School of Environmental

Engineering
Subject: Concrete Building
Design I
Assignment 1
Lecture:
Ir. Abdul Ghapar bin Ahmad
STUDENT NAME
ABDULWALI MUSE MOHAMED
1

MATRIC
141200069-

Semester 1 2016/2017
Reinforced concrete design is one of the main principles of materials used in civil
engineering applications, such as building construction, retaining walls, foundations
of buildings, highways and bridges.
a) As a civil design engineer you will be required to study the basic needs of the
structures that are designed to meet the requirements of fitnees for the purpose,
safety and reliability , economical and easy to maintain. Create and propose it
practiced in the design of your structure.
b) Identify a typical reinforced concrete building nearby. Construct the various
structural elements in the structural system of the building, and briefly explain how
the loads are transferred to the ground.
A) STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and
rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to
produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its
intended life. The primary purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If
the structure is improperly designed or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads
exceed the design specifications, the device will probably fail to perform its
intended function, with possible serious consequences. A well- engineered structure
greatly minimizes the possibility of costly failures.
The aim of structural design is to ensure that the structure performs satisfactorily
during its design life. The basic requirements with which structure should comply
with can be summarized as follows
A.1) Function and aesthetic
The arrangement of space, span, ceiling height, access ability, and traffic flow must
complement the intended use. The structure should fit its environment and be
aesthetically pleasing.
A.2) SAFETY AND RELIABILITY

A structure must be strong enough to support all anticipated loadings safely and it
must not deflect, overturn, tilt, vibrate or crack in any manner that impairs its
usefulness.
A.3) ECONOMY AND COST EFFECTIVE
The overall cost of the structure should not exceed the clients budget. The designer
should take into account not only the cost of materials, but also the buildability,
construction time, cost of temporary structures required and cost maintenance.
A.4) MAINTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABILITY
A structure should be designed to require minimum maintenance and be able to be
maintained with ease. Despite meeting the current needs, design of structure must
not compromise the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs.
B) REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Reinforced concrete structures are one of the most popular structure systems. Many
architecture students are using reinforced concrete structure systems for their
designs. But there are many cases where they design structurally questionable
buildings because they are trying to express their design ideas with limited
knowledge about R.C. Design. Frequently the structural member design would not
be their primary focus. Although there is the possibility that excessive structural
considerations may disturbing their search for unique designs, basic structural
calculation is important for design. Structurally sound solutions can make their
design concepts closer to reality.
Reinforced concrete structures consist of series of individual members that are
enter connected to support the loads imposed on them. A complete building
structure can comprise of the following elements:
B.1) BEAMS
Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam
as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these
loads is called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape
of cross-section), their length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural
elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine

frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that
are designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.
Horizontal members carrying lateral loads

B.2) SLABS
Horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal slabs
of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500
millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
slabs are also used for exterior paving. Sometimes these thinner slabs, ranging from
2 inches (51 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm) thick, are called mud slabs, particularly
when used under the main floor slabs or in crawl spaces.

B.3) COLUMNS
Columns is a structural element that transmits, through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements below. In other words, a column is
a compression member. The term column applies especially to a large round
support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal and made of
stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a
post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually
calledpiers. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be

designed to resist lateral forces. Vertical members carrying primarily axial loads but
generally subjects to axial loads and moments

B.4) WALLS
Vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads
A wall is a structure that defines an area, carries a load, or provides shelter or
security. There are many kinds of walls:

B.5) FOUNDATIONS
Pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread loads from columns or
walls to the ground.

B.6) STAIRS
Plate elements consisting of a flight of steps, usually with one or more landings
provided between the floor levels.

REFERENSES
A1,2,3,4).reinforced concrete design, M. S. Y. RAMLI

B.2) Garber, G. Design and Construction of Concrete Floors. 2nd ed. Amsterdam:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. 47. Print.
B.3) Blank, Alan; McEvoy, Michael; Plank, Roger (1993). Architecture and
Construction in Steel. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-419-17660-8.
B.4) Ching, Frank. A visual dictionary of architecture. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1995. 8-9. Print.
B.5,6) Hewson, Nigel R. (2003). Prestressed Concrete Bridges: Design and
Construction. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2774-5.