }

1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!
x2
x4 x6
= { 1 - --- + ---- - ---- + . . . }
2!
4! 6!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of series C(n, 2)/ (n + 1)! n { 2 to }

nC2
n (n 1)
Solution: Given Tn = ---------- = ------------ =
(n + 1)!
2 (n + 1)!
Let n (n 1) = a + b (n + 1) + c n (n + 1)
put n = -1; a = 2
put n = 0; then 0 = a + b = b + 2 b = - 2
put n = 1; 0 = a + 2b + 2c 0 = 2 - 4 + 2c c = 1
n (n 1)
2
2 (n + 1)
n (n + 1)
Therfore ------------- = ---------- - ----------- + -------------2(n + 1)!
2(n + 1)! 2(n + 1)!
2(n + 1)!
1
1
1
1
Tn = ------- + ------ + ------------ = (e 2) (e 1) + --- ( e 1)
(n + 1)!
n!
2 (n 1)!
2
= e/2 - 1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: if ex/(1 x) = B0 + B1 x + B2 x2 + B3 x3 + . . . , find the value of Bn - Bn-1

Solution: ex/(1 x) = B0 + B1 x + B2 x2 + B3 x3 + . . .
ex (1 x)-1 = { 1 + x + x2 /2! + . . . + xn-1 /(n-1)! + xn/n! + . . . } { 1 + x + x2 ++ xn-1
+ xn + . . . } = B0 + B1 x + B2 x2 + B3 x3 + . . . + Bn-1 xn-1 + Bn xn + . . .
Equating coefficients of xn and xn-1 respectively, we get
1
1
1
Bn = ---- + ------- + ------- + . . . + 1 + 1
n!
(n 1)! (n 2)!
17
1
1
Bn-1 = ------- + ------- + . . . + 1 + 1
(n 1)! (n 2)!
1
Bn - Bn-1 = ----n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the coefficient of (i) x10 in the expansion of e2x (ii) x10 in the
expansion of e2x (iii) xn in the expansion of (a - bx)/ex
Solution:
e2x
(2x) (2x)2
( 2x)10
= 1 + ---- + ----- + + ------- + . . . .
1!
2!
10!
Solution (i)Coefficient of x10 is 210 / 10!

Solution (ii) Coefficient of x12 is 212 /12!
Solution (iii) given series is (a
bx) e-x
x
x2
x3
(-1)n-1 xn- 1 (-1)n xn
= (a bx){ 1 - ---- + ---- + ----- + . . . + ------------ + ---------- + . . . }
1
2!
3!
(n- 1)!
n!
Coefficient of
xn
(-1)n-1 (-b)
(-1)n a
n (-1)n (+b) (-1)n a
is -------------- + -------- = -------------- + -------(n 1)!
n!
n!
n!
1
= ---- (a + b n)
n!
Example: Expand
. . . . . . Ans
in ascending powers of x up to x3 term. Find its nth term.
Solution:
= 1 + ex /1! + e2x/2! + e3x/3! + . . . . . .
= 1 + [ 1 + x +x2 /2! + x3 /3! + . . . . . ]/1! + [1 + (2x)/1! + (2x)2/2! + (2x)3/3! + . . . . .
]/2! + [1 + (3x)/1! + (3x)2/2! + (3x)3/3! + . . . . . ]/3! + . . . .
=1 + 1/1! [1 + 1 + 1 . . . . . ]x +1/2! [12 /1! + 22 / 2! + 32 /3!+ . . . . . ]x2 +13/3! [13 /2!
18
+ 23 /2! + 33 /3! . . . ]x3 + . . . + 1/n! [1n /1! + 2n /2! + 3n /3! + . . . . ]xn + . . .

1
1n
2n
3n
nn
Its nth tern is ---- {----- + ----- + ----- + . . . + ---- + . . . }
n! 1!
2!
3!
n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the value of (1 + 3) log3 + (1 + 32 )/2! log2 3 + (1 + 33)/3! log3 3

Solution: The given expression is
log2 3 log3 3
32 log2 3 33 log3 3
[1 + log3 +------- + ------- + . . . ] + [ 1 + 3 log3 +---------- + ---------- + . . . ] - 2
2!
3!
2!
3!
elog3 + e3log3 2 = 3 + 33 - 2 = 28
. . . . . . Ans
Example: (1 + ! + ! + . . . )/(1 + 1/3! + 1/5! + . . .)

Solution:
e2 + 1
(1 + ! + ! + . . . ) = (e + e-1) = ------2e
e2 - 1
(1 + 1/3! + 1/5! + . . .) = (e + e-1) = -------2e
e2 + 1
(1 + ! + ! + . . . )/(1 + 1/3! + 1/5! + . . .) = --------e2 - 1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: prove (1 + 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 + . . .)(1 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 - . . . ) = (e2 -1)/e

Solution: Given series is
1
1
1
1
( 1 + --- + ----- + . . . . )( 1 - ---- + -----+ . . . )
2!
3!
2!
3!
1
1
1
e-1 = 1 - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . to
1! 2!
3!
1
1
1
(1 - ---- + ----- + . . . )
2!
3!
(e 1)2
-1
Given series is (e 1)(1 - e ) = -------e
e-1 =
. . . . . . Ans
19
Example: Find the value of 1 + (1 + a)/2! + (1 + a+ a2)/3! + . . .

1 + a + a2 + . . . + an-1
Solution: The nth term is -------------------------n!
an -1
The numerator is sum of geometric progression in a = -----a1
n
1
a
1
nth term = ------ ( -------- - ----- )
(a 1) n!
n!
1
a2
a3
1
1
1
Tn = --------- (a + ---- + ---- + . . . ) - ( ---- + ---- + . . . )
(a 1)
2! 3!
1!
2!
3!
1
ea - e
Tn = --------- {(ea 1) - (e - 1)} = -------(a 1)
a-1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: 9/1! + 19/2! + 35/3! + 57/4! + 85/5! + . . . = 12e - 5

Solution: in the numerator we have in first n terms
9 , 19 , 35 , 57 , 85 , ., tn
Let S = 9 + 19 + 35 + 57 + 85 + .. tn-1 + tn ..(1)
S = 0 + 9 + 19 + 35 + 57 + 85 + .. tn ..(2)
Deducting 2 from 1, keeping first and last terms intact
0 = (9 ) + {10 + 16 +22 + 28 + + (tn - tn-1) } (tn )
now inside brackets we have arithmetic progression with first term 10 and common
difference = 6. Formula for sum of n terms = n/2 {2a + (n- 1)d}.
But we have only (n- 1) terms here to sum up.
(n 1)
0 = (9 - tn ) + --------- {(2 10 + (n 2)6}
2
20
(n 1)
tn = 9 + -------- (6n + 8) = 9 + (n 1)(3n + 4)
2
tn = 3n2 + n + 5 is the numerator in the nth term of the series.
3n2 + n + 5
3n(n 1) + 4n + 5
nth term in series is ----------------- = -----------------------n!
n!
3
4
5
= --------- + --------- + --------(n 2)! (n 1)!
n!
Then tn = 3e + 4e +5(e 1) = 12e - 5
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that 1 + logx + log2 x/2! + log3 x/3! + . . . = x

Solution: Given series is elog(x) = x
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Show that 2/1! + 4/3! + 6/5! + 8/7! + . . . = 1/(2/3! + 4/5! +6/7! + . . . )
Solution: Now LHS
2
4
6
8
= ---- + ---- + ---- + --- + . . .
1!
3!
5! 7!
22
42
62 8 2
(2n)2
2n
= ---- + ---- + ---- + --- + . . . = ---------- = --------2!
4!
6! 8!
(2n)!
(2n 1)!
2n 1 + 1
1
1
= ------------- = (---------- + ------------ )
(2n 1)!
(2n 2)! (2n 1)!
Expanding we have
1
1
1
1 + --- + --- + --- + . . . = e
1!
2!
3!
Denominator alone in RHS is 2/3! + 4/5! + 6/7! + . . .
21
2n
2n + 1 1
1
1
= ----------- = ------------ = ------- - --------(2n + 1)!
(2n + 1)!
(2n)! (2n + 1)!
Expanding we have
1
1
1
1
--- - --- + ---- - ---- + . . . = e
2! 3! 4!
5!
let us add (1 1 = 0) to get clear picture
1
1
1
1
1
= 1 - --- + --- - --- + ---- - ---- + . . . = 1/e
1! 2! 3! 4!
5!
LHS = e and RHS = 1/(1/e)
Given equation is correct
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the value of (x2 - y2)/1! + (x4 y4)/2! + (x6 - y6)/3! + . . .
Solution: Given series can written
x2 (x2)2 (x2)3
y2 (y2)2 (y2)3
(---- + ----- + -------- + . . . ) ( ---- + ------ + ------- + . . . )
1!
2!
3!
1!
2!
3!
=
=
. . . . . . Ans
Example: show that [1 + a2 x2 /2! + a4 x4 /4! + a6 x6 /6! . . . ]2 - [a x + a3 x3 /3!

+ a5 x5/5! + a7 x7 /7! . . . ]2 = 1
Solution: we know that
ex + e-x
x2
x4
x6
--------- = 1 + ---- + ---- + ---- . . . to ;
2
2!
4!
6!
ex - e-x
x
x3
x5
-------- = ---- + ------ + ------ . . . to ;
2
1!
3!
5!
[1 + a2 x2 /2! + a4 x4 /4! + a6 x6 /6! . . . ]2 = (eax +e-ax)2 /22
22
[a x + a3 x3 /3! + a5 x5/5! + a7 x7 /7! . . . ]2 = (eax - e-ax)2 /22

(eax +e-ax)2 (eax - e-ax)2
4 eax e-ax
Given series is ----------- - ------------ = ----------- = 1
4
4
4
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in

Solution:
ex
e2x
e3x
= 1 + ---- + ----- + ------ + . . .
1!
2!
3!
1
x
x2
x3
xn
= 1 + ---- [1 + ---- + ---- + ---- . . . + ---- . . . ] +
1!
1!
2!
3!
n!
1
2x (2x)2 (2x)3
(2x)n
+ ---- [1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ----- + . . . ] +
2!
1!
2!
3!
n!
1
3x (3x)2 (3x)3
(3x)n
+ ---- [1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ----- + . . . ] +
3!
1!
2!
3!
n!
Coefficient of xn =
1
1n
2n
3n
nn
+ ---- [---- + ---- + ---- + . . . + ----- + . . . ] +
n!
1!
2!
3!
n!
Example: Find the coefficient of xn in (1 + x + x2 )/ex
Solution: (1 + x + x2 )/ex = (1 + x + x2 ) e-x
(1 + x +
x2
x
x2
x3
(-1)n-2 xn-2 (-1)n-1 xn-1 (-1)n xn
)[ 1 - ---- + ----- - ----- + . . . +------------ + ------------ + -------- + . . . ]
1!
2!
3!
(n 2)!
(n 1)!
n!
Coefficient of xn is
(-1)n
(-1)n-1
(-1)n-2
(-1)n
n (-1)n-1
n(n 1)(-1)n-2
------ + --------- + ---------- = ------ + ------------ + ---------------n!
(n 1)! (n 2)!
n!
n!
n!
23
(-1)n
(-1)n
= ------- {1 n + n (n- 1)} = -------- (n 1)2
n!
n!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: A = [1 + 22/2! + 24 / 3! + 26 / 4! + . . . ] and B = [1 + 1/2! + 2 / 3! + 22 / 4!

+ . . . ]. Then find A/B
Solution:
1
22
(22 )2
e4 - 1
2
A = --- [ 2 + ----- + ------- + . . . ] = -------22
2!
3!
4
1
22
23
24
e2 + 1
2
B = --- [ 2 + ----- + ------- + ---- . . . ] = -------22
2!
3!
4!
4
1
22
23
24
e2 + 1
B = --- [ 1 + 1 + 2 + ----- + ------ + ---- . . . ] = -------22
2!
3!
4!
4
e4 - 1
A/ B = ------- = e2 - 1
e2 + 1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that 1 +3/1! + 5/2! + 7/3! +9/4! + . . . . . . = 3 e

Solution: Let us find the nth term of this series using formula in arithmetic
progression
Its numerator will be 1 + (n 1) 2 = 2n 1 Denominator will be 0 + (n 1) 1= (n 1)!
2(n 1) + 1
2(n 1)
1
So Tn = --------------- = ------------ + -------(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
2
1
Tn = --------- + -------- = 2e + e = 3e
(n 2)!
(n 1)!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that 12.2/1! + 22 .3/3! +32. 2/3! + . . . = 7e

Solution:
24
n2 (n + 1)
n (n + 1)
n2 + n
(n2 -1) + 1 +(n 1) + 1
Tn = ------------ = ------------ = ----------- = ---------------------------n!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n + 1)
1
2
= ----------- +---------- + ----------(n 2)! (n 1)!
(n 1)!
(n - 2) + 3
1
2
= -------------- +---------- + --------(n 2)!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
1
3
1
2
= -------------- +---------- + --------- + ---------(n 3)!
(n 2)!
(n 2)! (n 1)!
1
4
2
= --------- + -------------- +---------(n 3)!
(n 2)!
(n 1)!
Tn = e + 4e + 2e = 7e
. . . . . . Ans
Example: 1. 4/0! + 2.5/1! + 3. 6/2! + 4.7/3! + . . . = 11 e

Solution:
n (n + 3)
The nth term of given series is -----------(n 1)!
1
6
4
This can be written as -------- + -------- + --------- = e + 6e + 4e = 11 e
(n 3)! (n 2)! (n 1)!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: 1 + (1 +2)/2! + (1 + 2+ 3)/3! + (1 + 2+ 3+ 4)/4! + . . . = 3e/2

Solution: Tn = n /n!
n (n + 1)
n2 + n
n2
n
n
n
Tn = ---------- = ----------- = ------- + -------- = ----------- + -----2 n!
2n!
2 n!
2 n!
2(n 1)!
2 n!
1
1
1
= ----------- + ---------- + ----------2(n 2)! 2 (n 1)!
2(n 1)!
25
1
1
1
Tn = ----------- + ---------- + ----------- = e/2 + e/2 + e/2 = 3e/2 . . . . . . Ans
2(n 2)!
2 (n 1)!
2(n 1)!
Example: 2/1! + (2 + 4)/2! + (2 + 4 + 6)/3! + . . . = 3e
2n
Solution: Tn of given series ---------n!
= 3e/2 2 = 3e
. . . . . . Ans
Example: (2.12+ 3)/2! +(2.22 + 4)/2! + (2.32 +5)/3! + . . . = 4e - 5

Solution:
2 n2 {3 + (n 1)1}
2 n2 + n + 2
Tn = ---------------------- = ------------------{2 + (n 1)1}
(n + 1)!
2
1
3
= ---------- + ------ + -------- = 2 e + (e 1) + 3(e 2)
(n 1)!
n!
(n + 1)!
2
1
3
Tn = ---------- + ------ + --------- = 2 e + (e 1) + 3(e 2) = 4e - 5
(n 1)!
n!
(n + 1)!
Note:
1
1
1
1
--------- = ----- + ----- + ------ + . . . = e - 2
(n + 1)!
2!
3!
4!
. . . . . . Ans
Logarithmic series
log (1 + x)
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . is known as logarithmic series
2
3
4
.(1)
26
log (1 x)
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 - x) = - x - ---- - ---- - ---- - . . . .(2)
2
3
4
log(1 x2)
Adding 1 and 2, we get
x2
x4 x6
log(1+ x) + log (1 x) = (-) 2 [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] = log (1 x2 )
2
4
6
log (1 +x)/(1 - x)
Subtracting 2 from 1, we get
x3
x5 x7
(1 + x)
log(1+ x) - log (1 x) = 2 [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] = log --------3
5
7
(1 - x)
Natural logarithms (ln)

Logarithms to the base e are natural logarithms or Napierian logarithms
Common logarithms
Logarithms to the base e are common logarithms
Relation between Common and natural logarithms

We know that log10 x = loge x log10 e = loge x where = log10 e
is known as Napier constant
= log10 e = 1/ loge 10 = 1/ 2. 30258509 = 0. 43429448 0.4343
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . .
2
3
4
27
log(x + 1)/x
x2
x3 x4
we know that log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . .
2
3
4
If you put x = 1/y the we have
y+1
1
1
1
log------- = ---- - ----- + ----- - . . . ] (1)
y
y
2y2 3y3
log (x -1)/x
x2
x3 x4
we know that log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . .
2
3
4
If you put x = - 1/y the we have
y-1
1
1
1
log------- = - ---- - ----- - ----- - . . . ] (2)
y
y
2y2 3y3
Log 2
x2
x3 x4
Since, log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . ]
2
3
4
1
1
1
Log 2 = [ 1 - ----- + ----- - ----- + . . . ]
2
3
4
Example: Prove that if |x| < 1, then log(1 + x) = x x2 /2 + x3 /3 x4 /4 . . .

or derive logarithmic series
Solution:
For a > 0, ay = ey log a
(y log a) (y log a)2 (y log a)3
ay = 1 + -------- + ---------- + ----------- + . . .
1!
2!
3!
28
Put a = (1 + x) then
y log (1 + x) y2 log (1 + x)2
y3 log (1 + x)3
(1 + x) y = 1 + -------------- + ----------------- + ------------------ + . . . (1)
1!
2!
3!
But since |x| <1, we have by binomial theorem
y (y 1)
y(y 1)(y 2)
(1 + x) y = 1 + y x + ----------- x2 + ------------------ x3 . . . .(2)
2!
3!
Comparing the coefficients of y in 1 and 2, we have
x2
x3 x4
log(1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- . . .
2
3
4
. . . . . . Ans
Note: logarithmic series holds well when x = 1 also; in general -1 < x < 1
Prove that [1/(n+1) +1/ 2(n+1)2 + 1/3(n+1)3 + . . . ] = 1/n 1/2n2 + 1/3n3 - . . .

]
Solution: putting x for (n+1) in LHS, we get
x2
x3
n
[ x + ---- + ---- + . . . ] = (-) log (1 x) = (-) log ------2
3
(n+1)
(n+1)
1
= + log ------- = log (1 + ---- ) = RHS
n
n
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that log (1 + x)1+x (1 - x)1 x = 2[ x2/1.2 + x4 /3.4 + x6/5.6 + . . .

Solution: log (1 + x)1+x (1 - x)1 x = log(1 + x)1+x + log(1 - x)1-x
= (1 + x) log(1 + x) + (1 x) log(1 - x)
={log(1 + x) + log(1 x)} x{(log(1 + x) + log(1 - x)}
= log(1 - x)2 x log(1+x)/(1 x)
29
we know that
x2
x4 x6
log(1+ x) + log (1 x) = (-) 2 [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
4
6
x3
x5
x7
log(1+ x) - log (1 x) = 2 [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
3
5
7
log(1 - x)2 x log(1+x)/(1 x) =
x2
x4 x6
x3
x5
x7
(-) 2 [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] - 2 x [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
4
6
2
4
6
x2
x4 x6
x4
x6
x8
2
(-) 2 [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] - 2 [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
4
6
3
5
7
2[ (1 - 1/2)x2 + (1/3 - 1/4)x4 + (1/5 - 1/6)x6 +(1/6 - 1/7)x8 . . . ]
x2
x4
x6
=[ ---- + ----- + ------ + . . . ]
1.2
3.4
5.6
. . . . . . Ans
Example: if and are the roots of equation ax2 + b x + c = 0 then prove that
log(ax2 + b x + c) = log a + 2log x (1/x) ( + ) 1/2x ( + )2 (1/3) ( + )3 + . . .
]
Solution:
log (ax2 + bx + c) = log a(x ) (x - ) = log ax2 (1 - /x)(1 - /x)
= log a + 2 log x + log (1 - /x) + log (1 - /x)
= log a + 2 log x [ ---- + ----- + ----- + . . . ] - [ ---- + ----- + ----- + . . . ]

x
2 x2 3 x3
x
2 x2 3 x3
( + )
( + ) ( + )
= log a + 2 log x [ --------- + --------- + -------- + . . . ]
x
2 x2
3 x3
. . . . . . Ans
Example: If , are the roots of x2 + p x + q = 0 then find ( + )x (2 + 2) x2/2!
+ (3 + 3) x3/3! + . . .
30
Solution: Since , are roots of the equation x2 + p x + q = 0, we have

+ = - p and = q
( + )x (2 + 2) x2/2! + (3 + 3) x3/3! + . . . =
2x2 3x3
2 x2 3 x3
= [ x + ------ + ------ + . . . ] + [ x + ------ + ------ + . . . ]
2!
3!
2!
3!
log (1 + x) + log(1 + x) = log (1 + x)(1 + x)
= log (1 + ( + )x + x2
= log (1 + px + qx2)
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove the result {1/(n+1)} +1/{1/2(n+1)2}+{1/3(n+1)3} + . . . ] = (1/n)

-(1/2n2) + (1/3n3) - . . . ]
Solution:
x2
x3 x4
we know that - log (1 - x) = x + ---- + ---- - ---- + . . .
2
3
4
If you put 1/(n+1) for x in
1
1
1
1
(-) log 1 - ------- = -------- + ----------- + ---------- + . . . ](1)
(n + 1) (n + 1) 2(n + 1)2 3(n + 1)3
but
1
n
(-) log 1 - -------- = - log --------( n + 1)
( n + 1)
-1
n+1
1
= log -------- = log 1 + ---n
n
1
1
1
log (1 + 1/n) = ---- - ---- + ----- - . . . ]
n
2n2 3n3
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------- + ----------- + ----------- + . . . ] = ---- + ---- + ----- + . . . ]
(n + 1) 2((n + 1)2 3(n + 1)3
n
2n2 3n3
. . . . . . Ans
31
Example: if y = [ x -x2/2 +x3 /3 - . . . ], then prove x = [ y + y2/2! + y3/3! + . . . ]

Solution:
x2
x3
y = [ x - ---- + ---- - . . . ] ; y = log(1 + x) or (1 + x) = ey;
2
3
x = ey - 1
y2
y3
x = [ y + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2!
3!
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that log m/n = 2 {(m - n)/ (m + n) + {(m - n) 3/3(m + n) 3 + {(m n) 5/5(m + n)5 + . . . }. Hence calculate log 2 to four decimal places
(1 + x)
x3
x5
log --------- = 2 [x + ----- + ------ + . . . ] (1)
(1 x)
3
5
put x = (m + n)/(m n) we get
1 + (m + n)/ (m - n)
log ------------------------1 - (m + n)/ (m - n)
(m + n)
(m + n)3 (m + n)
= 2 ---------- + ----------- + ----------- + . . .
(m - n)
3(m - n)3 5(m + n)5
m
log------ = 2
n
(m + n)
(m + n)3 (m + n)
---------- + ----------- + ----------- + . . .
(m - n)
3(m - n)3 5(m + n)5
Putting m = 2 and n = 1 we get

1
1
1
1 1
1 1
log 2 = 2 { --- + ---- . --- + --- ---- +---- ---- + . . .
3
3 33 5 35 7 37
2(0.33333 + 0.01234 + 0.0082 + 0.00006) =0.69304
=0.6934 when adjusted to 4 decimal places
log10 2 = 0.4343 0.69304 = 0.3009699 = 0.3010
. . . . . . Ans
32
Example: Prove that log(1 +1/n)n = 1 1/1.2(n + 1) .3(n + 1)2 - 1/3.4(n + 1)3 +
.5((n + 1)5 + . . .
1
1
1
Solution: RHS = 1 - ------------ - -------------- - -------------- + . . .
1.2(n + 1)
2.3(n + 1)2 3.4(n + 1)3
1
put x = -------- in RHS
(n + 1)
x
x2
x3
RHS = 1 - ---- - ---- - ----- + . . . ]
1.2 2.3 3.4
x(2 -1)
x2 (3 2)
x3 (4 3)
= 1 - ----------- - ------------ - ------------ - . . . ]
1.2
2.3
3.4
Dividing by denominator
1
1
1
1
1
= 1 x(1 - ---) - x2 (--- - ----) - x3( --- - ----) - . . . ]
2
2 3
3
4
Separating terms
x2
x3
x
x2
x3
= (-) [ x + ---- + ---- + . . . ] + [1 + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
2
3
4
x2
x3
1
x2
x3
x4
= (-) [ x + ---- + ---- + . . . ] + --- [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
x
2
3
4
1
1
= log (1 x) - --- log (1 - x) = (1 - ---- ) log (1 x) ;
x
x
1
= - n log ( 1 - -------- )
(n + 1)
because x = 1/(n +1)
n +1 n
1
= log ---------- = log 1 + ----n
n
. . . . . . Ans
Example: if |x| < 1, prove that [x + 3x2/2 + 5x3/3 +7x4/4 + . . . ] = 2x/(1-x) +log(1
x)
Solution:
33
We know (1 x)-1 = [1 + x + x2 + . . . ], So, RHS

2x
x2
x3
2
-------- + log(1 x) = 2x [ 1 + x +x +. + . . . ] - [ x + ---- + --- + . . . ]
(1 x)
2
3
x2
x3
x4
= [ 2x + 2x2 +2x3 + 2x4 + . . . ] - [ x + ---- + --- + ---- . . . ]
2
3
4
3x2
5x3 7x4
= [x + ----- + ----- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
4
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Show that log {(1 + x)(1 - x)/2 }/{(1 x)(1 + x)/2 } = x +5x3/2.3 + 9 x5/4.5 +13
x7/6.7 + . . . ]
Solution: log {(1 + x)(1 - x)/2 }/{(1 x)(1 + x)/2 }
= (1 x) log (1 + x) - (1 + x) log (1 x)
[log (1 + x) - log (1 - x)] x [(1 + x) + log (1 - x)] .(1)
we know that
x2
x4 x6
log(1+ x) + log (1 x) = (-) 2 [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
4
6
x3
x5
x7
log(1+ x) - log (1 x) = 2 [x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
3
5
7
so (1) becomes
x3
x5
x7
x3 x5 x7
[x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] + [ ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
3
5
7
2
4
6
5x3
9 x5
13 x7
= x + ------ + ----- + ------- + . . .
2.3
4.5
6.7
. . . . . . Ans
Example: If log 1/(1 +x + x2 + x3) be expanded in series of ascending powers of x

show that (i) the coefficient of xn is 1/n if n is of the form 4m + 2 (ii) the
coefficient of xn is 3/n if is of the form 4m, where m is a positive integer.
34
1 - x4
Solution: 1 + x + x2 + x3 = --------1x
(1 - x)
log ---------- = log ( 1- x) log(1 x4 )
(1 x4 )
we know that
x2
x3 x4
log (1 - x) = -[ x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
4
log ( 1- x) log(1 x4 ) =
x2
x3 x4
x8
x12
x16
(-)[ x + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] + [---- + ----- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
4
2
3
4
The coefficient of xn in above series is -1/n

when n is odd, we dont have xn term in first series and when n is (4m + 2)the term
ie,2nd 6th, 10th . . . terms like that we dont have nth term in second series.
So when n is odd, or of the form (4m + 2), the coefficient of xn is (-)1/n.
In second series the denominators are one fourth of the powers of x. So,
1
4
n
when n is of the form 4m we have coefficient of x = ------- = ---- in second series and
n/4
n
(-) 1/ n in first series
-1
4
So in that case coefficient of xn is ------ + ------ = -3/ n
n
n
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that log (n + 1) log (n - 1) = 2 [1/n + /3n3 +1/ 5n5 + 1/7n7 + . . ]
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 + x) = x - ---- + ---- - ---- + . . .
2
3
4
35
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 - x) = - x - ---- - ---- - ---- - . . .
2
3
4
put x = 1/n
If you put x = 1/y the we have
n+1
1
1
1
log------- = ---- + ----- + ----- + . . . ]
n
n
2n2 3n3
n-1
1
1
1
log------- = - ---- - ----- + ----- - . . . ]
n
n
2n2 3n3
1
1
1
1
g(n+ 1)/n - log (n 1)/n = 2 [--- + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
n 3n3 5n5 7n7
= log (n + 1) log (n - 1). . . . . . Ans
Example: Prove that log (n+ 1) log n = 2 [1/(2n + 1) + 1/3(2n + 1)3 +1/ 5(2n + 1)5
+ ]
5
Solution: From the above sum we know that

x+1
1
1
1
1
log -------- = 2 [----- + ----- + ----- + ------ . . . . ]
x-1
x
3x3
5x5
7x7
If x = (2n + 1) then
(2n + 1)+ 1
1
1
1
1
log --------------- = 2 [---------- + ------------- + ------------ + ------------- . . . . ]
(2n + 1)- 1
(2n + 1) 3(2n + 1)3 5(2n + 1)5
7(2n + 1)7
The LHS of above equation is
2n + 2
(n + 1)
log ---------- = log----------- = Log (n + 1) log n; Therefore
2n
n
1
1
1
log(n+ 1) log n = 2 [ ----------- +----------- + ----------- + ]
(2n + 1)
3(2n + 1)3 5(2n + 1)5
. . . . . . Ans
36
Example: If y = 2x2 1, and x > 1, prove that [1/x2 + 1/2x4 +1/3x6 + . . . ] = [2/y +
2/3y3 + 2/5y5 + . . . ]
Solution: y = 2x2 1 2x2 = y + 1; now,

1
1
1
1
1
log (1 - ---- ) = - 2 [----- + ----- + ----- + ------ +. . . . ]
x2
x2
2x4
3x3
5x5
1
(x2 1)
x2
2x2
Given LHS = - log (1 - --- ) = - log ------------ = + log ---------- = log --------x2
x2
x2 - 1
2x2 2
y+1
= log ------- = RHS
y1
. . . . . . Ans
Example: [1/9 +1/3.93 + 1/5.95 + . . . ] = [(1/17 + 1/19) + 1/3(1/173 + 1/193) + . .

.]
9+1
Solution: LHS = log ------ = log 10/8
9-1
1
1
1
1
1
1
RHS = [ ---- + ------ + ------ + . . . ] + [---- + ------ + ------ + . . . ]
17 3.173 5.175
19 3.193 5.195
18
20
18. 20
log ----- + log ----- = log ------- = log 20/16 = log 10/8 = LHS
16
18
16.18
Example: [x2/2 + 2x3/3 + 3x5/5 + . . . ] = log(1 x) + x/(1 x)

Solution: Consider RHS
x2
x3 x4
if | x | < 1, the log (1 - x) = - x - ---- - ---- - ---- - . . .
2
3
4
x/(1 x) = x(1 x)-1 = x [ 1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . ] = [x + x2 + x3 + x4 + . . . ]
Adding we get RHS
. . . . . . Ans
37
Example: log(x + 2h) = 2 log (x + h) log x [h2/(x + h)2 +h4 /2(x + h)4 + x6/3(x +
h)6 + . . . ]
Solution: Given equation is
log (x + 2h) 2 log (x+ h) + log x = [h2/(x + h)2 +h4 /2(x + h)4 + x6/3(x + h)6 + . . .
]
LHS of is
(x + 2h) x
(x + h)2 - h2
h2
= log ------------- = log ------------ = log ( 1 - ---------)
(x + h)2
(x + h)2
(x + h)2
Let h2/(x + h)2 = k then RHS of given equation is
k2
k3
h2
(-) [ k + --- + ----- + . . . ] = log (1 k) = log (1 - --------- ) = LHS
2
3
(x + h)2
. . . . . . Ans
Example: If x2 y = 2x y, then show that 4[x2 + x6/3 + x10 /5 + . . . ] = [y2 + y4 /2 +

y6/3 + . . . ]
Solution: Given y = 2x/ (1 + x2)
4x2
[y2 + y4 /2 + y6/3 + . . . ] = (-) log(1 - y2) = (-) log { 1 - -------- }
(1 + x2)2
(1 + x2)2 4 x2
(1 - x2)2
= (-) log ----------------- = (-) log ----------- = log(1 + x2) log (1 - x2)
(1 + x2)2
(1 + x2)2
Example: log (1 + 1/n)n = [1 1/1.2 (n + 1) .3 (n + 1) 1/3.4(n + 1) . . . ]

Solution: [1 1/1.2 (n + 1) .3 (n + 1)2 1/3.4(n + 1)3 . . . ] =
1
1
1
[1 ---- x ----- x2 ----- x3 . . . ]; substituted x = 1/(n + 1)
1.2
2.3
3.4
1
1 1
1 1
2
= [ 1 (1 - --- ) x ( --- - ---) x ( --- - --- ) x3 + . . . ]
2
2 3
3 4
38
x x2
x3
x
x2
x3
= [- 1 - --- - --- - ---- . . . ] + [ x + --- + --- + ---- . . . ]
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
x2 x3
x4
x
x2
x3
= --- [- x - --- - --- - ---- . . . ] + [ x + --- + --- + ---- . . . ]
x
2
3
4
2
3
1
1
= ---- log (1 x) - log (1 - x) = (1 - --- ) log (1 x)
x
x
1
when we put x = 1/(n + 1), (-n) log ( 1 - --------- )
(n + 1)
n
n+1
= (-) n log( ------- ) = + n log -------- = log (1 + 1/n)n
n+1
n
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Sum the series [1/1.2 + .3 +1/3.4 + . . . ]

Solution: Remember
1
1
1
Log 2 = [ 1 - ----- + ----- - ----- + . . . ]; Given series
2
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
[1/1.2 + .3 +1/3.4 + . . . ] = [ (1 ----) - (---- - ----) + (---- - ----) - . . . ]
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
= [ 1 + 2 [- ----- + ---- - ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
4
5
Example: Sum the series [2. 1/3 + 3/2 . 1/9 + 4/3 . 1/27 + . . . ]
Solution: when we put 1/3 = x we get the given series as
3
4
1
1
2
3
2
[ 2 x + ---- x + ---- x + . . . ] = [ (1 + 1) x + (1 + ----) x + ( 1 + ----) x3 + . . . ]
2
3
2
3
x2
x3
x4
= [ x +---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] + [ x + x2 + x3 + . . . ]
2
3
4
39
x
Log (1 x) + ------- = - log 2/3
(1 x)
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Find the sum of [(x2 + 1/x2) +a2/2 (x4 + 1/x4) + a3/3(x6 + 1/x6) + . . . ]
and find the valid values of x for above series to be true.
Solution: [a (x2 + 1/x2) - a2/2 (x4 + 1/x4) + a3/3(x6 + 1/x6) - . . . ] =
a2x4
a3 x6
a
a2
a3
[ ax2 - ------ + ------ - . . . ] + [ ------ - ------ + ------ - . . . ]
2
3
x2
2x4
3x6
1
= log ( 1 + ax2 ) + log ( 1 + ----- )
ax2
the valid of values of x are -1 < ax2 < 1 and 1 < 1/ ax2 < 1
Example: Show that [1/1.2.3 + 5/3.4. 5 + 9/5.6.7 + . . . ] = 3 log2

Solution: Given series is [1/1.2.3 + 5/3.4. 5 + 9/5.6.7 + . . . ]
{(1 + (n -1)4}
( 4n 3)
Its nth term Tn = ----------------------- = ------------------------(2n 1) 2n (2n +1)
(2n 1) 2n (2n +1)
(-) 1
1
6
5
---- [ ---------- - ----- + ---------- ]
2
(2n 1) 2n
(2n +1)
(-) 1
1
1
5
5
---- [{ ---------- - ------ } - { ----- - --------} ]
2
(2n 1) 2n
2n
(2n +1)
(-) 1
1
1
5
5
Tn = ------ [ { ---------- - ------ } - { ----- - ---------- } ]
2
(2n 1)
2n
2n
(2n +1)
(-)1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= ---- { 1 - ----- + ---- - ---- + . . . } + 5 {1 - --- + ---- - ---- + ---- . . . ]
2
2
3
4
2
3
4
5
=-1/2 ( log 2 + 5 (log 2 1)) = 5/2 3 log2
. . . . . . Ans
40
Example: if (a + b + c) = 0 then using expansion log (1 - x) = x 2x2 1/3 3x3 . . . ], prove that (a5 +b5 + c5)/ 5 = {(a2 +b2 +c2)/2}.{(a3 +b3 +c3)/3}
Solution: We have (1 ax) (1 bx) (1 cx) = 1 (a + b + c) x (ab + bc + ca) x2 + abc
x3; But since given a + b c = 0, we have
= 1 + (ab + bc + ca) x2 + abc x3; we can write the equation like
(1 ax) (1 bx) (1 cx) = 1 + Ax2 - Bx3
taking logerthems both sides we have
log (1 ax) + log (1 bx) + log (1 cx) = log (1 + Ax2 - Bx3)
log { 1 (-Ax2 + Bx3)} = log (1 ax) + log (1 bx) + log (1 cx)
[-
(Ax2
Bx3)
(-Ax2 + Bx3)2 (-Ax2 + Bx3)3

- -------------- - --------------- - . . . ]
2
3
(ax)2 (ax)3
= [ - ax - ------ - ------ - . . . ]
2
3
(bx)2 (bx)3
+ [ - bx - ------ - ------ - . . . ]
2
3
(cx)2 (cx)3
+ [ - cx - ------ - ------ - . . . ]
2
3
Ax2 - Bx3 {A2x4 + B2x4 2 AB x5} + . . .
= -1/2 (a2 + b2 + c2)x2 - 1/3 (a3 + b3 + c3)x3 + 1/5 (a5 + b5 + c5)x5 + . . .
Comparing coefficients of x2, x3, x5 we have
A = - (a2 + b2 + c2)/2 ; B = + (a3 + b3 + c3)/3 ; AB = - (a5 + b5 + c5)/5
(a5 +b5 + c5)/ 5 = {(a2 +b2 +c2)/2}.{(a3 +b3 +c3)/3}
. . . . . . Ans
Example: Sum the series to ; [ 1/ 1.2.3.4 + 4/3.4.5.6 + 9/5.6.7.8 + . . . ]

Solution:
41
n2
1
1
3
4
Tn = ---------------------------- = ---- (--------- + -------- - ---------)
(2n-1)2n(2n+1)(2n+2) 24 (2n-1)
(2n+1) (2n+2)
1
1
1
1
1
= ---- [(--------- - ----------) + 4 ( --------- - ---------)
24 (2n-1) (2n+1)
(2n+1) (2n+2)
1
1
1
1
1
Tn = ---- [ (--------- - ----------) + 4 ( --------- - ---------)
24
(2n-1) (2n+1)
(2n+1) (2n+2)
1
1
1
1
1
1
= ---- [( 1 - ---- ) + (---- - ----) + ( ---- - ----) + . . . ] +
24
3
3
5
5
7
1
1
1
1
1
1
+4 { (---- - ----) + ( ---- - ---- ) + ( ---- - ----) + . . . ]
3 4
5
6
7
8
1
4 log2 + 1
= ---- [ 1 + 4(log2 )] = ------------24
24
. . . . . . Ans
Example: find Log [(1 +x)/(1 x)]

1+x
1+x
Solution: log ------ = log -------1x
1x
x3
x5
=1/2 [ log(1 +x) log(1 x) = 1/2 2 [x + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
3!
5!
3
5
x
x
= [x + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
. . . . . . Ans
3!
5!
Example: If x = 1 +loga b c; y = 1 +logb c a; z = 1 +logc a b; Then find 1/x +1/ y + 1/z
Solution: b c = ax 1; ax = a b c; x log a = log a b c
c a = by 1 by = a b c; y log b = log a b c
a b = cz 1 cz = a b c; z log c = log a b c
1
1
1
log a
log b
log c
---- + ---- + ---- = ------------- +------------- +------------x
y
z
log (a b c) log (a b c) log (a b c)
42
log (a b c)
= ------------- = 1
log (a b c)
. . . . . . Ans
Example: prove that if f = [x/(1 + x2) + x3/3(1 + x2)3 + x5/ 5(1 + x2)5 . . . ] and g =
[ x 2x3/3 + x5/5 + x7/7 2x9 /9, then f = g
x
x3
x5
f = [---------- + ------------ + ------------ + . . . ]
(1 + x2)
3(1 + x2)3
5(1 + x2)5
Put y = x / (1 + x2)
1
1
1
1
(1 + y)
1 + x + x2
[ ---- + ---- + ---- + ---- + . . . ] =1/2 log --------- = log ----------- ..(1)
y
3y3 5y5 7y7
(1 y)
1 + x - x2
2x3 x5
x7 2x9
g(x) =[x - ---- + ---- + ---- - ---- + . . . ]
3
5
7
9
1
x5 x7
1
1
x11
x13
1
1
3
9
= [ x - ( 1 - ----) x + ---- + ---- - --- ( 1 - ---- )x + ----- + ------ - --- (1 - ----) + . . . ]
3
5
7
3
3
11
13
5
3
x3
x5
x7
x9
x9
x15
= [ x + ---- + ----- + ----- + ----- . . . ] [ x3 + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
3
5
7
9
3
5
1
(1 + x)
(1 + x3)
1
(1 + x) (1 + x3)
= ---- log --------- - log -------- = ---- log ------------------2
(1 - x)
(1 - x3)
2
(1 + x)(1 + x3)
1 + x + x2
= log ------------..(2)
1 - x + x2
; from (1) and (2) we have f = g
. . . . . . Ans
Example: [log3 x + log3 x1/2 + log3 x1/4 + log3 1/6 x + . . . ] = 2 then x = ?

log3 x log3 x
Solution: Given series is [ log3 x + ------- + ------- + . . . ]
2
3
43
1
1
= log3 x [ 1 + ---- + ---- + . . . ]
2
3
1
= log3 x [------------- = log3 x 2 = 2 x = 32 = 9
(1 1/2 )
. . . . . . Ans
44

Exponential and Logarithmic - Series

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exponential and Logarithmic - Series

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Contents

Graph of exponential function ....................................................................................... 4

Example: Find the coefficient of

Example: A = [1 + 22/2! + 24 / 3! + 26 / 4! + . . . ] and B = [1 + 1/2! + 2 / 3! + 22

Prove that [1/(n+1) +1/ 2(n+1)2 + 1/3(n+1)3 + . . . ] = 1/n 1/2n2 + 1/3n3 - . . .

Example: Show that [1/1.2.3 + 5/3.4. 5 + 9/5.6.7 + . . . ] = 3 log2 ..................40

Graph of exponential function

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

logarithm. It is approximately equal to 2.71828.

ex is exponential function which is inverse of logarithmic function Loge x

Some results of exponential series

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Thus we proved that

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Now let eb = a then b = loge a

(x loge a) (x l loge a)2 (x loge a)3

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

(ax + b) (ax + b)2

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Example: Prove that e2 e = [ 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2 + 22)/3! + . . . ]

Example: Find sum C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n) / P(n. n)

C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n)

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

We know that C(n, 0) + C(n, 1) + . . . + C(n, n) = 2n and P(n, n ) = n!

Example: what is coefficient of xr in the expansion of 1 + (a + b x)/1! + (a + b x)2

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Example: Find the square root of e to three decimal places

Example: Find the value of 1/e1/3 rounded off to 5 decimal places

= 1 0.333333 + 0.055555 ++ 0.006173 = 0.71653

Example: Express (e5x + ex)/ e3x in ascending powers of x

(2x)2 (-2x)4 (-2x)6

Example: Find [1/1.2 + 1.3/ 1.2.3.4 + 1.3.5 /1.2.3.4.5.6 + . . . ]

= 1. 2. 3.4. 5 (2n -1) (2n)

Example: Find the coefficient of xn in expansion of (1 4x - x2)/ex

we have to segregate x5 terms in this expansion

Example: Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion e7x + ex/e3x

Example: Find the coefficient of xn in 1 + (a + bx) + (a + bx)2 /2! + (a + bx)3 /3! +

e(a + bx) = ea (ebx)

Example: if n >1 then find the coefficient of xn in ex /(1 x)

Example: Find the sum of infinite series 1 + (1 + 2)/2! + (1 + 2+ 3)/3! + (1 + 2 + 3 +

Expanding series (1) from n = 1 to

Example: Prove that 2/ 3! + 3/4! + 4/ 5! + . . . = 1/e

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 22/2! + 32/3! +42/4! +. . .

Example: Find the sum of the series 1 + 23/2! + 33/3! +43/4! +. . .

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Solution: Let the nth term of the series be, Tn

Example: Find the value of (e ix + e-ix)

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

= { 1 + ----- - ----- - ------ . . . } + { 1 - ----- - ----- + ------ . . . }

Example: Find the sum of series C(n, 2)/ (n + 1)! n { 2 to }

Example: if ex/(1 x) = B0 + B1 x + B2 x2 + B3 x3 + . . . , find the value of Bn - Bn-1

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Solution (i)Coefficient of x10 is 210 / 10!

in ascending powers of x up to x3 term. Find its nth term.

+ 23 /2! + 33 /3! . . . ]x3 + . . . + 1/n! [1n /1! + 2n /2! + 3n /3! + . . . . ]xn + . . .

Example: Find the value of (1 + 3) log3 + (1 + 32 )/2! log2 3 + (1 + 33)/3! log3 3

Example: (1 + ! + ! + . . . )/(1 + 1/3! + 1/5! + . . .)

Example: prove (1 + 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 + . . .)(1 1/1.2 + 1/1.2.3 - . . . ) = (e2 -1)/e

M. Saiprasad. B.Sc, B.E contact: msp2337715@gmail.com

Example: Find the value of 1 + (1 + a)/2! + (1 + a+ a2)/3! + . . .

Example: 9/1! + 19/2! + 35/3! + 57/4! + 85/5! + . . . = 12e - 5

Example: Prove that 1 + logx + log2 x/2! + log3 x/3! + . . . = x