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ABSTRACT:
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter includes fastener
material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque.
A section on design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads,
pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents general guidelines and
selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts.
SUBJECT TERMS:
Fastener design; Washers; Inserts; Torque table; Rivets; Lockbolts
NUMBER OF PAGES:
98
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NASA
Reference
Publication
1228
1990
Richard T. Barrett
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio
Nl\SI\
Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................
Introduction .........................................................................................................
Page
1
1
1
1
4
5
6
9
10
12
13
15
17
26
30
34
References ...........................................................................................................
35
Appendixes
A-Bolthead Marking and Design Data .....................................................................
B-Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths .. ...... ..... ..... ...... ........ ...... ..... .... .... ..... .....
C-Blind Rivet Requirements ..................................................................................
iii
36
90
94
Summary
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them
to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter
includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants,
corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and
classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on
design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads
on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension
loads, pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles,
and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and
lockbolts.
Introduction
To the casual observer the selection of bolts, nuts, and rivets
for a design should be a simple task. In reality it is a difficult
task, requiring careful consideration of temperature, corrosion,
vibration, fatigue, initial preload, and many other factors.
The intent of this manual is to present enough data on bolt
and rivet materials, finishes, torques, and thread lubricants
to enable a designer to make a sensible selection for a particular
design. Locknuts, washers, locking methods, inserts, rivets,
and tapped holes are also covered.
Surface
treatment
Useful design
temperature
limit,
of
Comments
Carbon steel
Zinc plate
-65 to 250
55 and up
----------------
Alloy steels
Cadmium plate,
nickel plate,
zinc plate, or
chromium plate
-65 to
limiting
temperature
of plating
Up to 300
Some can be
used at 900 of
A-286 stainless
Passivated per
MIL-S-5002
-423 to 1200
Up to 220
----------------
17-4PH
stainless
None
-300 to 600
Up to 220
----------------
17-7PH
stainless
Passivated
-200 to 600
Up to 220
----------------
300 series
stainless
Furnace oxidized
-423 to 800
70 to 140
Oxidation reduces
galling
Passivated
-250 to 1200
Up to 180
U-212 stainless
Cleaned and
passivated per
MIL-S-5002
1200
185
Inconel718
stainless
Passivated per
QQ-P-35 or
cadmium plated
-423 to 900
or cadmium
plate limit
Up to 220
----------------
Inconel X-750
stainless
None
-320 to 1200
Up to 180
Waspalloy
stainless
None
-423 to 1600
150
----------------
Titanium
None
-350 to 500
Up to 160
----------------
Zinc Plating
Zinc is also a common type of plating. The hot-dip method
of zinc plating is known commercially as galvanizing. Zinc
can also be electrodeposited. Because zinc plating has a dull
finish, it is less pleasing in appearance than cadmium.
However, zinc is a sacrificial material. It will migrate to
uncoated areas that have had their plating scratched off, thus
continuing to provide corrosion resistance. Zinc may also be
applied cold as a zinc-rich paint. Zinc melts at 785 OF but has
a useful service temperature limit of 250 OF. (Its corrosioninhibiting qualities degrade above 140 OF.)
Phosphate Coatings
Steel or iron is phosphate coated by treating the material
surface with a diluted solution of phosphoric acid, usually by
submerging the part in a proprietary bath. The chemical
reaction forms a mildly protective layer of crystalline
phosphate. The three principal types of phosphate coatings are
2
illtimate tensile
strength at room
temperature,
ksi
Cadmium
Useful design
temperature limit,
of
450
Remarks
Zinc
140 to 250
Phosphates:
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
225
225 to 375
400
Chromium
800 to 1200
Silver
1600
Black oxide
(and oil)
"300
Ineffective in corrosion
prevention
Preoxidation
(CRES) fasteners
only
1200
Nickel
1100
450 to 1000
SermaGard and
Sermatel W
Stalgard
Diffused nickelcadmium
475
900
Chromium Plating
Chromium plating is commonly used for automotive and
appliance decorative applications, but it is not common for
fasteners. Chromium-plated fasteners cost approximately as
much as stainless steel fasteners. Good chromium plating
requires both copper and nickel plating prior to chromium
plating. Chromium plating also has hydrogen embrittlement
problems. However, it is acceptable for maximum operating
temperatures of 800 to 1200 OF.
Sermatel Wand SermaGard
Sermatel Wand SermaGard are proprietary coatings 1
consisting of aluminum particles in an inorganic binder with
chromates added to inhibit corrosion. The coating material is
covered by AMS3126A, and the procedure for applying it by
AMS2506. The coating is sprayed or dipped on the part and
cured at 650 OF. (sps Technologies 2 has tested Sermatel Wcoated fasteners at 900 OF without degradation.) This coating
process prevents both hydrogen embrittlement and stress
corrosion, since the fastener is completely coated. Sermatel
is about as effective as cadmium plating in resisting corrosion
but costs about 15 percent more than cadmium. Fasteners are
not presently available "off the shelf" with Sermatel W or
SermaGard coating, but the company will do small orders for
fasteners or mechanical parts. These coatings will take up to
15 disassemblies in a threaded area without serious coating
degradation.
Stalgard
Stalgard is a proprietary coating 3 process consisting of
organic coatings, inorganic-organic coatings, or both for
corrosion resistance. According to Stalgard test data their
coatings are superior to either cadmium or zinc plating in saltspray and weathering tests. Stalgard coatings also provide
galvanic corrosion protection. However, the maximum
operating temperature of these organic coatings is 475 OF.
Silver Plating
Silver plating is cost prohibitive for most fastener applications. The big exception is in the aerospace industry, where
silver-plated nuts are used on stainless steel bolts. The silver
serves both as a corrosion deterrent and a dry lubricant. Silver
plating can be used to 1600 P, and thus it is a good hightemperature lubricant. Since silver tarnishes from normal
atmospheric exposure, the silver-plated nuts are commonly
coated with clear wax to prevent tarnishing. Wax is a good
room-temperature lubricant. Therefore, the normal "dry
torque" values of the torque tables should be reduced by
50 percent to allow for this lubricant.
Passivation and Preoxidation
Stainless steel fasteners will create galvanic corrosion or
oxidation in a joint unless they are passivated or preoxidized
prior to assembly (ref. 1). Passivation is the formation of a
protective oxide coating on the steel by treating it briefly with
an acid. The oxide coating is almost inert. Preoxidization is
the formation of an oxide coating by exposing the fasteners
to approximately 1300 0p temperature in an air furnace. The
surface formed is inert enough to prevent galling due to
galvanic corrosion.
Black Oxide Coating
Black oxide coating, combined with an oil film, does little
more than enhance the appearance of carbon steel fasteners.
The oil film is the only part of the coating that prevents
corrosion.
Thread Lubricants
Although there are many thread lubricants from which to
choose, only a few common ones are covered here. The most
common are oil, grease or wax, graphite, and molybdenum
disulfide. There are also several proprietary lubricants such
as Never-Seez and Synergistic Coatings. Some thread-locking
compounds such as Loctite can also be used as lubricants for
a bolted assembly, particularly the compounds that allow the
bolts to be removed. A summary of thread lubricants is given
in table III.
Oil and Grease
Although oil and grease are the most common types of thread
lubricants, they are limited to an operating temperature not
much greater than 250 P. (Above this temperature the oil
or grease will melt or boil off.) In addition, oil cannot be used
in a vacuum environment. However, oil and grease are good
for both lubrication and corrosion prevention as long as these
precautions are observed.
4
Useful design
temperature
limit,
OF
250
Oil or grease
Graphite
-212 to 250
Remarks
Molybdenum
disulfide
750
Synergistic
Coatings
500
Neverseez
2200
Silver Goop
1500
Thread-locking
compounds
275
Graphite
"Dry" graphite is really not dry. It is fine carbon powder
that needs moisture (usually oil or water) to become a
lubricant. Therefore, its maximum operating temperature is
limited to the boiling point of the oil or water. It also cannot
be used in a vacuum environment without losing its moisture.
Because dry graphite is an abrasive, its use is detrimental to
the bolted joint if the preceding limitations are exceeded.
Molybdenum Disulfide
Molybdenum disulfide is one of the most popular dry
lubricants. It can be used in a vacuum environment but
turns to molybdenum trisulfide at approximately 750 P.
Molybdenum trisulfide is an abrasive rather than a lubricant.
Synergistic Coatings
These proprietary coatings4 are a type of fluorocarbon
injected and baked into a porous metal-matrix coating to give
both corrosion prevention and lubrication. However, the
maximum operating temperature given in their sales literature
is 500 P. Synergistic Coatings will also operate in a vacuum
environment.
Neverseez
This proprietary compound 5 is a petroleum-base lubricant
and anticorrodent that is satisfactory as a one-time lubricant
"General Magnaplate Corporation, Ventura, California.
5Bostic Emhart, Broadview, Illinois.
Corrosion
Galvanic Corrosion
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21 )
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)
(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
Inconel (active)
Yellow brass
Admiralty brass
Aluminum brass
Red brass
Copper
Silicon bronze
70-30 Copper-nickel
Nickel (passive)
Inconel (passive)
Titanium
Monel
Type 304 stainless (passive)
Type 316 stainless (passive)
Silver
Graphite
Gold (least active)
Note the difference between active and passive 304 and 316
stainless steels. The difference here is that passivation of
stainless steels is done either by oxidizing in an air furnace
or treating the surface with an acid to cause an oxide to form.
This oxide surface is quite inert in both cases and deters
galvanic activity.
Because the anode is eroded in a galvanic cell, it should be
the larger mass in the cell. Therefore, it is poor design practice
to use carbon steel fasteners in a stainless steel or copper
assembly. Stainless steel fasteners can be used in carbon steel
assemblies, since the carbon steel mass is the anode.
Magnesium is frequently used in lightweight designs because
of its high strength to weight ratio. However, it must be totally
insulated from fasteners by an inert coating such as zinc
chromate primer to prevent extreme galvanic corrosion.
Cadmium- or zinc-plated fasteners are closest to magnesium
in the galvanic series and would be the most compatible if the
insulation coating were damaged.
Stress Corrosion
Hydrogen Embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement occurs whenever there is free
hydrogen in close association with the metal. Since most
plating processes are the electrolytic bath type, free hydrogen
is present. There are three types of hydrogen-metal problems:
(1) Hydrogen chemical reaction: Hydrogen reacts with the
carbon in steel to form methane gas, which can lead to crack
development and strength reduction. Hydrogen can also react
with alloying elements such as titanium, niobium, or tantalum
to form hydrides. Because the hydrides are not as strong as
the parent alloy, they reduce the overall strength of the part.
(2) Internal hydrogen embrittlement: Hydrogen can remain
in solution interstitially (between lattices in the grain structure)
and can cause delayed failures after proof testing. There is
no external indication that the hydrogen is present.
(3) Hydrogen environment embrittlement: This problem is
only present in a high-pressure hydrogen environment such
as a hydrogen storage tank. Unless a fastener was under stress
inside such a pressure vessel, this condition would not be
present.
Most plating specifications now state that a plated carbon
steel fastener "shall be baked for not less than 23 hours at
375 ::I:: 25 OF within 2 hours after plating to provide hydrogen
embrittlement relief' (per MIL-N-25027D). In the past the
plating specifications required baking at 375 ::I:: 25 OF for only
3 hours within 4 hours after plating. This treatment was found
to be inadequate, and most plating specifications were revised
in 1981-82 to reflect the longer baking time. Hydrogen
embrittlement problems also increase as the fastener strength
increases.
Cadmium Embrittlement
Although hydrogen embrittlement failure of materials is well
documented (ref. 3), the effects of cadmium embrittlement are
not. In general, hydrogen embrittlement failure of cadmiumplated parts can start as low as 325 of, but cadmium
embrittlement can start around 400 of. Since both elements
are normally present in elevated-temperature failure of
cadmium-plated parts, the combined effect of the two can be
disastrous. However, the individual effect of each is
indeterminate.
Locking Methods
Tapped Holes
In a tapped hole the locking technique is normally on the
fastener. One notable exception is the Spiralock7 tap shown
in figure 1. The Spiralock thread form has a 30 wedge ramp
at its root. Under clamp load the crests of the male threads
are wedged tightly against the ramp. This makes lateral
movement, which causes loosening under vibration, nearly
impossible. Independent tests by some of the aerospace
companies have indicated that this type of thread is satisfactory
for moderate resistance to vibration. The bolt can have a
standard thread, since the tapped hole does all the locking.
Locknuts
There are various types of locking elements, with the
common principle being to bind (or wedge) the nut thread to
the bolt threads. Some of the more common locknuts are
covered here.
Split beam.-The split-beam locknut (fig. 2) has slots in the
top, and the thread diameter is undersized in the slotted
portion. The nut spins freely until the bolt threads get to the
slotted area. The split "beam" segments are deflected outward
by the bolt, and a friction load results from binding of the
mating threads.
Wedge ramps resist
transverse movement
Full-height,
heavy-duty hex
t~
(---..;~. ~
Out-of-round
Barrel returns
upper barrel...elliptical shape
... creates
self-locking
action
on bolt
(a)
...
LNut
Figure 4.-Nylok pellet locknut.
Nylok pellet
Collar
(b)
(c)
_.c=:::o::::!\':/
(a)
Cotter
pin
(b)
(a) Slots.
(b) Cotter pin locking.
preference) to the nearest slot that aligns with the drilled hole
in the bolt. A cotter pin is then installed to lock the nut in
place as shown in figure 6(b). This nut works extremely well
for low-torque applications such as holding a wheel bearing
in place.
Jam nuts.-These nuts are normally "jammed" together
as shown in figure 7, although the "experts" cannot agree
on which nut should be on the bottom. However, this type
of assembly is too unpredictable to be reliable. If the inner
nut is torqued tighter than the outer nut, the inner nut will yield
before the outer nut can pick up its full load. On the other
hand, if the outer nut is tightened more than the inner nut,
the inner nut unloads. Then the outer nut will yield before the
inner nut can pick up its full load. It would be rare to get the
correct amount of torque on each nut. A locknut is a much
more practical choice than a regular nut and a jam nut.
However, a jam nut can be used on a turnbuckle, where it
does not carry any of the tension load.
(a)
Easy
start
(b)
~~e:;t
Locking
action
starts
Total
seal
and
locking
action
(a)
(b)
(a) Fixed.
(b) Floating.
Figure 11.-Nutplate.
Washers
Belleville Washers
Belleville washers (fig. 12) are conical washers used more
for maintaining a uniform tension load on a bolt than for
locking. If they are not completely flattened out, they serve
as a spring in the bolt joint. However, unless they have
serrations on their surfaces, they have no significant locking
capability. Of course, the serrations will damage the mating
surfaces under them. These washers can be stacked in
(a) Smootb.
(b) Serrated.
(a)
(b)
(a)
(a) Flat.
(b) Countersunk.
Figure IS.-Tooth lockwashers.
(a) In series.
(b) In parallel.
Inserts
Figure I4.-Helical spring washers.
Self-Aligning Washers
A self-aligning washer is used with a mating nut that has
conical faces as shown in figure 16. Because there is both a
weight penalty and a severe cost penalty for using this nut,
it should be used only as a last resort. Maintaining parallel
mating surfaces within acceptable limits (2 per SAE Handbook
(ref. 4 is normally the better alternative.
0
10
Threaded Inserts
(a)
(b)
(a) Slotted.
(b) Nylok.
Figure 19.-Self-tapping inserts.
-t
D
-rt
D
(a)
(b)
-- --==
===- ==-:=:. -
1
L
o.d.
!
Figure 20.-Speedsert.
llRexnord Specialty Fasteners Division, Torrance, California.
11
Figure 21.-Keensert.
Threads
Types of Threads
Since complete information on most threads can be found
in the ANSI standards (ref. 6), the SAE Handbook (ref. 4), and
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly
the National Bureau of Standards) Handbook H-28 (ref. 7)
no thread standards will be included in this handbook. The
goal here is to explain the common thread types, along with
their advantages and disadvantages. The common thread types
are unified national coarse (UNC), unified national fine (UNF),
unified national extra fine (UNEF), UNJC, UNJF, UNR, UNK,
and constant-pitch threads.
Unified national coarse.-UNC is the most commonly used
thread on general-purpose fasteners. Coarse threads are deeper
than fine threads and are easier to assemble without cross
threading. The manufacturing tolerances can be larger than
for finer threads, allowing for higher plating tolerances. UNC
threads are normally easier to remove when corroded, owing
to their sloppy fit. However, a UNC fastener can be procured
with a class 3 (tighter) fit if needed (classes to be covered later).
Unified national fine.-uNF thread has a larger minor
diameter than UNC thread, which gives UNF fasteners slightly
higher load-carrying and better torque-locking capabilities than
UNC fasteners of the same identical material and outside
diameter. The fine threads have tighter manufacturing
tolerances than UNC threads, and the smaller lead angle allows
for finer tension adjustment. UNF threads are the most widely
used threads in the aerospace industry.
Unified national extra fine.-uNEF is a still finer type of
thread than UNF and is common to the aerospace field. This
thread is particularly advantageous for tapped holes in hard
materials and for thin threaded walls, as well as for tapped
holes in thin materials.
Fatigue-Resistant Bolts
If a bolt is cycled in tension, it will normally break near
the end of the threaded portion because this is the area of
maximum stress concentration. In order to lessen the stress
concentration factor, the bolt shank can be machined down
to the root diameter of the threads. Then it will survive tensile
cyclic loading much longer than a standard bolt with the shank
diameter equal to the thread outside diameter.
Fb=F+(_I_)F
I
}+R e
In a normal clamped joint Ke is much larger than Kb
(R "'" 5.0 for steel bolt and flanges), so that the bolt load does
Classes of Threads
Thread classes are distinguished from each other by the
amounts of tolerance and allowance. The designations run from
lA to 3A and 1B to 3B for external and internal threads,
respectively. A class 1 is a looser fitting, general-purpose
thread; a class 3 is the closer-toleranced aerospace standard
thread. (The individual tolerances and sizes for the various
classes are given in the SAE Handbook (ref 4).)
Forming of Threads
Threads may be cut, hot rolled, or cold rolled. The most
common manufacturing method is to cold form both the head
and the threads for bolts up to 1 in. in diameter. For bolts
above I-in. diameter and high-strength smaller bolts, the heads
are hot forged. The threads are still cold rolled until the bolt
size prohibits the material displacement necessary to form the
threads (up to a constant pitch of eight threads per inch).
Threads are cut only at assembly with taps and dies or by lathe
cutting.
Cold rolling has the additional advantage of increasing the
strength of the bolt threads through the high compressive
surface stresses, similar to the effects of shot peening. This
process makes the threads more resistant to fatigue cracking.
Thi. PlOIIe i. not a .cr_ thr .....tandard, Mould not be u . .d _ a woltling M .... and ahould only reler the r...t_ III the Proc>- ANSI Standarda document wherein the full th ..... detail. on woltling data are contained.
60 SCREW THREAD NOMINAL FORMS (SEE ANSI STANDARDS FOR FURTHER DETAILS)
UN INTERNAL THREAD
1 ..
o.~.~~
THREAD
IDENnFICAnON
UN THREADS
UNRTHREADS
UNKTHREADS
UNJTHREADS
External Only
External Only
81.10-1968
Gages and Gaging lor
Unified Screw Threads
81.2-1966
EXTERNAL
ROOT
81.10-1968,Dralt!
UNR Addendum to
81.1-1960 !See Page
M-191
and Conformance
and Conformance 1 No
Radius Required on
Internal Thread,
Check Required
Check Required
External Thread Minor
Diameter is
Toleronced
EXTERNAL
MINOR
DIAMETER
Diameter is not
foleranced
Diameter is not
Toleronced
EXTERNAL
THREADS
UN Classes 1 A, 2A
and 3A
UNR Ctasses 1 A. 2A
and 3A
UNK Classes 2A
and JA
INTERNAL
THREADS
UN Classes 18. 28
and 3B
No Internal Threads
De,ignated UNR
No Internal Threads
DeSignated UNK
Inrernal Thread
Internal Thread
Individually Eq;;jvalent
Individually Equivalent
to
IndiVidually Equiyalent
to 40% of P.O. Tolerance
IndiVidually EqUivalent
to 40'.; of P.D Tolerance
Mandatory Ch eo
Specified
Specified
ReqUIred
Mandatory Check
Required
ANGLE AND
LEAD
TOLERANCE
50:~
01 P.O. Tolerance
Figure 25.-Explanation of
14
and
UNJ
Thread:
threads. (From ref. 8.) Reprinted with permission of Industrial Fasteners Institute.
,----'-----,
i
Fe
(a)
(b)
(a) Bolted flanges with external load.
(b) Free body with no external load.
(c) Free body with external load.
(c)
Fu
"0
C!I
.2 Fy
"0
CD
F;
-Fe(d)
I
_I
I
I
I
c
Elongation
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
separation
Fastener Torque
Determining the proper torque for a fastener is the biggest
problem in fastener installation. Some of the many variables
causing problems are
(1) The coefficient of friction between mating threads
(2) The coefficient of friction between the bolthead (or nut)
and its mating surface
(3) The effect of bolt coatings and lubricants on the friction
coefficients
(4) The percentage of bolt tensile strength to be used for
preload
(5) Once agreement is reached on item 4, how to accurately
determine this value
(6) Relative spring rates of the structure and the bolts
15
::;
Static
Static
Materials
Dry
Greasy
Dry
Greasy
Dry
Sliding
Materials
Dry
Greasy
1
O.II(I,a)
O.23(1,b)
O.15(I,c)
O.II(I,d)
O.OO75(l8,p)
O.OO52(18,h)
0.42(2)
O.029(5,k)
O.081(5,e)
O.080(5,i)
O.058(5,j)
0.084(5,d)
O.105(5,k)
0.096(5,1)
0.108(5,m)
0.12(5,a)
O.09(3,a)
0.19(3,u)
..............
0.33(6)
O.16(l,b)
0.06(1 ,c)
O.II(I,d)
. .... . .......
0.35(11)
0.14(I,b)
0.065(1 ,c)
0.07(1 ,d)
0.08(1I,h)
0.13(1,b)
0.06(1 ,c)
0.055(1 ,d)
.... .........
'
0.34(3)
0.23(6)
0.95(11)
0.64(3)
0.47(3)
0.42(3)
0.097(2,1)
0.173(2,1)
0.145(2,1)
0.133(2,1)
0.3(11,1)
0.178(3,x)
.. ............
.............
(I) Campbell, Trans. ASME, 1939; (2) Clarke, Lincoln, and Sterrett, Proc. API, 1935; (3) Beare
and Bowden, Phil. Trails. Roy. Soc., 1985; (4) Dokos, Trails. ASME, 1946; (5) Boyd and Robertson,
Trails. ASME, 1945; (6) Sachs, zeit f allgew. Math. alld Mech., 1924; (7) Honda and Yamada,
Jour. I of M, 1925; (8) Tomlinson, Phil. Mag., 1929; (9) Morin, Acad. Roy. des Sciences, 1838;
(10) Claypoole, TraIlS. ASME, 1943; (11) Tabor, Jour. Applied Phys., 1945; (12) Eyssen, General
Discussion on Lubrication, ASME, 1937; (13) Brazier and Holland-Bowyer, General Discussion
on Lubrication, ASME, 1937; (14) Burwell; Jour. SAE, 1942; (15) Stanton, "Friction", Longmans;
(16) Ernst and Merchant, Conference on Friction and Surface Finish, M.l.T., 1940; (17) Gongwer.
Conference on Friction and Surface Finish, M.l.T., 1940; (18) Hardy and Bircumshaw, Proc. Roy.
0.85(16)
1.05(16)
1.05(16)
0.94(8)
I .......... I ..............
0.12(22,a)
0.08 (22,a)
.................
.................
.................
.................
... ... ... ......
. ................
.................
.... ... ....... .
. ................
. ... .. .. . . . ... .
.................
.................
.................
. ....... " .......
.. . . . . ., .. .....
0.53(8)
1.10(16)
0.51(8)
..............
0.04(22,1)
0.04(22,1)
0.2(22)
0.5(22)
0.35(23)
0.8(23)
0.35(23)
0.8(23)
O.OI(IO,p)
0.005(IO,q)
.................
.................
.................
.................
.. ...............
..... . .. . .. ....
.................
.................
.................
... ...... ... ...
. ................
. ................
. ................
. ................
. .... ...........
.................
Greasy
1
.. ............
., ...........
0.46(3)
0.36(3)
0.53(3)
0.44(6)
0.30(6)
0.21(7)
0.25(7)
0.29(7)
0.32(7)
0.43(7)
1.4(3)
0.40(3)
0.18(3)
0.39(3)
0.56(3)
0.53(3)
0.15(9)
0.22(9)
0.48(9)
0.32(9)
0.52(9)
0.49(9)
0.56(9)
0.35(12)
. .............
.. ............
..............
0.18( 17 ,a)
O.12(3,w)
. . .. ........ .
. ..... " ......
. .............
.. ............
. .............
..............
0.09(3,a)
0.116(3,v)
.. ............
.. ............
. . .. ... . . .. .
. .............
0.070(9,d)
0.064(9,n)
0.77(9,n)
0.164(9,r)
0.067(9,s)
0.072(9,s)
0.075(9,n)
0.36(9,t)
0.13(9,n)
0.05(12,1)
0.05(13,t)
Soc., 1925; (19) Hardy and Hardy, Phil. Mag., 1919; (20) Bowden and Young, Proc. Roy. Soc.,
1951; (21) Hardy and Doubleday, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1923; (22) Bowden and Tabor, "The Friction
and Lubrication of Solids." Oxford; (23) Shooter, Research, 4, 1951.
(a) Oleic acid; (b) Atlantic spindle oil (light mineral); (c) castor oil; (d) lard oil; (e) Atlantic spindle
oil plus 2 percent oleic acid; (I) medium mineral oil; (g) medium mineral oil plus '/2 percent oleic
acid; (h) stearic acid; (i) grease (zinc oxide base); U) graphite; (k) turbine oil plus I percent graphite;
(I) turbine oil plus I percent stearic acid; (m) turbine oil (medium mineral); (n) olive oil; (1') palmitic
acid; (q) ricinoleic acid; (r) dry soap; (s) lard; (t) water; (u) rape oil; (v) 3-in-1 oil; (w) octyl alcohol;
(x) triolein; (y) I percent lauric acid in paraffin oil.
Reprinted from Baumeister, et al. "Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers," 8th ed., 1978, with permission of McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.
(7) Interaction formulas to be used for combining simultaneous shear and tension loads on a bolt (Should
friction loads due to bolt clamping action be included
in the interaction calculations?)
(S) Whether "running torque" for a locking device should
be added to the normal torque
Torque-Measuring Methods
I-'c
Design Criteria
Finding Shear Loads on Fastener Group
When the load on a fastener group is eccentric, the first task
is to find the centroid of the group. In many cases the pattern
will be symmetrical, as shown in figure 2S. The next step is
to divide the load R by the number of fasteners n to get the
direct shear load Pc (fig. 29(a)). Next, find Er~ for the group
of fasteners, where rn is the radial distance of each fastener
from the centroid of the group. Now calculate the moment
about the centroid (M = Re from fig. 2S). The contributing
shear load for a particular fastener due to the moment can be
found by the formula
17
Root area,
in. 2
Torque range
(class 8, 150 ksi,
bolts a)
10-24
10-32
1,4-20
1,4-4-28
5/16-18
5/16-24
%-16
%-24
7/16-14
7/16-20
1,2-13
1,2-20
9/16-12
9/16-18
%-11
%-18
*-10
*-16
'i's-9
'i's-14
1-8
1-14
11/8-7
1 \4-12
11,4-7
11,4-12
0.0145
.0175
.0269
.0326
.0454
.0524
.0678
.0809
.0903
.1090
.1257
.1486
.1620
.1888
.2018
.2400
.3020
.3513
.4193
.4805
.5510
.6464
.6931
.8118
.8898
1.0238
23 to 34 in. -Ib
29 to 43 in.-Ib
54 to 81 in.-Ib
68 to 102 in.-Ib
117 to 176 in.-Ib
139 to 208 in.-Ib
205 to 308 in.-Ib
230 to 345 in.-Ib
28 to 42 ft-Ib
33 to 50 ft-Ib
42 to 64 ft-Ib
52 to 77 ft-Ib
61 to 91 ft-Ib
73 to 109 ft-Ib
84 to 126 ft-Ib
104 to 156 ft-Ib
b117 to 176 ft-Ib
b139 to 208 ft-Ib
b184 to 276 ft-Ib
b213 to 320 ft-Ib
b276 to 414 ft-Ib
b323 to 485 ft-Ib
b390 to 585 ft-Ib
b465 to 698 ft-Ib
b559 to 838 ft-Ib
b655 to 982 ft-Ib
Reprinted from Machine Design. Nov. 19, 1987. Copyrigbt, 1987 by Penton Publishing, Inc.,
Cleveland, OH.
Accuracy,
percent
35
25
15
10
3 to 5
1
Relative cost
1
1.5
3
7
15
20
Between
bolthead
(or nut)
and clamping
surface,
Torque
coefficient,
K
Rs(or R 1)
P-c
0.05
.10
.15
.20
18
0.05
.10
.15
.20
0.074
.133
.189
.250
RT(or R2)
Typical
accuracy range,
percent of
full scale
Element
controlled
Slug wrench
Bar torque wrench
Impact wrench
Hydraulic wrench
Gearhead airpowered wrench
Mechanical
multiplier
Worm-gear torque
wrench
Digital torque
wrench
Ultrasonically
controlled wrench
Hydraulic tensioner
Computer-controlled
tensioning
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Torque
Turn
Bolt elongation
Initial bolt
stretch
Simultaneous
torque and turn
I Flat
3 to 15
114 Flat
1O to 30
1O to 20
3to1O
5 to 10'
lOto 20
5 to 10
5 to 20
2 to 10'
0.25 to 5
lt05'
114 to I
114 Flat
I to 10
I to 5
0.5 to 2
Preload accuracy,
percent
To maximize accuracy
Torque
15 to 30
Turn
15to30
lOto25
3to1O
Bolt stretch
I to 8
Element
controlled
19
Rr Ri
Rf
R
Figure 28.-Symmelricalload pattern.
.-
P _ Mr
l;~
+
(a)
(b)
P~~-----
(c)
Shear, Rs (or R 1 )
0+
0+ P10+
0+
A
P2
0+
0+
0+
0+
P1
PM
..
tP r
MS=
1
R~
+ R~
-1
R~
of threads)
Fs
where
P
pullout load, lb
0.060
+ 0.013 N
Counterfeit Fasteners
22
Bolthead Identification
Identifying an existing non-MS, non-NAS, or non-Air ForceNavy bolt is usually a problem. Each manufacturer seems to
have a different system. Frank Akstens of Fastener Technology
International magazine (ref. 20) has compiled a good listing
of several hundred "common" bolts. His entire compilation
is enclosed as appendix A of this report. An international guide
to bolt manufacturer's identification symbols has also been
published by Fastener Technology International magazine.
Fastener Strength
Allowable strengths for many types of fasteners are given
in MIL-HDBK-5 (ref. 18). Ultimate shear and tensile
strengths of various threaded fasteners are given in
appendix B of this report.
'''2~ CE SA .. E5 STotEET
INC.
WASHINGTON
20036
-r
IDENTIFY PER
NASI 341
HDIA
TYPE II
DETAIL A
POINT TO BE FLAT
AND CHAMFERED.
LENGTH OF POINT
TO FIRST COMPLETE
THREAD - U MAX
~d;;YU;:;:~ 8
W'"~Q.p?~/~,,4.
IASIC
TIIaEAD
'ART
UNJF-JA
01.
f---,--i:..016
MAX
HUMID.
H(e)
DIA
D
REF
MIN
N)M
MIN
II;
~Ub,
OJ"
01"
".010 +.010
R (RAD,
MAX
WlN
au
t..:
Idl
'e,
(d)
4.000 -.000
NA5Ioo]
.1900-32
.119S
.1170
.376
.367
.125
.43
.335
.266
.046
.070
.020
.010
.481
.05
.005
.0045 .0040
N.\$IOO4
.2.500-21
.2495
.2410
.439
.430
.1.56
.51
.398
312
.046
.076
.020
.010
.544
.OS
.006
.0045 .0010
NASIOO5
.312.5-24
:~~
.50t
,1$92
.188
.58
.460
.359
I
.010 I.Olb
.020
010
.632
.06
i .008
(0045 10030
NASIOO6
.3150-24
:~~;~
.5604
.554
.219
.65
.52)
.438
.070
106
.025
.015
.663
.Ot!
.689
.679
250
.7'
.648
.48
.070
106
.025
.015
."1"S
I .08
.010
.710
.609
070
.106
1.030
.020 1 .... 2
.08
1 011
.070
141
.03S
.4370
NASI 007
.4375-20
HASlooa
.$000-20
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NASlOO9
05615-18
I :~!~~
.176
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109
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NASlOl2
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1.064
~ 1.05]
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1.01]
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070 1.141
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NAoSIOl4
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1.252
1.239
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1.110
1.....
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0060 .002S
,.0060
0020
i09 i.012
.0060
0020
1 00
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I\.0060
0020
un
.10
j.018
0090
0020
I.lS6
11
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.947
2;
Z
984
.070
.815
1.101
.141
.050
.0]5
e
or.
.0090 .0020
e>
.m
1.66\,.3"
1.094
.141
.060
.594
1.18! 1.585
070
.05S
1.658
.13
.025
.0090 .0020
<3
1.)7S
.075
.060
1.846
.13
.028
.0120 .0020
z
o
1.1500-12
020
0025
co
.469
MASIOlD
.009.0060
(3
.656
2.10
1.772
.070
.070
141
.045
1.481
.0090 .0020
I
'!'
...>
II:
I N1 I
Rr
c.
.;;
......
-<
CUSTOOIAN
PROCUREMENT
SPECIFICATION
NONE
.J
TITLE
BOLT - MACHINE
HEXAGON HEAD, NON MAGNETIC, & HEAT RESISTANT
Pub ........ Met d ..n ....... by: "'llonel $tand8rdI Auoc:ta1lon. Inc
_7 II..., A. "
_ _ D. C. 211014
CIo.ASS'",CATIO'''
-<
>
STANDARD PART
~--------------------~ Go~
NATIONAL
AER05:;:;',~CE
ST.AJ"DARD
zoo~~
l
BASIC PART NUMBER DESIGNATES .;OMINAL Dl.~.METEk.
DASH :.mMlIER DESIGNATES GRIP AND LEr,G1H (SEE SP.EET 3\
AD;) "A" 1'0 DASH NUMBER FOr.. UNDRli.~ED a'x.~.
ADD "H" TO DASH NUMBER ::=OR DRILLED t-i".D ~N!. "y.
NO CODE LEITER DESIGNATES DRILLED SHANK Ci-IL Y.
CODE:
EXAMPLE:
MATERIAL:
NASI003-8
NASI003-8A
NASIO03-SH
CD
I. REFERENCE L)!MLNSIONS ARE FOR DESIGN I'URPOSES UNLY AND NOT AN INSPECTION REQUlREMEl'-o'T.
2. MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY SIIALL FE Ll:.SS n:AN 2.0 (AIR = 1.0, FOR A FIELD STRENGTH H = 200 OERSTEDS.
(MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY INDICATOR. ,';:,1 :,m.-l -! 7214 OR EQUIVAUNT.)
:l BOLTS SHALL BE IREE FROM Ut.:RRS A!JD SU\'ERS.
-I. THI'S!:: I!OLTS ARE IKTEN!1!:[J ;'0 .. l;~r. !-.T Tr'.;;'! R.ATUIU,5 UP TO 120(; F.
(1\ ~ 5. GRIP !.ENG1H: FROM U~Dt.R ~1Dl:. 0" HE;J., ro
0;, r'ULL CYLlNDRKAL POR'no~ or SHANK.
(hi 6 COTIFF. i'lN HOLE CF STERLI!,\E. VilTfllN .01') MW NOR~lAi- WITIIIN 2 0 OF BOl.T CENTERLINE:.
H-) 7. sH" OIA 1-I"""IMtlM NOT TO EXCEH'; "B": rt.l!!ll.1U~,l DIA ,>,l TOP OF HEAD NO, LESS THAN "H".
Id) 8. CONCF!'ITRICITY: "H" AS:) " ... " DIAIl;:T;::~ ;J.T:l!N "X" VALUES TlR. "A" AND THREAD PITCH DIAMETER
""Trill!,; ")" VALUES Tlr:.
Ie) 9. SHANK STRAIGHTNESS: WITHI!II "z" VAL;:ES ;if, I'l:I( INU: OF L.'.ONGTH.
IX) 10. BEARING SURFACE SQUARENESS: WITHIN .V:.~ TIP. WITH SHAAK.
NOTES'
=:"i)
Ii
TOLFRAN(,[S
~:NLr:.SSOTHrR'.nsr
s?rc::'r"),
A"\CL'S ,!c;c
r.
u
I~
Ie
I
o
~
>
IE
...
III
c
oJ
<
>
\
Pubhlh~ tnd dtStrlbu'~ b,,' NiI'bonal Sundlrdl AUOCNftlOl'1 Inc
0. AIYI...a.....
. . . . . . . . ., . . AaIDaItlon of Amenca. tnc
_.
W8Ihington 0, C 20014
Figure 32.-Continued.
24
NAS
,1!
1119
10
11
12
1,
I"
15
16
1"
18
19
20
21
22
2
2
2
~
2
2
.062
.12
.1
.25<
12
.115
.4311
.500
.502
.625
t!l!l
. rso
12
,.
1.000
1.~2
1.12~
1.11:l/J
1.250
1. 12
..
00
1. ;62
1. 2
1.
.7S0
?,~
0
1
1. 12
1. 1<
1.I3C
2
2.125
2.25C,
2. '75
00
"'8
1
.156
19
1
1.
1.106
1.109
1.2 1
1.293
1.\50
1.419
1.4!l1
1.54
1.60
1.00
1.1 1
1.19
1.919
1.9tll
2.01.1
2.1
2.1
2.2 1
2.2
2.
2.41
1
72
[4
.tl:0
.tltl2
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.01 ,
.915
1.03t
."""
.~
1.044
1.106
1.l69
1.2'2
1.294
1.001
1.010
1.1 2
1.194
1.251
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1.41
1-
1.
1.
1.
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1.794
1. ')<:
1.910
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2.16
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2.2
2.
2 ."~
2.402
2.5""
2.669
2.'[94
2. 1
1.044
,109
. 29"
1.2"
1-2'
1.632
1.0Q4
1. '7':-7
.. 1.BB2
1'~
2.001
2.010
2.1 2
2.1~
2.2<;'
2. 2G
2.3OC
2 ...44
2. 0
2.57 0
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1. 2
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2.092
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2.21
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2.467
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2.961
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... 4/:."
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4.995
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C .667
2.10
.j';L-
.. .96'
0<;
2.51.2
2.6()4
'. 22
.4:'< 2
1.4~1
1.
'.120
7~'
2.4be
.21
.1"2
1- 14
20036
=:)
INAS1Jlli,,~"',GI8 ~"-Slc20
1. 54,
2~4J
2.505
2.<;'2
2. ,-c.
;: .6c:7
2.759
2.022
2.685
2.947
.
.072
WASHINGTON. O. C
1.loi..6
'.Q'li!
.2j'
,
1.25~
1.""2
.c:r;o
I
1.1~
1.46'
1. '0
, ;92
1. ;54
" 1
...
1.104
1.16'"
1.20
1.292
1. \54
1.41
1.48C
1.542
1.004
1. ,01
1.
1. '92
1. 4
1. 1
l.'/lC
2. 2
2. 104
2.10'
2.2 0
2.292
2. i""
1. 22
1.305
1.447
1. ,0<;
1- "2
1. 15
1.
1. '59
1. 22
1. 385
1 .....
2. 09
2.07'2
2.1 \5
2.19':
2.259
2.--122
2.105
2."1.'
-.-
.02\)
:'0 2
1. l'>
lm
1.154
1.21
j,. .2
1.342
1.22'>
1.2t1b
1.351
1.41
1.475
1. ;,e
1. 1
1. 74 C
1.
1. 25
1.tIO
1. roo
1. 0
1. 151
1.9,'
1913
1.995
2.0 7
1-915
2.0\tl
2.120
2.101
2.W'
2.10'
2.2"5
2.225_ : 2. 0"
2.2
2.1' C
2.
2." "
2.4, .
2,40,
(.. CL)
2.4"
2.
2. 22
2.6('1
2. ttl
2.00'
2. oS
2.7011
2.
2 ~9] ':I:
2. r:t~_
.Oib
.l20
,"1"-
.9O~
1.0'0
:...OCq
.<.l4
0
.9'
.9'15
1.05'
1.120
1.10,
1.245
1.
1. 10
1"1.495
1.557
1.620
l.btl'
1.1,)1
1.44"
13~
""
0
02
4
00
otl
0
.80~
.6"
. "'2 c
7~
."'94
.tl56
919
~ASlooel NAS1009
US~001
NAS1006
.1~'
i .1 2
1
.2C,'"
~Ll
.2ot
.1t)2 , :c. .41"
' .2 1
. Sit;
.0]
3
.61: '
. <u.
.4tl
.000'
'2
?
7
.606
.669
.12
,
.91'
1,0
4.(
4.00
J.~15
.375 ' .5;.6
.044
... 1 2
4.1
, 590 ' .Q5"
160 . 4.25;
4.2
... 106
. 62
4,2<>4
4.3"0 , I. .41'
... 750 ".2 1
...
c,'Y!
4.,
' ",419
.OJ
53t:
4 .612
14.00C'
1
4.5'"
.00'
4.75'
4.009
125 4.
.7t1b
4.
t!2
4.
4.91
.250
1
".794
... 019
.00
<;.o~
15 4.
.1 \2
5.10'
500 4. 1 5C)4J.
5.2~
5.106
5
.109
.
251
,/>5
. 1tl2
5.111
.7SO 5.2 1
5.294
,.419
5.350
5.5:
5.5J0.4
5.66
5.000 5 ..,,1
5. '32
2.~
2
44
.""9
. n2
Ob
2.
2.
2.
2.
NAS1JO~
. 606
4'
1.')0
1. 'jO
~Th
DAS~ I GRIP
2
1725 OE SA .. ES STREET
:
64
.1119
1
.1
.2
6.
.0'
".1 ~
.2
."Otl
.5:
.b:
.09<'
.22!
z
o
""71
.. ,96
1/1
21
>
III
II:
G
III
~
o<
..J
>
a::
lL
lL
SHEET 3
P'ubhan.t and
d~tflbuted
by
4827 RUllbvAw-e
W.n.ntI()('t. O. C_ 20014
1979
Figure 32.-Concluded.
25
Flat
Pan
Round
Binding
Oval
Truss
Washer
Fillister
Hex
Hex washer
Plain
(carriage)
Also
undercut,
trim, and
100 heads.
Rivets
Rivets are relatively low-cost, permanently installed
fasteners that are lighter weight than bolts. As a result, they
are the most widely used fasteners in the aircraft manufacturing
industry. They are faster to install than bolts and nuts, since
they adapt well to automatic, high-speed installation tools.
However, rivets should not be used in thick materials or in
tensile applications, as their tensile strengths are quite low
relative to their shear strengths. The longer the total grip length
(the total thickness of sheets being joined), the more difficult
it becomes to lock the rivet.
Riveted joints are neither airtight nor watertight unless
special seals or coatings are used. Since rivets are permanently
installed, they have to be removed by drilling them out, a
laborious task.
26
Material
Rivet
designation
Rivet heads
available
Applications
2117-T4
AD
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
2024-T4
DD
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Use only as an
alternative to
7050-T73 where
higher strength
is required
1100
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Nonstructural
5056-H32
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
Joints containing
magnesium
Monel
(annealed)
Universal (MS20615)
100 Flush (MS20427)
Joining stainless
steels, titanium,
and Inoonel
Copper
(annealed)
---
Nonstructural
Universal (MS20470)
100 Flush (MS20426)
7050-T73
Button
Truss
(brazier)
Flat
IT
Countersunk
(flush)
II
Pan
(universal)
Rivet inserted
Shear-bearing area
(3) They can be used where only one side of the workpiece
is accessible.
(4) A given-length rivet can be used for a range of material
thicknesses.
(5) Installation time is faster than with solid rivets.
(6) Clamping force is more uniform than with solid rivets.
(7) Less training is required for the operator.
Blind rivets are classified according to the methods used to
install them:
(1) Pull mandrel
(2) Threaded stem
(3) Drive pin
Specific types (brands) of blind rivets are covered in
subsequent sections of this manual.
Pull-mandrel rivets: This rivet is installed with a tool that
applies force to the rivet head while pulling a prenotched
serrated mandrel through to expand the far side of the tubular
rivet. When the proper load is reached, the mandrel breaks
at the notch. A generic pull-mandrel rivet is shown in
figure 36.
Threaded-stem rivets: The threaded-stem rivet (fig. 37(a
has a threaded internal mandrel (stem) with the external portion
machined flat on two sides for the tool to grip and rotate. The
head is normally hexagonal to prevent rotation of the tubular
body while the mandrel in being torqued and broken off.
Drive-pin rivets: This rivet has a drive pin that spreads the
far side of the rivet to form a head, as shown in figure 38.
Although drive-pin rivets can be installed quickly, they are
Start setting
27
Inserted
Inserted
Installed
Installed
(a)
(b)
(a) One-piece body. (From ref. 5.)
(b) Two-piece body. (From ref. 22.)
n-\
g
I
I I
28
,~
~---,
I
..
f-~
I
I
Figure 42.-Metal-piercing rivet. (From ref. 5.)
29
(a) Insert CherryMAx rivet into prepared hole. Place pulling head over rivet stem and apply firm, steady pressure to seat head. Actuate tool.
(b) Stem pulls into rivet sleeve and forms large bulbed blind head; seats rivet head and clamps sheets tightly together. Shank expansion
begins.
(c) "Safe-lock" locking collar moves into rivet sleeve recess. Formation of blind head is completed. Shear-ring has sheared from
cone, thereby accommodating a minimum of X6 in. in structure thickness variation.
(d) Driving anvil forms "safe-lock" collar into head recess, locking stem and sleeve securely together. Continued pulling fractures
stem, providing flush, burr-free, inspectable installation.
Figure 45.-Cherry rivet installation.
Sleeve
Stem
Ultimate
shear strength,
psi
5055 Aluminum
5056 Aluminum
Monel
Inco 600
Alloy steel
CRES
CRES
Inco X750
50000
50000
55000
75000
Materials
Lockbolts
Maximum
temperature,
OF
250
250
900
1400
16USM
30
(b)
(a)
Hi-Lok
The Hi-Lok17 lockbolt has a countersunk or protruding
manufactured head and threads like a bolt. It is fed through
the hole from the far side. The installation gun prevents shank
rotation with a hexagonal key while the nut is installed (as
shown in fig. 49). The nut (collar) hexagonal end is notched
to break off at the desired torque. Hi-Lok lockbolts are
available in high-strength carbon steel (to 156-ksi shear),
stainless steel (to 132-ksi shear), and titanium (to 95-ksi shear).
Huckbolts
Huckbolts 15 are similar to Hi-Loks except that the stem is
usually serrated rather than threaded. The collar is swaged
on the stem. Then the stem is broken at the notch as shown
in figure 50. Huckbolts and their collars are available in carbon
steel, aluminum, and stainless steel with various strengths, as
listed in the Huck catalog.
Taper-Lok
Jo-Bolts
Jo-bolts are similar to blind rivets in appearance and
installation. The locking collar (sleeve) is expanded to form
a shop head by rotating the threaded stem with a gun. The
threaded stem is notched and breaks off when the proper torque
is reached. A typical Jo-bolt installation is shown in figure 48.
Typical installation
Figure 48.-Jo-bolt. (From ref. 21.)
31
Remaining portion of
Hi-Lok collar after assembly
~
-~-
Collar wrenching
device automatically
shears off
(a)
~G"P + D. M.,dmum l e n g t h ,
rn
~ rnnnrtm . . 1m
1-.U
Brazier head
OO
30
Forged head
Nominal grip
length in 16ths
Thread
Typical installation
Figure 51.-Taper-Lok installation.
Rivnuts
32
(a)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
Type
Standard finish
Pin
Minimum
ultimate
tensile
strength,
psi
Pin trimming edge
Aluminum
6053-T4
Anodize-Alumilite 205
will meet specifications:
MIL-A-8625 (ASG)
28000
Steel
C-ll08 a
C-lllOa
45000
4037
b55000
c85000
430
67000
305d
Carpenter lOd
None-bright as machined
80000
Alloy 260
None-bright as machined
50000
Stainless
steel
Brass
Collar
Hi-Shear Rivet
Hi-Shear 17 rivets consist of a high-strength carbon steel,
stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium rivet (pin) with a neckeddown shop head, as shown in figure 53. The collar (2024
aluminum or Monel) is swaged on to give a finished head that
33
~...
(a)
t
~
:1
\:
I :
~
:! I:
.
I
.I'j
(b)
(c)
(d)
34
References
1. Sliney, H.E.: High Temperature Solid Lubricants-I. Layer Lattice
Compounds and Graphite. Mech. Eng., vol. 96, no. 2, Feb. 1974,
pp. 18-22.
2. Prevention of Material Deterioration: Corrosion Control Course-U.S.
Army Logistics Engineering Directorate-Nov. 1970.
3. ASMMetalsHandbook.9thed., Vols.l,2,3,5, 13,AmericanSociety
for Metals, Metals Park, OH.
4. SAE Handbook. SAE, 1968.
5. 1987 Fastening, Joining & Assembly Reference Issue. Mach. Des.,
vol. 59, no. 27, Nov. 19, 1987.
6. Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form). ANSI
B1.1-1982, American National Standards Institute, New York, NY,
1982.
7. Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Part I-Unified UNJ
Unified Miniature Screw Threads. National Bureau of Standards
Handbook, NBS-H28-1969-PT-l, 1969.
8. Fastener Standards. 5th ed., Industrial Fasteners Institute, Cleveland,
OH,1970.
9. Bickford, J.H.: An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted
Joints. Dekker, 1981.
35
Appendix A
Bolthead Marking and Design Data
[From ref. 20]
36
ASTM markings
The American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St, Philadelphia, PA 19103, sponsors development of specifications for fasteners used in general and special engineering applications.
These specifications detail chemical and mechanical properties of material strength levels for fasteners and are generally specific in referencing the actual product covered. A full range of
types of products of various styles, thread series, lengths, etc, can be produced to meet ASTM requirements and would be marked for grade and material identification as required.
ASTM
Hardness
Nuts
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Carbon steel
No
Thru lY,
23.000
45,000
Boiler rivets
Carbon steel
No
Thru lY,
29,000
58,000
A65,
Grade 1
Track spikes
Yes
0.5X
tensile
strength
55,000
CU
A65,
Grade 1
Track spikes
Carbon steel,
copper specified
Yes
O.5X
tensile
strength
55,000
HC
A65,
Grade 2
Track spikes
Yes
0.5X
tensile
strength
70,000
HC and
CU
A65,
Grade 2
Track spikes
Carbon steel,
copper specified
Yes
0.5X
tensile
strength
70,000
-.
None
req'd
A66
Screw spikes
Carbon steel
Yes
0.5X
tensile
strength
60,000
None
req'd
A183,
Grade 1
Track bolts
Yes
Y,-IYe
55,000
See
"Remarks"
A183,
Grade 2
Track bolts
Carbon steel,
heat-treated
Yes
Y,-IYe
110,000
None
req'd
A183,
Grade 1
Track nuts
No
Y. -lYe
None
req'd
A183,
Grade 2
Track nuts
No
y. - 1Ye
85
A193
AISI501
Yes
%-4
80,000
100,000
B6
A193
AISI410
Yes
~~
85,000
110,000
ID
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
A31,
Grade A
Boiler rivets
None
req'd
A31,
Grade B
None
req'd
Grade
ID
Fastener
description
Material
-4
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
80,000
Proof
load
(psi)
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
""
-.J
00
Mechanical properties
Boils, screws, studs
Is mlgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Prool
load
(psi)
Nuts
Hardness
mark
ASTM
spec
number
B6X
A193
AISI4tO
Yes
Yo-4
70.000
90.000
C26 max
B7
A193
Yes
Yo - 2Y,
Over
2Y,-4
Over
4-7
105.000
95.000
125.000
115.000
A
A
75.000
100.000
80.000
100.000
235
max
(B)
B99
max
(B)
105.000
95.000
125.000
110.000
A
A
85.000
100.000
223 0
max
B96 max
223 0
max
B96 D max
Grade
10
Fastener
description
Material
B7M
A193
B16
A193
Chromium.
molybdenum. and
vanadium alloy steel
Yes
Yo - 2Y,
Yes
21,.
Over
21,-4
Over
4-7
Yo -
Yield
strength
(min psI)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Prool
load
(psi)
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loot notes
B8
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30.000
75.000
B8C
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30.000
75.000
30.000
75.000
223 0
max
B96 max
B8M
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
B8P
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30.000
75.000
223 D
max
B96 max
B8T
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30.000
75.000
223 0
max
B96 max
B8LN
A193.
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30.000
75.000
223 0
max
B96 max
B8MLN
A193.
A320
Yes
}~
30.000
75.000
223 0
max
B96 max
and
larger
Mechanical properties
Is mfgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
ID
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Hardness
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
~'~ and
larger
30.000
75.000
192
max
690 max
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
A193,
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75.000
192
max
B90 max
BBLNA
A193,
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
690 max
BBMLNA
A193,
A320
Yes
Yo and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
(C)
BBNA
A193
Yes
I~ and
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
}~ and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
B90 max
%and
35.0()0
80,000
--
223
max
696 max
BBA
A193.
A320
BBeA
A193,
A320
BBMA
A193,
A320
BBPA
A193,
A320
BBTA
Yes
larger
BBMNA
A193
Yes
BBN
A193
Yes
larger
(D)
!Dl
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part 1 sertes
'"
\0
~
Mechanical properties
Is mfgr's
Grade
10
mark
B8MN
B8R
ASTM
spec
number
AI93
A'I93
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Yes
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Nuts
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
35,000
80,000
Proof
load
(psi)
Hardness
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
223
max
B96 max
Xand
larger
Xand
55,000
100,000
271
max
C28 max
55,000
100,000
271
max
C28 max
~u,uuu
::;~,uuu
z(1
GZtl
max
(0)
(0)
larger
B8RA
A193
Yes
Xand
larger
tsll::>
Al::;j
::;21800, carbide
solution treated
Yes
;. ana
larger
max
B8SA
A193
S21800, carbide
solution treated in
finished condition
Yes
Xand
larger
50,000
95,000
271
max
C28 max
!!.8
A193,
A320
AIS1304, carbide
solulion treated &
strain hardened
Yes
X-%
100,000
125,000
C3t>
max
Over
80,000
115,000
C35 max
Over
I -IX
Over
IX -11,
65,000
105,000
C35 max
50,000
100,000
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
C35 max
X-X
100,000
125,000
C35 max
Over
80,000
115,000
C35 max
Over
1 -IX
Over
IX - 11,
65,000
105,000
C35 max
50,000
100,000
C35 max
X-X
100,000
125,000
C35 max
Over
80,000
115,000
C35 max
65,000
105,000
C35 max
50,000
100,000
C35 max
100,000
125,000
C35 max
80,000
115,000
C35 max
65,000
105,000
C35 max
50,000
100,000
C35 max
!!.P
A193,
A320
A193,
A320
X-I
Yes
X-I
Yes
X-I
Over
I-IX
Over
A193,
A320
Yes
IX -11,
X-X
Over
X-I
Over
1 -IX
Over
1X- 1}~
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
nti
A193
!!!M
B8MN
A193
Material
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yes
Y.-.
Proof
load
(psi)
Yes
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
100,000
125,000
80,000
115,000
65,000
105,000
50,000
100,000
Y.-.
95,000
110,000
Over
. - 1
Over
1 -1Y.
Over
1Y. - 1Y,
80,000
100,000
65,000
95,000
50,000
90,000
Y.-.
95,000
110,000
Over
. - 1
Over
1 -1Y.
Over
1Y. - 1Y,
80,000
100,000
65,000
95,000
50,000
90,000
Over
. - 1
Over
1 -1y'
Over
1Y. - 1Y,
Yes
Yield
strength
(min psi)
A194
Carbon steel
Yes
Y. and
larger
1B
A194
Carbon steel
Yes
y. and
larger
A194
Carbon steel
Yes
y. and
larger
2B
A194
Carbon steel
Yes
y. and
larger
2H
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
A194
Yes
A194
Yes
- 2HB
2HM.
A193,
A320
Fastener
description
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
hvy hex
hex
Hardness
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
C35 max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
321
max
130,000
120,000
121
min
B70 min
130,000
121
min
B70 min
150,000
135,000
159/352
B84 min
150,000
135,000
159/352
B84 min
175,000
150,000
248/352
C24/C38
y. and
larger
175,000
150,000
248/352
C24/C38
y. and
larger
150,000
135,000
159/237
C22 max
rnr.mm
t!3
Mechanical properties
Boils, screws, studs
Nuts
Is mlgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Prool
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
mark
ASTM
spec
number
2HMB
A194
Yes
Yo and
larger
A1,94
Yes
y. and
larger
3B
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
--
A194
Carbon. molybdenum.
hea t t rea ted
Yes
y. and
larger
4B
A194
Carbon. molybdenum.
heat treated
Yes
Yo and
larger
A194
Yes
6B
A194
6F
A194
6FB
A194
7B
Grade
1[;)
Proof
load
(psi)
hV~ hex
ex
Hardness
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or lootnoles
150.000
135.000
1591237
C22 max
175,000
150,000
2481352
C241C38
175.000
150.000
2481352
C241C38
175,000
150.000
248/352
C241C38
--
175.000
150.000
248/352
C241C38
Yo and
larger
--
150.000
135.000
2281271
C20/C28
Yes
Yo and
larger
150.000
135.000
2281271
C20lC28
Yes
y. and
larger
150.000
135.000
2281271
C20/C28
Yes
Yo and
larger
.-
150.000
135,000
228/271
C20lC28
A194
AISI 4140/414214145.
4140H.4142H.
4145H. heat treated
Yes
y. and
larger
175.000
150.000
2481352
C241C38
A194
AISI 41401414214145.
4140H.4142H,
4145H. heat lreated
Yes
j~
175.000
150,000
2481352
C24/C38
Fastener
description
Material
and
larger
7M
A194
AISI 4140/4142/4145.
4140H.4142H.
4145H. heat treated
Yes
y. and
larger
150.000
135.000
159/237
C22 max
7MB
A194
AISI 4140/4142/4145.
4140H.4142H.
4145H. heat treated
Yes
y. and
larger
150.000
135.000
159/237
C22 max
A194
AISI304
Yes
Yo and
larger
--
80,000
75.000
126/300
860/8105
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs
+>
w
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
~; and
larger
Yes
y. and
larger
AISI347
Yes
y. and
larger
Yes
y. and
larger
A194
AISI316
Yes
y. and
larger
A194
AISI316
Yes
y. and
larger
Grade,
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
8B
A194
AISI304
Yes
y. and
larger
8A
A1!l4
Yes
8C
A194
AISI 347
8CB
A194
8CA
A194
8M
8MB
Fastener
description
Material
Prool
load
(psi)
Nuts
Prool
load
(psi)
hV~ hex
ex
Hardness
Remarks
or loot notes
Brinell
Rockwell
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
75.000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
75.000
126/192
860/890
--
80.000
75.000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
126/300
860/8105
75]00
8MA
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
8T
A194
AISI321
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
8TB
A194
AISI321
Yes
y. and
larger
80.000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
8TA
A194
Yes
;~
80.000
75,000
126/192
860/890
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
126/300
860/8105
and
larger
8F
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
8FB
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
75:000
Foolnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part 1 sertes.
t
Mechanical properties
Nuts
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yes
A194
BPA
A194
BN
BNB
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
y. and
larger
Yes
y. and
larger
Yes
y. and
larger
Yes
y. aAd
larger
A194
AISI304N
Yes
A194
AISI304N
Yes
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
BFA
A194
8P
A194
BPB
Fastener
description
Material
Proof
load
(psi)
hvy hex
hex
Hardness
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
y. and
larger
80,000
126/300
860/8105
75.000
8NA
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
8MN
A194
AISI316N
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
8MNB
A194
AISI316N
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/Bl05
8MNA
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/192
B60/890
8R
A194
XM19
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
B88/C25
8RB
A194
XM19
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
BB8/C25
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
Fastener
description
Material
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
hvy hex
hex
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
8RA
A19~
XMI9, carbide
solution treated
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
B88/C25
BS
A194
S21800 (restricted
phosphorus)
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
B88/C25
BSB
A194
S21800 (restricted
Nuts machined from bars
for high pressure & high . phosphorus)
temperature service
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
B88/C25
BSA
A194
S21800 (restricted
phosphorus), carbide
solution treated
Yes
Yo and
larger
80,000
75,000
183/271
888/C25
BLN
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/Bl05
BLNB
A194
Yes
Yo and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
B60/Bl05
BLNA
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
126/192
860/890
BMLN
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
BMLNB
A194
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/300
860/8105
BMLNA
A194
AISI 3 t 6N (with
restricted carbon),
carbide solution
treated
Yes
y. and
larger
80,000
75,000
126/192
860/890
..!!
At94
Yes
y.-Yo
%-1
1 ~, - 1Y.
--
1Yo - 1Y,
125,000
110,000
115,000
100,000
105,000
95,000
100,000
90,000
75]5'5
~
Mechanical properties
Nuts
Bolts, screws, studs
Grade
mark
ASTM
spe
number
A194
ID
Fastener
description
Material
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd1
Nominal
size'
range
(inch)
X-Y.
Yes
:t, - 1
II
Yes
1Yo - 1Y,
Yo - 1
1Yo - 1Y,
A194
Yes
Y.-Y.
:t, - 1
lYo - lY.
lYo-1Y,
.DE
A194
Yes
A194
- 1Y.
1Yo - 1Yo
Y.-Y.
- 1Yo
1Yo - 1Y,
Yo - 1
1Yo
Hardness
Remarks
or loot notes
Brinell
Rockwell
125,000
110,000
115,000
100,000
105,000
95,000
100,000
125,000
110,000
115,000
100,000
105,000
95,000
100,000
mr.ooo
90]00
110,000
100,000'
100,000
90,000
95,000
85,000
90,000
80,000
125l!90
Yo - 1
Yes
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Y.-Y.
1Yo
.If
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Y.-Y.
1Yo - 1Y.
AM.
1Y.
1Yo
A194
Prool
load
(psi)
Prool
load
(psi)
hvy hex
hex
110,000
115,000
100,000
105,000
95,000
100,000
90,000
90,000
Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, sluds
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
aN
ASTM
spec
number
A194
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yes
X-Yo
ID
Faslener
description
Nuls machined lrom bars
lor high piessure & high
lemperalure service
Material
AISI 304N. slraln
hardened
A194
Yes
- 11.
1% - 1~
- 1X
1% - 1~
X-Yo
~-1
1Y.
None
req'd
A307.
Grade A
Common bolls
Carbon sleel
Yes
1.-4
None
A307.
Grade B
Carbon sleel
Yes
X-4
req'd
L7
A320
AISI414U. 4142. or
4145 quenched &
lempered
Yes
X - 2~
105.000
L7A
A320
Yes
Yo - 2~
& lempered
Ye!!
Yo-2~
Yes
L7B
A320
L7C
A320
& lempered
Tensile
slrength
(min psi)
~ - I
Yield
slrength
(min psi)
1Y.
.lM.ti
Prool
load
(psi)
Hardness
Nuls
Prool
load
(psi)
hV~ hu
ex
Brlnall
125.000
110.000
115.000
100.000
105.000
95.000
100.000
mr.ooo
125.000
110.000
115.000
100.000
'105.000
95.000
100.000
Rockwell
w.ooo
Remarks
or loolnotes
6U.000
1211
241F
B691
BlOOF
60.000
min
100.000
max
1211212
B69/B95
125.000
105.000
125.000
105.000
125.000
Yo - 2:;'
105.000
125.000
L70
A320
AIS14140. 4142. or
4145 quenched &
lempered
Yes
Yo - 2:;'
105.000
125.000
L71
A320
Yes
Yo - 2Y,
105.000
125.000
L72
A320
Yes
l. - 2Y,
105.000
125.000
..
.... -
+>00
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
10
aymbol
req'd1
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Nuts
Hardness
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
atrength
(min psi)
Prool
load
(psi)
Y. - 2Yo
105,000
125,000
Yes
Y.-4
105,000
125,000
Yes
y. - 2Y,
80,000
100,000
899 u max
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched & tempered
Yes
y. - 1
105,000
125,000
A320
Yes
}; and
larger
30,000
75,000
223 u
max
896 u max
B8FA
A320
Yes
y. and
larger
30,000
75,000
192
max
890 max
ill
A320
Yes
y.-Yo
100,000
125,000
C35 max
Over
Yo - 1
Over
1 - 1Y.
Over
I Y. - 1Yo
80,000
t 15,000
C35 max
65,000
105,000
C35 max
50,000
100,000
321
max
32t
max
321
max
321
max
C35 max
85,000
74,000
92,000
81,000
120,000
105,000
248/331
223/293
C24/C35
C19/C31
H,I
H,I
85,000
74,000
92,000
61,000
120,000
105,000
lYo - lYo
248/331
223/293
C24/C35
C19/C31
H,I
H,t
246/331
223/293
C24/C35
C19/C31
H,I, J
H, I, J
Vickers
C23/C34
K, L
C23/C34
K, L
Grede
10
mark
ASTM
apec
number
L73
A320
Yes
L43
A320
L7M
A320
L1
A320
B8F
A325 or
option
Faatener
de scrip lion
Material
A325,
Type 1
Yes
A325,
Type 2
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched & tempered
Yes
A325
A325,
Type 3
Weathering steel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
y, - 1
1Yo - 1Y,
65,000
74,000
92,000
61,000
120,000
105,000
...,.
A325M
A325M,
Type I
Ves
M16M36
600
MPa
660
MPa
830
MPa
8S
A325M
~
A325M,
Type 2
Ves
M16 M36
600
MPa
660
MPa
630
MPa
~~
t Yo
- I
- t Yo
Brlnell
235 u
max
Rockwell
Remarks
or loolnoles
""
A325
,I ....
A325
Yo - 1
255/336
Vickers
255/336
Mechanlca properties
1& mlgr's
Grada
10
mark
A5TM
spec
number
A325M
853
A325M,
Type 3
Be
BO or
,I ....
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Wealheril1g sleel.
quenched & lempered
Yes
A354,
Grade BC
Yes
A354,
Grade BO
Yes
..... '
Nuts
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Prool
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Prool
load
(psi)
M16M36
600
MPa
660
MPa
830
MPa
105,000
95,000
109,000
99,000
125,000
115,000
120,000
105,000
130,000
115,000
150,000
140,000
Yo - 2~
Over
2Y,-4
& tempered
Yo - 2:1,
Over
2:1, - 4
Hardness.
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or lootnotes
Vickers
255/336
C23/C34
J. K. l
255/331
235/311
C26/36
C22/C33
H,N
H,N
311/363
293/363
C33/C39
C311C39
H,N,O
H,N,O
60,000
1211235
B691899
(M)
Non.
A394
Galvanized sleet
Yes
y" Yo,
%,
r.q'd (P)
r.,
(Single shear al
threads based on
45,000 psI.)
B4B
A437,
Grade
B4B
Turbine-Iype bolls,
screws, sluds, nuts, and
washers lor high
temperature service
Yes
All dia
105,000
145,000
See
remarks
B4C
A437,
Grade
B4C
Turbine-Iype bolls,
screws, studs, nuls, and
washers lor high
temperature service
Yes
All dia
85,000
115,000
See
remarks
B4D
A437,
Grade
B40
Turbine-type,bolls,
screws, studs, nuts, and
washers lor high
temperature service
Yes
Thru 2Y.
Over
2y' 4
OVer
47
105,000
95,000
125,000
110,000
See
remarks
85,000
100,000
C27JC33
lor nuts
and
washers
See
remarks
85,000
74,000
92,000
81,000
120,000
105,000
255/321
223/285
C25/C34
C19/C30
55,000
58,000
90,000
183/235
" ....
A449
Yes
660A
(R)
A453,
Grade
660
Class A
Yes
660B
(R)
A453,
Grade
660
Class B
Yes
Yo 1
Over
1 -1y'
Over
ly' - 3
Yo and
larger
85,000
130,000
248/341
A,R
Yo and
larger
85,000
130,000
248/341
A,R
\0
~
Mecnanlcal properl es
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yes
y'-3
Over
3 and
larger
Yes
y'-3
Over
3 and
larger
A453,
Grade
662
Class A
Yes
111126
(A)
A453,
Grade
662
Class B
665A
(A)
A453,
Grade
665
Class A
665B
(A)
A453,
Grade
665
Class B
None
req'd
A489
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
"umber
851A
(A)
A453,
Grade
651
Ctass A
6518
(A)
A453,
Grade
651
Class B
8~:
Tensile
strenglh
(min psi)
70,000
60,000
100,000
100,000
60,000
50,000
95,000
95,000
Y. and
larger
85,000
Yes
Yo and
larger
Yes
Yo and
larger
Yes
Eyebolls
Carbon steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
Faslener
descrlpllon
Malerlal
Proal
load
(psi)
Hardness
Nuls
Proal
load
(psi)
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loolnoles
220/260
220/280
A,R
A,A
210/270
210/270
A,A
A,A
130,000
255/321
A,A
80,000
125,000
248/321
120,000
170,000
3111386
y. and
larger
120,000
155,000
3111388
Yo - 2Ya
(S)
30,000
65,000
min,
85,000
max
ASTM footnotes
A. Glade and manulaCIUlel'1 Idenlillcilion symbol hall
be applied 10 on8 end 01 Iluds X' In dlamelel and lalgOl,
Ind 10 Ihl head. or boll. and IClew' X' In dlamalal and
lalgOl.11I a.allible .,al I. Inadequala. glade symbol may
be malk.d on on. end and manulaclulII'1 ldenlilicalion
lymboI malked 011 the olher end.'
To moellenslla I.quillmanil. Bllnell hlldnas. Ihall ba
oyal 201 HB'~ HRB,.
:!}~ ,:!~~II~~~S~~~,&,I~~'~;'~~IIBlln.1I
haldn"", .hall
lour
neSI values nolless Ihan the n"",mum nor mOl' Ihan the
maximum hardness limits ,equlred, .a hardness Is (heir
only mechanical requtremenl.
D. FOI slzel Yo' In di,malOl ,nd smaller, ma.lmum haldne .. 01 241 HB (100 HRB, II pelmUled.
Of
fII;fl~S Indio
,esl~lIml and
~.;.~~\~.'::~rYi~
ASTM
Hardness
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Prool
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(inln psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Yes
%1%
120,000
130,000
150,000
min,
170,000
max
3111352
C331C38
Low carbon
marlensite sleel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
y, - no;
120,000
130,000
150,000
min
170,000
max
311/352
C331C38
Wealhering sleel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
Y,-IY,
120,000
130,000
150,000
min
170,000
max
3111352
C33/C38
A490M,
Type 1
Yes
1.116M36mm
830
MPa
940
MPa
1040
MPa
Vickers
3271382
C33/C39
A490M,
Type 2
Low carbon
marlensile steel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
1.1161.136 mm
830
MPa
940
MPa
1040
MPa
Vickers
3271382
C331C39
A490M,
Type 3
Wealhering sleel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
1.116M36mm
830
MPa
940
MPa
1040
MPa
Vickers
3271382
C331C39
J,K
1053
None
req'd (U)
Struclural rivets
Carbon sleel
Yes
Y,-IY,
103/126
855/872
Grade 1
Carbon manganese
steef
Yes
Y,-IY,
137/163
8761885
Wealhering sleef
Yes
Grada
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
AUO
A490,
Type 1
~\/?
A490,
Type 2
M!9
A490,
Type 3
A490M
A480
105
A480M
~
A490M
"502,
Fastener
description
M02,
Grade 2
Structural rivets
A502,
Grade 3
Structural
riv~ts
Material
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Prool
load
(psi)
Brlnall
Remarks
or lootnot ..
Rockwell
Ut
tv
Mechanical properties
II m'gr'l
Grade
10
mark
B21
ASTM
Ipec
number
ID
Faslener
description
Malerial
Alloy steel (Cr-Mo-V).
quenched & tempered
Iymbol
req'd?
Nominal
Ilze
range
(Inch)
Hardness
Tensile
slrenglh
(min psi)
105.000
100.000
120.000
115.000
2411285
248/302
W
W
100.000
115.000
255/311
W
W
Proo'
load
(pII)
Proo'
load
(psi)
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loolnoles
A540.
Grade
821.
Class 5
A540.
Grade
821.
Class 4
Yes
Thru 3
Over
3-6
120.000
120.000
135.000
135.000
269/331
2771352
A540.
Grade
821.
Class 3
Yes
Thru 3
Over
3-6
130.000
130.000
145.000
145.000
293/352
302/375
W
W
A540.
Grade
B21.
Class 2
Yes
Thru 4
140.000
155.000
3111401
A540,
Grade
821
Class 1
Yes
Thru 4
150.000
165.000
3211429
A540.
Grade
822.
Class 5
AISI 4142-H.
quenched & tempered
Yes
Thru 2
Over
2-4
105.000
100.000
120.000
115.000
248/293
255/302
W
W
822
(V)
A540,
Grada
822
Class 4
AISI4142-H.
quenched & tempered
Yes
Thru 1
Over
1-4
120.000
120.000
135.000
135.000
269/341
277/363
W
W
822
(V)
A540.
Grade
822
Class 3
AISI 4142-H.
quenched & tempered
Yes
Thru 2
Over
2-4
130.000
130.000
145.000
145.000
293/363
302/375
W
W
822
(V)
A540.
Grade
822
Class 2
AISI 4142-H.
quenched & lempered
Yes
Thru 3
140.000
155.000
3111401
B22
(V)
A540.
Grade
822.
Class 1
AISI4142-H.
quenched & lempered
Yes
Thru
1~
150.000
165.000
3211401
823
A540.
Grade
823.
Class 5
AISI E-4340-H.
quenched & lempered
Yes
Thru 6
Over
6-8
Over
8 - 9~
105.000
100.000
120.000
115.000
248/311
255/321
W
W
100.000
115.000
262/321
(VI
B21
(VI
B21
(VI
B21
(VI
821
(VI
822
(VI
(VI
Yes
Thru 2
Over
2-6
Over
6-8
Nuls
Yield
Ilrengih
(mlnpII)
Mechanical properlles
Orade
10
mark
823
(V)
823
(V)
823
(V)
823
(V)
824
(V)
824
(V)
824
(V)
ASTM
spec
number
A540,
Grade
823,
Class 4
Faslener
de scrip lion
AISI E4340H,
quenched & tempared
Nominal
10
.Ize
symbol
req'd?
range
(Inch)
Yes
Thru 3
Over
3-6
Over
6-9~
A540,
Grade
823
Class 3
A540,
Grade
823
Class 2
A540,
Grade
823
Class 1
A540,
Grada
824
Class 5
A540,
Grade
824
Class 4
A540,
Grade
824,
Class 3
Malerlal
I. mlgr'.
AISI E4340-H,
quenched & lempered
AISI E4340H,
quenched & tempered
AISI E-4340-H,
quenched & tempered
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Thru 3
Over
3-6
Over
6 -9~
Nuls
Yield
.Irenglh
(min psi)
Tensile
.Irenglh
(min psi)
120,000
120,000
135,000
135,000
--
2691341
2771352
W
W
120,000
135,000
2851363
130,000
130,000
145,000
145,000
2931363
3021375
W
W
130,000
145,000
Prool
load
(psi)
Hardness
Proal
load
(psi)
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loolnol..
3111388
Thru 3
Over
3-6
Over
6- 9~
140,000
140,000
155,000
155,000
3111388
3111401
W
W
140,000
155,000
3211415
Thru 3
Over
3-6
Over
6-8
150,000
150,000
165,000
165,000
3211415
3311429
W
W
150,000
165,000
3411444
105,000
100,000
120,000
115,000
2481311
2551321
W
W
100,000
115,000
2621321
--
120,000
120,000
135,000
135,000
2771352
W
W
120,000
135,000
285/363
--
120,000
135,000
2931363
130,000
130,000
145,000
145,000
293/363
302/388
W
W
130,000
145,000
3111388
--
140,000
140,000
155,000
155,000
3111401
3211415
W
W
150,000
150,000
165,000
165,000
3211415
3311429
W
W
Thru 6
Over
6-8
Over
8- 9:{
Thru 3
Over
3-6
Over
6-8
Over
8-9:{
Thru 3
Over
38
Over
269/341
W
W
89Y,
824
(V)
824
IV)
VI
A540,
Grade
824
Class 2
Yes
A540,
Grade
824
Class 1
Yes
Thru 7
Over
7- 9~
--.~
Thru 6
Over
68
Mechanical properlles
Is mlgr's
Grada
ID
mark
B24V
ASTM
spac
number
ID
Faslener
descrlpllon
Malerlal
Prool
load
(psll
293/363
302/375
--
W
W
130,000
145,000
3111388
Thru 4
Over
4-8
Over
8 - II
140,000
140,000
155,000
155,000
3111388
3111401
W
W
140,000
155,000
3211415
--
150,000
150,000
165,000
165,000
321/415
3311429
W
W
150,000
165,000
3311444
A563,
Grade 0
Cllrbon sleel
No
:.: -1~
A563,
Grade A
Carbon sleel
No
X-4
A563,
Grade B
Carbon sleel
No
X-I
A563,
Grade C
Carbon steel
~J
A563,
Grade
C3
A563,
Grade D
DH
DH3
(V)
Nona
rlq'd
103/302
B55/C32
116/302
B68/C32'
1~; -1~
Y
Y
1211302
1211302
B69/C32
Yes
Y,-4
144,000 '143/352
B78/C38
Wealherlng steel
Yes
Y,-4
144,000
143/352
B78/C38
Alloy sleel
Yes
Y,-4
159/352
B84/C38
A563,
Grade
DH
Alloy steel,
quenched & tempered
Yes
Y,-4
248/352
C24/C38
A563,
Grade
DH3
Wealherlng sleel,
quenched & lempered
Yes
Y,-4
175,000
248/352
C24JC38
(X)
\.)
Thru 4
Over
4-8
Over
8 - 11
(XI
Nona
raq'd
Yes
(XI
Nona
rlq'd
Yes
Ramarks
or loolnolel
145,000
145,000
A540,
Grade
B24V
Class 1
B24V
Rockwell
130,000
130,000
(V)
Brlnell
A540,
Grade
B24V
Class 2
B24V
Prool
load
(psll
Tanslle
slrenglh
(min psll
Yes
Ylald
slrenglh
(min psll
Thru 4
Over
4-8
Over
8 - 11
A540,
Grade
B24V
Class 3
(VI
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
slza
range
(lnchl
Hardness
Nuls
B69/C3~
10
mark
&
10
12
VI
VI
ASTM
.pec
number
A563.M.
Class 5
A563M.
Class 9
A563M.
Class 10
A563M
Class 12
10
Fastener
descrlpllon
Nuts lor general structural
and mechanical usemetric
Material
.ymbol
req'd?
Carbon steel
No
Carbon sleel
Alloy sleel.
quenched & lempered
Alloy sleel.
quenched & lempered
No
Yes
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Ml.6M4
M5&
M6
M8&
Ml0
M12M16
M20
M36
M42Ml00
M3
M4
M5&
M6
M8&
Ml0
M12M16
M20
MIOO
Ml.6MID
M12M16
M20
M36
M3M6
M8&
MID
M12M16
M20Ml00
Yield
strength
Tensile
strength
Nuls
Prool
load
Hardness
Remarkl
or lootnot
Brlnell
Rockwell
520
MPa
580CC
MPa
590cc
MPa
610ce
MPa
630ce
MPa
630ce
MPa
Vickers
130/302
Vickers
130/302
Vickers
130/302
Vickers
130/302
Vickers
146/302
Vickers
128/302
B701C30
Z,DD
B70/C30
I.DD
B70/C30
I,DD
B701C30
Z.DD
B781C30
I. DO
B10/C30
I.DO
900
MPa
9t5
MPa
940
MPa
950
MPa
920
MPa
Vickers
170/302
Vickers
188/302
Vickers
188/302
Vickers
188/302
Vickers
188/302
B85/C30
I,DD
B89/C30
I,DD
B89/C30
I.DD
B89/C30
Z.DD
889/C30
Z,DD
1040
MPa
1050
MPa
1060
MPa
Vickers
272/353
Vickers
272/353
Vickers
272/353
C26/C36
I,DO
C26/C36
I. 00
C26/C36
Z.DD
1150""
MPa
1160CC
MPa
119rfX
MPa
1200CC
MPa
Vickers
272/353
Vickers
212/353
Vickers
272/353
Vickers
272/353
C26/C36
I,OO
C26/C36
I,DD
C26/C36
Z,DO
C261C36
Z,DD
as
A563M,
Class 85
Carbon sleel
Yes
M12M36
1075
MPa
Vickers
188/372
B89/C38
1.0D
883
A563M,
Class
853
Wealhering sleel
Yes
M12M36
1075
MPa
Vickers
1881372
B89/C38
J.Z,DD
101
A563M,
Class
IDS
Alloy steel.
quenched & tempered
Yes
M12M36
12451,,\;
MPa
Vickers
2721372
C26/C38
Z.DO
1OS3
A563M.
Class
1083
Weathering steel.
quenched & lempered
Yes
M12M36
1245
MPa
Vickers
2721372
C26/C38
J.Z.DD
VI
0-
Mechanical properties
II mlgr'l
Orada
10
mark
ASTM
Ipec
number
None
req'd
See EE
A574
12.8
A574M
ID
Faslener
descrlpllon
Sockel head cap screws
Malerlal
Alloy sleel, quenched
& lempered
Iymbol
req'd?
No
(EE)
Yes
Nominal
Ilza
ranga
(Inch)
:{ and
smaller
%-4
M1.6 M46mm
Nuls
Prool
load
(psi,
HardnalS
Prool
load
(psi)
Ylald
slrenglh
(min psi)
Tanslle
.Irenglh
(min psi)
140,000
160,000
G39/C45
C371C45
Vickers
C36/C44
GG
FF
135,000
153,000
170,000
970
MPa
1100
MPa
1220
MPa
Brlnell
Rockwell
Rem.rk!
or loolnol
H
372/434
DPH
A117
A667
No
Sea
A761
Galvanized sleel
Yes
C646
No
C45 min
case
hardness
C893
No
C45 min
case
hardness
C894
No
C45 min
case
hardness
OR30
F432,
Grade
30
Carbon sleel
Yes
Yo - 1
30,000
60,000
JJ
OR66
F432,
Grade
55
Carbon sleel
Yes
%-1:{
55,000
65,000
1-
JJ
OR7S
F432,
Grade
75
Carbon sfeel
Yes
%-1
75,000
100,000
1-
JJ
OR40
F432,
Grade
40
Carbon sleel
Yes
All sizes
JJ
OR60
F432,
Grade
Carbon sleel
Yes
All sizes
JJ
"Remarkl"
None
req'd
None
req'd
None
req'd
%-3
Yo
only
105,000
150,000
max
See Footnote II
..
60
Foolnoles are grouped on Ihe lasl page 01 Ihis Pari II series.
Mechanical properU ..
Is mlgr's
Orade
10
mark
See
"Remarkl"
ASTM
spec
number
F436
10
Fastener
descrlpllon
Malerlal
symbol
req'd?
Hardened washers
Carbon or wealhering
sleel
Yes
Nominal
Ilze
range
(Inch)
Tensile
atrenglh
(min pII)
See
ASTM
F436
Type 3 (wealhering
sleel) washers shall be
marked wilh Ihe symbol
"3" KK
TT
KK
TT
KK
1~
30,000
min
F65
min
.4
l~
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loolnolel
F436M
Carbon sleel
Yes
M12
MIOOmm
3M
F436M
Wealhering sleel
Yes
M12
MlOOmm
None
req'd
F467
No
Yo.
None
req'd
F"67
8rass
UNS 27000
No
Yo
I~
60,000
min
None
req'd
F467
Naval brass
UNS C46200
No
Yo
I~
50,000
min
865
min
None
Jeq'd
F467
Naval brass
UNS C46400
No
Yo.
I~
50,000
min
855
min
None
req'd
F467
Phosphor bronze
UNS C51000
No
Yo.
I~
60,000
min
860
min
None
req'd
F467
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61300
No
Yo 1!~
80,000
min
870
min
None
req'd
F461
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61400
No
Yo.
I~
75,000
min
870
min
None
req'd
F461
Aluminum bronze
UNS C63000
No'
Yo. 1~
None
req'd
F467
Aluminum silicon
bronze UNS C64200
No
Yo.
1~
None
req'd
F467
Silicon bronze
UNS C65100
No
Yo.
1~
None
req'd
F467
Silicon bronze
UNS C65500
No
Yo.
1~
None
req'd
F461
Silicon bronze
UNS C66100
No
None
req'd
F467
Manganese bronze
UNS C67500
No
F55
min
100,000
min
885
min
75,000
min
875
min
70,000
min
815
min
50,000
min
860
min
Yo .,~
70,000
min
815
min
Yo 1Yo
55,000
min
860
min
9
U\
-.J
Hardnels
Null
Prool
load
(psi,
Prool
load
(psi)
Ul
00
ID
mark
10
ASTM
IpeC
number
Faslener
delcrlpUon
Malerlal
Iymbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Tensile
Ilrengih
(min pilI
Proal
load
(pll)
Yield
Ilrengih
(min pll)
Hardness
Nuls
Proal
load
(pilI
Remarka
or loolnolll
Brlnell
Rockwell
45.000
min
B50
min
None
req'd
F461
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71000
No
Yo
None
req'd
F467
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71500
No
Yo.
l~
55.000
min
B60
min
None
req'd
F467
Ni-Mo based
UNS Nloool
No
Yo.
1~
115.000
min
C20
min
None
req'd
F467
NiMo-Cr based
UNS N1DOO2
No
Yo
1~
110.000
min
C20
min
None
req'd
F467
Ni.cu Ctass A
UNS N04400
No
Yo
1~
80.000
min
B75
min
None
req'd
F467
Ni.cu Class B
UNS N04405
No
Yo.
1~
70.000
min
B60
min
Neme
req'd
F467
Ni:Cu-AI based
UNS N05500
No
Yo.
1~
130.000
min
C24
min
None
req'd
F467
Aluminum 2024
UNS A92024
No
Yo.
1~
55.000
min
B70
min
None
raq'd
F467
Aluminum 6061
UNS A96061
No
Yo.
l~
40.000
min
B40
min
None
req'd
F467
Aluminum 6262
UNS A96262
No
Yo . .1~
52.000
min
1~
B60
min
ASTM lootnot
H. Bolls (scraws) Ie .. Ihan Ihlee d,lmele .. in lenglh (and
Iluds less than tour diameters In length) shall have hard
ness values nOlless than (he minimum nOf mot. Ihan the
ma mum hardness limits required. II hardness is than
only mechanical requirement.
J. Manufactura,
CO"Of~n
resistant and
smaller than y.. diameter and lor y.. 'Iuds ,eQUI,lno more
than a lotal ollhree svmbols. the marking shall be. mill"
11011 symbol milked on Ihe olhel end) FOI bolls and .Iuds
numela~s)
or on ooe d' the wrenching tlats 01 Ihe nUl. Mart\ings 10caled on Ihe top or bearing surface or on Ihe lop 01 the
X. When individual glade malklng Is specilled In Ihe IngUlly and oldel. Ihe malk shall be Ihe glada lonal IYlTlbol
on on8 nul lace.
a,e Iocaled on Ihe bearing sur lace lor on one ollhe Wf8nc~
A~63M
Rei., 10 ASTM
: 'ood nu's
FF. When
JJ. Boll heads shall be marked wllh either fllSed or depressed marks al manu'aclu,el's oplion. Marks shall .nclude grade and diameter idenlilicalton when applicable.
manulaclurer's symbol and boll length
threaded biIS. Ihreaded slolled bals. ealftnStons. bev
eled washers. threaded lapered plugS. wedges. spherical
washers. threaded couplings. and Ual beaflng plales are
nol required 10 be malked Oelormed beaflng and header
plales ptus hardened washers shall be ma,kP.d Wllh manu
y,eld sllenglh.
0'
ASTM
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Prool
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Titanium Gr 1
No
Yo - 11'.
Titanium Gr 2
No
Yo -11'.
F467
Titanium Gr 4
No
Yo -111,
None
req'd
F467
Titanium Gr 5
No
Yo - 1Y.
None
req'd
F467
Titanium Gr 7
No
None
req'd
F467M
ETP copper
UNS Cl1000
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F467
None
req'd
F467
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Material
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Hardness
Nuts
Prool
load
(psi)
Remarks
or lootnotes
Brlnell
Rockwell
40,000
min
Vickers
140 min
55,000
min
Vickers
150 min
85,000
min
Vickers
200 min
135,000
min
C30
min
Yo - 1Y.
55,000
min
Vickers
160 min
No
M6M36mm
205
MPa
F65
min
8rass
UNS C27000
No
M6M36mm
415
MPa
F55
min
Naval brass
UNS C46200
No
M6M36mm
345
MPa
865
min
F467M
Naval brass
UNS C46400
No
M6M36mm
345
MPa
855
min
None
req'd
F467M
Phosphor bronze
UNS C51000
No
M6M36mm
415
MPa
860
min
None
req'd
F467M
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61400
No
M6M36mm
520
MPa
870
min
M6M36mm
690
MPa
885
min
q
VI
10
g;
Mechanical properties
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Material
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
Yield
strength
(min)
Tensile
strength
(min)
Nuts
Hardness
Proof
load
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
M6M36 mm
520
MPa
B75
min
No
M6M36mm
485
MPa
B75
min
Silicon bronze
UNS C65500
No
M6M36 mm
345
MPa
B60
min
Silicon bronze
UNS C66100
No
M6M36mm
485
MPa
B75
min
F467M
Manganese bronze
UNS C67500
No
M6M36mm
380
MPa
B60
min
None
req'd
F467M
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71000
No
M6M36mm
310
MPa
B50
min
None
req'd
F467M
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71500
No
M6M36 mm
380
MPa
B60
min
None
req'd
F467M
Ni-Mo based
UNS NIOOOI
No
M6M36 mm
790
MPa
C20
min
None
req'd
F467M
Ni-Mo-Cr based
UNS NIOO02
No
M6M36 mm
--
760
MPa
C20
min
None
req'd
F467M
Ni-Cu Class A
UNS N04400
No
M636 mm
550
MPa
B75
min
None
req'd
F467M
Ni-Cu Class B
UNS N04405
No
M6M36mm
485
MPa
B60
min
None
req'd
F467M
Ni-Cu-AI based
UNS N05500
No
M6M36mm
900
MPa
--
C24
min
None
req'd
F467M
Aluminum 2024
UNS A92024
No
M6M36 mm
380
MPa
B70
min
None
req'd
F467M
Aluminum 6061
UNS A96061
No
M6M36 nHn
----
275
MPa
B40
min
None
req'd
F467M
Aluminum 6262
UNS A96262
No
M6M36 mill
---
360
MPa
B60
min
None
req'd
F467M
Titanium Gr I
No
M6M36 mm
--
275
MPa
--
Vickers
140 min
None
req'd
F467M
Titanium Gr 2
No
M6M36 mill
--
._"-
3BO
MPa
---
Vickers
150 tnlll
--
Aluminum silicon
bronze UNS C64200
No
F467M .
Silicon bronze
UNS C65100
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
--
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
M6M36mm
590
MPa
Vickers
200 min
No
M6M3timm
930
MPa
C30
min
Titanium Gr 7
No
M6M36mm
380
MPa
Vickers
160 min
ETP copper
UNS Cll000
No
Yo - 1}~
F468
Brass
UNS C27000
No
Yo-ly'
None
req'd
F468
Naval brass
UNS C46200
No
Yo-ly'
None
req'd
F468
Naval brass
UNS C46400
No
Yo -1y'
None
req'd
F468
Phosphor bronze
UNS C51000
No
Y.. -1y'
None
req'd
F468
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61300
No
Yo - 'i"
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F467M
Titanium Gr 4
No
None
req'd
F467M
Titanium Gr 5
None
req'd
F467M
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Material
%-
None
req'd
F468
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61400
No
!,~
1}~
- n~
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Prool
load
(psi)
Brinell
~
80
~75
B60
~95
B70
1395
50,000
60,000
min
90,000
max
25,000
50,000
min
80,000
max
15,000
50,000
min
80,000
max
35,000
60,000
min
90,000
max
--
50,000
80,000
min
110,000
max
45,000
75,000
min
105,000
max
--
75,000
min
110,000
35,000
Remarks
or footnotes
Rockwell
30,000
min
50,000
max
10,000
max
~
Hardness
Nuts
Prool
load
(psi)
Grade
10
mark
F90
B90
1395
B95
(?j
Mechanical properties
Is mfgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
None
req'd
10
Fastener
descrlpllon
Material
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
X - 1Y,
Aluminum bronze
UNS C63000
No
F468
Aluminum silicon
bronze UNS C64200
No
X - 11,
F468
Silicon bronze
UNS C65100
No
X-Y.
Yield
strength
(min psi)
50,000
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
8l5895
8..D895
55,000
min
90,000
max
8Z!J895
100,000
min
130,000
max
35,000
75,000
min
110,000
max
55,000
70,000
min
100,000
max
%-1Y,
40,000
8100
None
req'd
F468
Silicon bronze
UNS C65500
No
x-nr,
20,000
50,000
min
80,000
max
B..Q...
880
None
req'd
F468
Silicon bronze
UNS C661 00
No
X - 1Y,
35,000
70,000
min
100,000
max
B..BB95
None
req'd
F468
Manganese bronze
UNS C67500
No
X - 1Y,
25,000
55,000
min
85,000
max
8.Q..
B90
None
req'd
F468
Cupro-nickel
uNS C71000
No
X - 11,
15,000
45,000
min
75,000
max
None
req'd
F468
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71500
No
X -1Y,
20,000
55,000
min
85,000
max
--
~95
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Mo based
UNS N10001
No
X - 11,
45,000
115,000
min
145,000
max
---
C20
8i&
85
""'62
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
0\
ASTM
spec
number
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Hardness
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Mo-Cr based
UNS Nl0002
No
X - 1Y,
45,000
110,000
min
140,000
max
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Cu Class A
UNS N04400
No
X-X
40,000
80,000
min
130,000
max
BrC25
%- 1Y,
30,000
70,000
min
130,000
max
B9.C25
C3,Q.C32
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Cu Class A
UNS N04400
Hot formed product
No
X - 1Y,
30,000
70,000
min
120,000
max
B.O.B95
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Cu Class B
UNS N04405
No
X - 1Y,
30,000
70,000
min
125,000
max
BQC20
None
req'd
F468
Ni-Cu-AI based
UNS N05500
No
1.-%
90,000
130,000
min
180,000
max
C?1C37
1 - 1Y,
85,000
130,000
min
180,000
max
C?1C37
None
req'd
F468
Aluminum 2024
UNS A92024
No
X - 1Y,
36,000
55,000
min
70,000
max
BDlB85
None
req'd
F468
Aluminum 6061
UNS A96061
No
X-I Y,
31,000
37,000
mill
52,000
max
BjQB50
ASTM
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
F468
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Material
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
X -1%
Nuts
Yield
strength
(inln psi)
Tensile
strength
psi
Proof
load
(psi)
50,000
61,000
min
76,000
max
40,000
min
70,000
max
55,000
min
85,000
max
85,000
min
115,000
max
Hardness
Brlnell
Aluminum 7075
UNS A97075
No
Titanium Gr 1
No
Titanium Gr 2
Titanium Gr 4
F468
Titanium Gr 5
No
X - 1}~
125,000
135,000
min
165,000
max
None
req'd
F468
Titanium Gr 7
No
X -1%
45,000
55,000
min
85,000
max
1II0ne
req'd
F468M
ETP copper
UNS C11DOD
205 min
345 max
MPa
No
No
No
X -1%
X -1%
X- nt,
M6M36mm
30,000
45,000
75,000
70
MPa
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnot.s
Vickers
B90
140/160
Vickers
160/180
Vickers
200/220
9.9C36
Vickers
160/180
~
F90
Mechanical properties
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F468M
None
req'd
F468M
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Is mlgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
M6M36
M6M36
Prool
load
lMPa)
Brass
UNS C27000
No
Naval brass
UNS C46200
No
F468M
Naval brass
UNS C46400
No
M6M36
None
req'd
F468M
Phosphor bronze
UNS C51000
No
M6M36
None
req'd
F468M
Aluminum bronze
UNS C61400
No
M6M36
None
req'd
F468M
Aluminum bronze
UNS C63000
No
M6M36
None
req'd
F468M
Aluminum silicon
bronze UNS C64200
No
M6M36
None
req'd
F468M
Silicon bronze
UNS C65100
No
M6M20
M24 M36
Yield
strength
(min MPa)
Tensile
strength
MPa
Nuts
Prool
load
(MPa)
410 min
620 max
345 min
550 max
105
345 min
550 max
240
410 min
620 max
240
520 min
760 max
345
690 min
900 max
520 min
760 max
480 min
690 max
380 min
620 lTIax
345
170
240
380
275
Hardness
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or lootnotes
Bj5.-B75
!Wl--B95
B~
F80
B90
B95
BtOO
B95
B95
~~
95
None
req'd
F468M
Silicon bronze
UNS C65500
No
M6M36
140
345 lTIin
550 max
80
~
None
req'd
F468M
Silicon bronze
UNS C66100
No
M6M36
240
480 min
690 lTIax
~
B95
None
req'd
F468M
Manganese bronze
UNS C67500
No
M6M36
170
380 min
590 max
None
req'd
F468M
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71000
No
M6M36
-mp.trir.
0-,
U\
Malerlal
105
310 min
520 max
-,,-
B90
B85
g;
Mechanical properties
Grade
ID
mark
ASTM
spec
number
None
req'd
F468M
None
req'd
F468M
None
req'd
F468M
None
req'd
F468M
Fastener
description
Material
Is mlgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Cupro-nickel
UNS C71500
No
Ni-Mo based
UNS Nl000l
No
NiMoCr based
UNS Nl0002
No
Ni-Cu Class A
UNS N04400
No
F468M
None
req'd
F468M
M6M36
M6M36
M6M36
Ni-CuAI based
UNS N05500
None
req'd
M6M20
M24M36
M6M36
F468M
M6M20
M24M36
F468M
None
req'd
M6M36
No
Ni-Cu Class B
UNS N04405
F468M
None
req'd
M6M36
M6M36
F468M
None
req'd
No
No
None
req'd
M6M36
NiCu Class A
UNS N04400
Hot formed product
F468M
M6M36
None
req'd
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Aluminum 2024
UNS A92024
No
Aluminum 6061
UNS A96061
No
Aluminum 7075
UNS A97075
No
Titanium Gr 1
No
Yield
strength
(min MPa)
140
310
310
215
205
Tensile
strength
MPa
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
Brlnell
380 min
590 max
790 min
1000 max
760 min
970 max
550 min
900 max
480 min
900 max
~ockwell
Remarks
or IQotnotes
SQ.-
B95
C32
C32
C25
C25
480 min
830 max
205
480 min
860 max
~
C20
620
590
%37
900 min
1240 max
900 min
1240 max
205
250
215
345
205
B95
Vickers
140/160
C37
380 min
480 max
260 min
360 max
420 min
520 max
280 min
480 max
B85
B50
B90
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Yield
Tensile
strength strength
(min MPa) (min MPa)
Nuts
Hardness
Prool
load
Brlnell
Rockwell
Remarks
or loot notes
None
req'd
F468M
Titanium Gr 2
No
M6M36
310
380 min
590 max
Vickers
160/180
None
req'd
F468M
Titanium Gr 4
No
M6M36
520
590 min
790 max
Vickers
200/220
None
req'd
F468M
head screws,
for general use
Titanium Gr 5
No
M6M36
860
930 min
1140 max
~
C36
None
req'd
F468M
Bolts, hex
and studs
metric
Bolts, hex
and studs
-metric
head screws,
for general use
Titanium Gr 7
No
M6 M36
310
380 min
590 max
Vickers
160/180
4.6
F568
Low or medium
carbon steel
Yes
M5M100
225
240
400
Vickers
120/220
K,LL,MM,NN
Low or medium
carbon steel, partially
or fully annealed as
required
Yes
M1.6 M16
310
Vickers
130/220
K,LL,MM,NN
4.8
F568
340
420
B95
B95
5.8
F568
Low or medium
carbon steel, cold
worked
Yes
M5 M24
380
420
520
Vickers
160/220
B~
B95
K,LL,MM,NN
8.8
F568
Yes
M16M72
600
660
830
Vickers
255/336
SlC34
K,LL,MM,NN
8.8
F568
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
M16 M36
600
660
830
Vickers
255/336
C~
C34
K,LL,MM,NN
8.8.3
F568
Atmospheric corrosion
resistant steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
M16M36
600
660
830
Vickers
255/336
SJ:-C34
J,K,LL,MM,NN
9.8
F568
Yes
M1.6 M16
650
720
gOO
Vickers
280/360
9b-::
C36
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
F56fJ
Yes
l.essthan
M12
650
720
900
Vickers
280/360
9JC36
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
(00)
.~~~--
'"
--.J
0\
00
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
F568
(00)
ID
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Low carbon
martensile steel,
quenclled and
tempered
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Less than
M12
650
Yield
Tensile
strength
strength
(min MPa) (min MPa)
720
Nuts
Prool
load
(MPa)
-
900
Hardness
Remarks
Brinell
Rockwell
Vickers
280/360
gz.z.-
F568
Low carbon
martensite sleel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
Ml.6 M16
650
720
900
Vickers
280/360
S:J.l-C36
10.9
F568
Yes
M5M20
830
940
1040
--
Vickers
327/382
%9
M5Ml00
830
1040
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
Vickers
327/382
93-
KLL,MM,NN,OO
C39
F568
Medium carbon or
medium cartlon alloy
steel, quenched and
lempered
Yes
Less than
M12
830
940
1040
Vickers
327/382
~
C39
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
F568
Low carbon
rnarlensile sleel,
quenched anef
lempered
Yes
Less lilan
M12
830
940
1040
Vickers
327/382
Q3-
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
(00)
940
loot notes
C36
9.8
Yes
or
(00)
C39
10.9
F568
Low carbon
111iHlensile sleel,
quenched anci
lempereef
Yes
M5
M36
830
940
1040
_.-
Vickers
327/382
SE:
C39
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
10.9.3
F568
AIIl1ospl1eric corrosion
resislanl sleel,
quencheci anci
lempered
Yes
M16
M36
830
940
1040
--
Vickers
327/382
gJ-
J,LL,MM,NN,OO
Vickers
372/434
~
C44
K,LL,MM,NN,OO
Vickers
372/434
gli-
I<,LL,MM,NN,OO
12.9
F56El
Yes
Ml.6
M100
970
1100
1220
L::.
F56fi
Yes
Less 111311
M12
970
11()()
1221J
(00)
----
C39
C44
Mechanical properlies
Is mfgr's
Grade
10
mark
1
(PP)
ASTM
spec
number
F593
ID
Faslener
description
Bolls, hex cap screws
and studs
Material
Stainless steel, alloys
303, 303 Se, 304,
305, 384, XM1, XM7
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Cold worked
X-%
Yo -
F593
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
psi
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Brinell
B~
C32
B..Q.C32
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
No
(PP)
Cold worked
2
(PP)
1!t,
65,000
45,000
100,000
150,000
85,000
140,000
Y.-1l';
50,000
max
(machined
specimen)
85,000
max
X-1:1,-
30,000
X-%
95,000
Yo - 1
75,000
lY,-lX
60,000
1% -1:1,
45,000
X-%
65,000
I,PP
------------
B85
max
75,000
100,000
B~
B95
120,000
160,000
110,000
150,000
100,000
140,000
95,000
130,000
C~
C36
C3Jl.C32
B~
C30
B2lC28
No
(PP)
100,000
150,000
85,000
140,000
Yo - 1Y,
45,000
X-1Y,
50,000
max
(machined
specimen)
85,000
max
Macllined Irom
annealed or solution
annealed stock
X-ll';
30,000
75,000
100,000
Macliined from
x-%
Yo - 1
75,000
lY,-lX
60,000
1Y.
45,000
- 1);
95,000
120,000
160,000
110,000
150,000
100,000
140,000
95,000
"'"130 000
I,PP
C32
~
C32
--
B85
max
B~
B95
----
C~
._...
C36
C1QC32
--
C30
C28
cl
Mechanical properties
Is mfgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number
F593
(PP)
ID
Fastener
description
Bolts, hex cap screws,
and studs
Material
Stainless steel alloys
321 and 347
symbot
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
F593
F593
(PP)
6
(PP)
F593
Proof
load
(psi)
y'-Y.,
65,000
100,000
150,000
85,000
140,000
85,000
max
B85
max
75,000
B~
B95
~
C36
--
--
--
70,000
100,000
1 tO,OOO
140,000
160,000
190,000
45,000
y'-Ill,
50,000
max
(machined
specimen)
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock
Y. -1Y,
30,000
Machined from
strain hardened stock
x-%
}~
75,000
lYo-l:r.
60,000
1Yo - 1 Y,
45,000
X - 1!!~
35,000
No
(PP)
No
(PP)
-1
Hardened and
tempered at 1050 F
min
Y. - ty,
Hardened and
tempered at 525 F
min
Y.-1Y,
Hardened and
tempered at 525 F
min
Brinell
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
95,000
120,000
--
90,000
120,000
No
(PP)
- 1 ~,~
---~{:'!~
!~
C3&2
32
C30
Bj!QC28
I,PP
I.PP
95
C30
45
_..
--
~
C32
Tm:0001go.-mrO--~-
--
~48
tOO,OOO
t25,OOO
150,000
220,000
I,PP
C32
160,000
110,000
150,000
tOO,OOO
140,000
95,000
130,000
~
C32
100,poo
Hardened and
tempered at t050 F
min
Proof
load
(psi)
Hardness
Tensile
strength
psi
%-1:1,
Nuts
Yield
strength
(min psi)
No
(PP)
Cold worked
(PP)
I,PP
Mechanical properties
Grade
10
. mark
ASTM
spec
number
F593
(PP)
F594
Fastener
description
Is mfgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Material
Nuts
(PP)
Macllined from
strain hardened stock
Nuts
Tensile
strength
psi
Prool
load
(psi)
Hardness
Brinell
Remarks
or loot notes
Rockwell
~
C38
I,PP
70,000
min
885
max
I,PP
75,000
min
8~
895
~
C32
y. - 1Y,
100,000
min
85,000
min
~
C32
1:-%
~
C36
y. - 1
1Y, - 1I:
1%- 1Y,
I: - 1Y,
y. - lY,
y. - 1Y,
1:-%
105,000
135,000
170,000
No
Cold worked
Eyebolts
Yield
strength
(min psi)
(PP)
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock
F541
No
(PP)
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
Yes
1:-2Y,
95,000
120,000
min
110,000
min
100,000
min
85,000
min
-
C32
8~
C30
C28
1971248
~101
ASTM footnotes
I. Excluding slUeJs, aU nlarkillUs loeaterJ on lop 01 ilead,
fi:1ISecl Of
dl~p,es:;e(J
-..J
00. Tills is tile grade mark symbol for sltJds of this proper
ty class III sizes M5 up to bill not Illcluding M 12
-..l
N
ASTM. markings
The American Society for Testing and Materiats, 1916 Race SI. Philadetphia, PA 19103, sponsors devetopment of specifications for fasteners used in general and speciat engineering applications.
These specifications detait chemicat and mechanical properties of material strength levels for fasteners and <,Ire generally specific in referencing the actual product covered. A full range of
types of products of various stytes, thread series, tengths, etc, can be proouced to meet ASTM requirements and woutd be marked for grade and material identification as required.
ASTM
Grade
10
mark
2
(PP)
ASTM
spec
number
t'594
ID
Fastener
description
Nuts
Mllterlal
Stainless steel, alloy
316
Annealed after all
threading
svmbol
req'd?
(PP)
F594
Nuts
Prool
load
(psi)
Yield
Itrength
(min PI I)
Nuts
Tenille
strength
pil
Prool
load
(pII)
Hardness
Brln811
Rockwell
No
(PP)
70,000
min
B85
max
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock
1.-11,
75,000
min
B~
Cold worked
1.-%
Y.-ly,
100,000
min
85,000
min
1.-%
y'-1
lYa-1Y.
1% -1Y,
120,000
min
110,000
min
100,000
min
85,000
min
B95
~
C32
C36
C32.
B95
C30
~
C28
No
(PP)
I,PP
1.-11,
70,000
min
B85
max
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock
Y.-1Y,
75,000
min
Cold worked
Remarkl
or loolnol.1
I,PP
1.-11,
Machined from
strain hardened stock
Nominal
Ilze
range
(Incll)
1.-%
y. - 11,
--
B95
100,000
~
min
C32
85,000
BI3!Lmin
-C32
Foolnoles are grollped on the lasl pilge of Ihis Pari V series.
---
Mechanical properties
Is nifgr's
Grade
10.
mark
ASTM
spec
number
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Machined from
strain hardened stock
F594
Nuts
(PP)
F594
Nuts
(PP)
A1-50
-.J
W
F594
F594
F738
Nuts
Nuts
No
(PP)
No
(PP)
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min)
X-%
Yo - 1
Proof
load
(psi)
1Yo - 1X
lYe-1Y,
120,000
min
110,000
min
100,000
min
85,000
min
X -1Y,
Hardness
Nuts
Tensile
strength
(min)
70,000
min
Brinell
Rockwell
gL
QlL
QL
]lliL
X - 1Y,
Hardened and
tempered at 525 F
min
X - 1 Y,
C36
C32
C30
C28
25-
110,000
min
160,000
min
GNC30
~
C45
I,PP
Hardened and
tempered at 1050 F
min
X - 1Y,
Hardened and
tempered at 525 F
min
X-1Y,
X -1Y,
No
(PP)
Stainless steet,
alloys 303, 303 Se,
304, 305, 384, XM1,
XM7
Headed and rolled
from annealed stock
and then re-annealed
Yes
I,PP
B95
No
(PP)
Remarks
or footnotes
I,PP
Hardened and
tempered at 1050 F
min
Ml.6 M5mm
M6M36 mm
125,000
min
180,000
min
~
C48
--
t 35,000
min
Q2B--
210
MPa
500
MPa
500 MPa
CZ5C32
I,PP
C38
Vickers
I,MM,OO
BALt 55/220
B95
Vickers
BlU155/220
B95
Footnotes ore grouped on the last page of tl1is Part V series.
-
Grade
II)
mark
ASTM
spec
number
AHO
F738
AHO
A250
A270
A280
A450
F738
F738
F738
F738
F738
Fastener
description
Bolts, screws, and studs
-metric
Material
Stainless steel,
alloys 303, 303 Se,
304, 305, 384, XM1,
XM7
Cold worked
Stainless steel,
alloys 303, 303 Se,
304, 305, 384, XM1,
XM7
Machined Irom
strain hardened stock
Is mfgr's
to
syrilol
req'lI?
Yes
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 321, 347
Headed and rolled
Irom annealed stock
and then reannealed
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 321, 347
Cold worked
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 321, 347
Machined Irom
strain hardened stock
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Headed and rolled
from annealed stock
and then reannealed
Yes
Nominal
size
ranoe
(mm)
Mechanical properties
Hardness
Nuts
Bolts, screws, studs
Proof
PrGof
Tenslie
Yield
load
strength
load
strength
(MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPa) Brlnell Rockwell
Ml.6M5
M6M20
Over M20
- M36
Ml.6M5
M6M20
Over M20
- M24
Over M24
- M30
Over M30
- M36
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
Ml.6M5
M6
M20
Over M20
- M36
M1.6 M5
M6M20
Over M20
- M24
Over M24
- M30
Over M30
. M36
700
450
700
300
550
800
600
800
500
700
400
650
300
600
500
210
500
700
450
700
300
550
800
600
800
500
700
400
650
300
600
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
160/310
B96
Remarks
or footnotes
I,MM,aa
B96
-C33
.L
C31
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
200/310
Vickers
180/285
Vickers
155/220
Vickers
155/220
~
~
I,MM,aa
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
160/310
B96
I,MM,aa
. Vickers
240/350
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
200/310
Vickers
180/285
I,MM,aa
C23
-C36
B96
l:33
B93
-c3o
B89
-C2ii
-c33
B83
-c3i
QL
I,MM,aa
C36
~
C36
~633
889
-c2s
Yes
Mechanical properUes
Grade
10
mark
A470
A480
F145
F160
ASTM
spec
number
F738
F738
F738
F738
Fastener
description
Bolts, screws, and studs
-metric
Material
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Cold worked
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Machined from
strain hardened stock
Is mfgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Yes
Yes
Stainless' steel,
alloys 430, 430F
Headed and rolled
from annealed stock
and then reannealed
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 430, 430F
Cold worked
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Ml.6
M5
M6
M20
Over M20
M36
450
700
700
Hardness
Brlnell
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
220/330
300
550
Vickers
160/310
Ml.6
M5
M6
M20
Over M20
M24
Over M24
M30
Over M30
M36
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
Nuts
Proof
Proof
Yield
Tensile
load
load
strength
strength
(MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPI)
800
Vickers
240/350
600
800
Vickers
240/350
500
700
Vickers
220/330
400
300
650
600
Vickers
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
250
410
450
450
600
600
C170
C1110
F738
F738
F738
Staintess steel,
alloy 410
Machined from
annealed or sotution
annealed stock
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 410
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 410
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
250
410
500
500
700
700
1100
Vickers
Vickers
820
ltOO
C28
~~
Vickers
-era
Vickers
Vickers
llillB96
Vickers
.l1L
220/330
C34
Vickers
~6_
220/330
C34
Vickers
36_
C45
Vickers
I,MM,aa
B96
155/220
350/440
I,MM,aa
C28
B89
180/285
155/220
I,MM,aa
.~
B96
Vickers
I,MM,aa
B93
135/220
180/285
I,MM,aa
~33
-c3o
350/440
qg.3
C36
gg.3
C36
135/220
Remarks
or footnotes
~
C33
B.MC31
Vickers
- .._.-
C150
B~
C33
200/310
180/285
Rockwell
I,MM,aa
I.MM,aa
Vl
-..l
0\
Mechanical properties
Grade
10
mark
C380
C3120
C450
C470
C4110
P190
ASTM
spec
number
F738
F738
F738
F738
F738
F738
None
req'd
F835M
A150
F836
ls mlgr's
10
Fastener
description
Material
symbol
req'd?
Stainless steel,
alloy 431
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 431
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 416,416 Se
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 416, 416 Se
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 416, 416 Se
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel
alloy 630
Solution annealed
and age hardened
after forming
Yes
No
Nuts-metric
Yes
Nominal
size
ranle
(mm)
800
Ml.6
M5
M6
M36
Ml.6
M5
M6M36
1200
950
1200
Ml.!>M5
M6M36
M1.6
M5
M6
M36
Ml.6M5
M6
M36
M1.6 M5
M6M36
640
250
800
500
500
700
410
700
1100
820
1100
900
M3M20
Ml.6
M36
700
1100
900
1040
Hardness
Nuts
Prool
load
(MPa)
500
Brlnell
Vickers
240/340
Vickers
240/340
Vickers
380/480
Vickers
380/480
Vickers
155/220
Vickers
155/220
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
350/440
Vickers
350/440
Vickers
285/370
Vickers
285/370
Rockwell
&
Remarks
or lootnot
I,MM,aa
35
~
C35
.E2.
C48
I,MM,aa
~
C48
.-!lliL
I,MM,aa
B96
~
B96
.JNfi.
I,MM,aa
C34
B96
"C34
..9fi.
C45
I,MM,aa
...9fi.
C45
~
I,MM,aa
C38
~
C38
Vickers
372/434
AA
Vickers
155/220
SS
011
C44
895
Mechanical properties
Is mfgr's
ASTM
/ipec
number
Grade
10
mark
F836
AHO
F836
A180
10
Fastener
description
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
symbol
req'd?
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 303, 303 Se,
304, 305, 384, XM1,
XM7
Machined from
strain hardened stock
Yes
Proof
load
(MPa)
700
--
550
M1.6 M20
Over M20
- M24
Over M24
- M30
Over 30
- M36
_.
--
700
650
500
Vickers
155/220
700
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
160/310
F836
Nuts --metric
Stainless steel,
alloy 321, 347
Cold worked
Yes
M1.6 M20
Over M20
- M36
A450
F836
Nuts-metric
ASTM footnotes
I. Excluclirlg Slud~ . 1l1
raised or df~fH8~sed
AR.
Sl~l:
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Mactlined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock, or
formed and annealed
ul IH:dll
M1.6 M36
--
_.--
550
800
-_..
lOO
--
650
--
--
600
500
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
200/310
Vickers
180/285
Vickers
155/220
Remark.
or footnote.
SS
B83
-c3T
ti5
A270
B96
-c33
B89
-C28
Rockwell
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
200/310
Vickers
180/285
600
M1.6 M36
M1.6 M20
Over M20
- M24
Over M24
- M30
Over M30
- M36
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
160/310
.-
Yes
Yes
Brinell
Stainless steel,
alloys 321, 347
Machined from
annealed or solution
annealed stock, or
formed and annealed
Stainless steel,
alloy 321, 347
Machined from
strain hardened stock
800
Hardness
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts
Proof
load
(MPa)
F836
F836
Yield
Tensile
strength
strength
(Min MPa) (min MPa)
M1.6 M20
Over M20
- M36
A250
A280
-J
-J
Material
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
C23
""C36
B96
-c33".
SS
B93
-c3O
B81
SS
SS
C33
~
C31
C23
C36
SS
.Q...
C33
~
C30
~
C28
SS
-..J
00
ASTM markings
The American Society lor Testing and Materials, 1916 Race SI. Philadelphia, PA 19103, sponsors development 01 specilications lor lasteners used in general and special engineering applications.
These specifications detail chemical and mechanical properties 01 material strength levels lor lasteners and are generally specilic in relerencing the actual producl covered. A lull range 01
types 01 products 01 various styles, thread series, lengths, etc, can be produced to meet ASTM requirements and would be marked lor grade and material identification as required.
ASTM
mark
ASTM
spec
number
A470
F836
Grade
10
A480
F145
F836
F836
10
Fastener
description
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Material
symbol
req'd?
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Cold worked
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 316
Machined Irom
strain hardened stock
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 430, 430F
Machined Irom
annealed or solution
annealed slack, or
formed and annealed
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
M1.6
M20
Over M20
. M36
M1.6 M20
Over M20
- M24
Over M24
- M30
Over M30
- M36
M1.6M36
Yield
Tensile
strength
strength
(Min MPa) (min MPa)
Nuts
Prool
load
(MPa)
--
700
550
--
800
--
700
650
_.
600
._.-
450
Hardness
Brinell
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
160/310
Rockwell
~
33
31
~
Vickers
240/350
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
200/310
Vickers
180/285
~
C28
Vickers
135/220
~
96
Remarks
or lootnoles
SS
SS
36
~
C33
~
C30
SS
Mechanical properties
Grade
10
mark
CHO
Cl-ll0
C380
C3-120
C4-70
C4110
ASTM
spec
number
F836
F836
F836
F836
F836
F836
Fastener
description
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Nuts-metric
Material
Is m'gr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Stainless steel,
alloy 410
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 410
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 431
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 431
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 416,416 Se
Hardened and
tempered at 565 C
min
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 416, 416 Se
Hardened and
tempered at 275 C
min
Yes
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Nuts
Proof
Yield
Tensile
load
strength
strength
(MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa)
Proo'
load
(MPa)
M1.6 M36
Ml.6 M36
Ml.6M36
Ml.6M36
Ml.6M36
Ml.6
M36
700
1100
Rockwell
Vickers
~34
SS
SS
SS
~
48
SS
SS
Vickers
350/440
800
Vickers
240/340
1200
Vickers
380/480
700
Vickers
220/330
Vickers
1100
350/440
group
Remarks
or 'ootnotes
Brinell
220/330
Fnnlnnlp.~ "fA
Hardness
"
45
35
34
~
45
pag
SS
....
...
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec.
number
P190
F836
A150
A170
Clll0
None
req'd
F837M
F837M
F837M
F844
ASTM Footnotes
ID
Fastener
description
Nuts-metric
Material
Stainless steel,
alloy 630
Solution annealed
and age hardened
after forming
symbol
req'd?
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 303, 304, 305,
384, XM1, XM7
Annealed
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloys 303, 304, 305,
384, XM1, XM7
Cold worked
Yes
Stainless steel,
alloy 410
Heat treated
Steel, unhardened
Yes
No
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
M1.6M36
M1.6M5
M6M36
M1.6M5
M6M14
M16M36
M1.6M5
M6M36
Thru 3"
Yield
Tensile
strength
strength
(MIJ;lMPa) (min MPa)
Proof
load
(MPa)
900
Hardness
Brinell
Vickers
285/370
500
Vickers
155/220
250
500
Vickers
155/220
700
Vickers
220/330
400
700
Vickers
220/330
270
550
Vickers
160/310
1100
Vickers
350/440
820
1100
--
Vickers
350/440
he<JtJ
Nuts
---
Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes
~
C38
SS
~
895
GG
~
95
~
C33
GG
~
C33
~
C30
45
~
9P:-:
C45
GG
SAE and OM
ID
Grade
ID
mark
Fastener
description
Spec
number
Material
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Brinell
Rockwell
None
req'd
SAE J429
Grade 1
GM
255-M
Low or medium
carbon steel
Yes
except
studs
1.-11,
33,000 8
36,000c
60,000
None
req'd
SAE J429
Grade 2
GM
260-M
Low or medium
carbon steel
Yes
except
studs
Y.-Y.
55,000 8
57,000c
74,000
Over Y. 11,
33,000
36,000c
60,000
--
SAE J429
Grade 4
Siuds
No
1; - 11,
65,000
100,000e
115,000
SAE J429
Grade 5
GM
280-M
Yes
except
studs
1. - 1
85,000
92,000c
120,000
~
C34
Over 1 11,
74,000
81,000c
105,000
~
C30
SAE J429
Grade 5.1
Sems
None
req'd
......
/"
- 1_1-
(E)
GM
275-M
SAE J429
Grade 52
Low or medium
carbon steel,
quenctled and
tempered
85,000
#6 - %
X- 1
B80
~O
120,000
120,000
._-
D
Equivalent to ASTM
A307, Grade A
870
tl100
C22
-c32
~
C40
#6 - %
Yes
~
100
Remarks or
fll~(e(S}
D
Equivalent to
ASTM A449
D,F
--0
39
Low carbon
martensite steel, fully
killed, line grain,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
85,000
92,000c
~
C36
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VII series.
00
......
00
tv
Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, sluds
Grade
10
mark
_1/\
,1/
/1'
None
req'd
~/?
4.6
4.8
5.8
Spec'
number
Fastener
description
Material
Is mfgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
slle
range
(Inch)
Proof
load
(psi)
Yield
strength
(min psi)
Tensile
strength
(min psi)
Hardness
Nuts
Proof
load
(psi)
Brinell
Rockwell
~
C34
SAE J429
Grade 7
GM
290-M
Yes
X- 1Y,
105,000
115,000c
133,000
SAE J429
Grade 8
GM
300-M
Yes
except
studs
X- 1Y,
120,000
130,000c
150,000
SAE J429
Grade 8.1
Studs
Elevated temperature
drawn steel-medium
carbon alloy or SAE
1541 (or 1541 H steel)
No
X- 1Y,
120,000
130,000c
150,000
SAE J429
Grade 8.2
Low carbon
martensite steel, fully
killed, fine grain,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
X- 1
120,000
130,000c
150,000
GM
455-M
Corrosion resistant
steel
Yes
X- 1Y,
40,000
55,000
143
min
SAE
Jl199
GM
500M
(4.6)
Low or medium
ca rbon steel
Yes
M5M36 nun
225
MPa
SAE
Jl199
GM
SOOM
(4.8)
Ml.6M16mm
310
MPa
SAl:
J1199
GM
500M
(Sfl)
Low or medium
carbon steel
Low or medium
carbon steel
(cold worked)
Yes
240 MPac
--340 MPa
--
400 MPa
_.
420
MPa
380 MPa
M24 mm
M~
520 MPa
420 MPa
0
Equivalent to ASTM
A354, Grade BO.
B79
min
~
B87
~
Bl00
G
Approximately equivalent
to SAE J429 Grade 1
andASTM A307
Grade A.
~
B87
---
--~
Bl00
Yes
C33
-69
Remarks or
footnote(s)
~
B95
---
G
Approximately equivalent
to SAE J429 Grade 2
Bl00
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VII series.
Mechanical properties
Grade
ID
mark
Spec
number
Fastener
description
Bolts, screws, and studs
-metric
8.8
SAE
J1199
Material
Medium carbon or
medium carbon alloy
steel, quenched and
tempered
B.B
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
9.8
Studs -metric
(H)
GM
500M
(8.8)
+
(H)
SAE
J1199
9.B
---
Low carbon
martensite sleel,
quenched and
tempered
(H)
Studs -metric
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quendled and
tempered
GM
500M
(9.8)
(I)
Proof
load
Yield
strength
(min)
Nuts
Tensile
strength
(min)
Proof
load
Hardness
Brinell
Medium carbon or
medium carbon alloy
steel, quenched and
tempered
Studs-metric
---
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Rockwell
Remarks or
footnote(s)
52:
C34
Yes
M16 M36 mm
600 MPa
660c MPa
830 MPa
--
G
Approximately equivalent
to SAE J429 Grade 5
and ASTM A449
34
Yes
M1.6M16mm
900
MPa
650 MPa
--
9l:C36
G
Approximately 9%
stronger than SAE J429
Grade 5 and ASTM
A449
C3R
420 MPa
12.9
b.
(H)
SAE
Jt 199
Yes
tWO C MPa
1220 MPa
-----------------------------
-'t44
- ---
--------_ .. _-- - - - - - - -
---------
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VII series.
00
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs
Is mlgr's
Grade
ID
mark
10
Spec
number
10.9
D
(H)
D
(H)
SAE
Jl199
GM
500M
(109)
Studs-metric
Studs-metric
SAE J995
Grade 2
GM
284M
SAE J995
Grade 5
Material
---
10.9
None
req'd
Fastener
description
Nuts
symbol
req'd?
GM 301M
Nuts
Prool
load
Yield
strength
(min)
Tensile
strength
(min)
830 MPa
940 c MPa
1040 MPa
Yes
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Nuts
Prool
load
(psi)
Brinell
~
C39
Remarks or
lootnote(s)
Rockwell
G
Approximately equivalent
to SAE J429, Grade 8
and ASTM A354, Grade
BO
M5 M'36 mm
Low carbon
martensite
steel, quenched and
tempered
Low or medium
carbon steel
No
- 1%
Low or medium
carbon steel
Low or medium
carbon steel
90,000
No
No
C32 max
C30 max
X -1
--
Over 1 -
X-Yo
%- 1
--
1~ - n~
--
105,000J
94,000K
x-%
--
150,000
Over %1
150,000
Over 1 -
--
150,000
lY,
Nuts
Hardness
M6M36mm
GM 286M
SAE J995
Grade 8
Nominal
size
range
(Inch)
lY,
120,000J
109,000K
105,000J
94,000K
120,000J
109,000K
115,000J
104,000K
. .-.-.
,...,..'"
C32 max
L,M
C30 max
%
L,M
C36
~~
larger.
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VII series.
Mechanical properties
Is mlgr's
Grade
10
mark
None
req'd
10
Spec
number
GM 510M
(5)
Fastener
description
Material
Nuls-metric
GM 510M
(9)
Nuts-metric
GM 510M
(10)
Nuts-metric
Non-heat treated
carbon steel
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(inch)
No
Non-heat treated
ca rbon steel
No
No
1.6 - 4 mm
5-6 mm
8-10mm
12-16mm
20 - 36mm
3-4 mm
5-6mm
8-10mm
12-16mm
20-36mm
--
1.6-10mm
12-16mm
20-36mm
SAE J430
Grade 0
Yield
strength
(min psi)
-
Nuts
Tensile
strength
(psi)
Prool
load
(MPa)
900
915
940
950
920
870 min
-c:mmax
Coarse thread
Style 1 hex nuts.
889 min
C'&Jmax
1040
1050
1060
-~
~-
C26 min
C36 max
23,000
40,00055,000
865 max
for sizes
)\," and less.
28,000
52,00062,000
_.-
885 max
for sizes
)\." ancl less.
29,000
55,00070,000
68,00082,000
Not
specified
Not
specifiecl
.. ..
Jrl!l
8100
--SAE J430
Gracie 1
Carrlon steel
Solicl rivets
No
All sizes
---
SAE J430
Gracie 2
SAE J430
Gracie 3
38,000
None
req'd
SAE J82
Grade
60M
Machine screws
Carbon sleel
No
#4 - Y.
60,000
mill
None
req'd
SAE J82
Gracie
120M
Mactline screws
Carbon steel,
quenctlecl ancl
temperecl
No
#4 - Y.
120,000
min
ttu~
E.
Sell\~
plied
B. ReqIJuernenlt; for proolload \esllng apply only to
relieved producls
t;tle~s
Coarse thread
Style 2 hex nuts.
Coarse thread
Style 1 hex nuts.
Jg8
101 hex head products. lilt:: Illarh.ln(js rll,rY IN: IIldt!llll:d Oil
!Ill! side 01 tread
All studs of Slle:> M5 ami Jarger shdll be Illdlf.,.qj Iu Ilh;11
Remarks or
lootnote(s)
Rockwell
Brinell
520
580
590
610
630
Hardness
serieS
lilt: e~
L. All grades of hex Ialil. tlt.ldVY tll:X Idlll, hex ~lolleJ, heavy
Ilex ~tolted, Ilex IIHl;k and Iredvy tlex IIUtS dre !lol reqllHtll.J
10 be glClde Illdrked
w<.lslltJr~
r hll dlud
.:11!.!
00
0-,
ISO markings
ISO (the International Organization for Siandardization) Is a federation of the national standards bodies of the countries of the world. Purpose of developing international standards is to form
the basis of a one-world system of engineering practices. It is intended that international decisions being documented as ISO standards will become accepted into the national standards of
ISO member countries. Copies of ISO standards are available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
Rockwell hardness
Is mfgr's
ID
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Proof
load
stress
MPa
Yield
strength
(min MPa)
Tensile
strength
(min MPa)
Surface
(Max)
(Min)
Core
ISO
standard
numberA
Fastener
description
Material
4.6
ISO
898/1
Bolts, screws
and studs
Low or medium
carbon steel
Yes
M5-M100
225
240
400
4.8
ISO
B9B/l
Bolts, screws
and studs
Low or medium
carbon steel, fully
or partially annealed
Yes
Ml.6-M16
310
340
420
5.8
ISO
B98/1
Bolts, screws
and studs
Low or medium
carbon steel,
cold worked
Yes
M5-M24
3BO
420
8.8
ISO
89lJ/l
floits, screws
and studs
Yes
M16-M72
600
8.8
ISO
898/1
Bolts, screws
and sluds
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
M16-M36
9.8
ISO
898/1
flolts, screws
(and studs
M 12 or targer)
Yes
M1.6-M16
(Max)
Remarks
or
footnotes
B67
B95
B,C
B71
B95
B,C
520
B82
B95
B,C,D
660
830
30N56
C23
C34
B,C
600
660
830
30N56
C23
C34
B,C
650
720
900
30N58
C27
C36
B,C
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VIII series.
Mechanical requirements
Externally threaded fasteners
Property
class
10
mark
ISO
standard
number A
Fastener
description
Material
Is mfgr's
10
symbol
req'd?
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
Proof
load
stress
MPa
Yield
strength
(min MPa)
Tensile
strength
(min MPa)
Rockwell hardness
Core
Surface
(Max)
(Min)
(Max)
Remarks
or
footnotes
ISO
898/1
Studs of
class 9.8
Yes
Less than M 12
650
720
900
30N58
C27
C36
C,E
9,8
ISO
898/1
Bolts, screws
(and studs
M12 or larger)
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
M1.6-M16
650
720
900
30N58
C27
C36
B,C
ISO
898/1
Studs of
class 9.8
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
Less than M 12
650
720
900
30N58
C27
C36
C.E
Yes
M5-M20
830
940
1040
30N59
C33
C39
B.C
Yes
M5-M100
830
940
1040
30N59
C33
C39
B.C
ISO
898/1
Bolts. screws
(and studs
M 12 or larger)
ISO
898/1
Studs of
class 10.9
Medium carbon or
medium carbon
alloy steel, quenched
and tempered
Yes
Less than M 12
830
940
1040
30N59
C33
C39
C.E
10.9
ISO
898/1
Bolts, screws
(and studs
M 12 or larger)
low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
M5-M36
830
940
1040
30N59
C33
C39
B,C
ISO
898/1
Studs of
class 10.9
Low carbon
martensite steel,
quenched and
tempered
Yes
Less than M 12
830
940
1040
30N59
C33
C39
C.E
12.9
ISO
898/t
Bolts, screws
(and studs
M12 or larger)
Yes
Ml.6-M100
970
1100
1220
30N63
C38
C44
B.C,F
L::;.
ISO
898/1
Stucis of
class t2.9
Yes
Less than M 12
970
1100
122()
30N63
C38
C44
C,E
10.9
Footnotes are grouped on the lasl page of this Part VIII series.
00
-.J
00
00
Is mlgr's
mark
Property
class 01
nut G
None req'd
04
05
05
10
Material
symbol
req'd?
Hex jam
Carbon steel
No
M5-M36
380
889
C30
Hex jam
Carbon steel
Yes
M5-M36
500
C26
C36
Yes
Ml.6-M4
M5,M6
M8, M10
M12-M16
M20-M36
M42-M100
520
580
590
610
630
630
465
470
490
500
500
870
C30
878
870
C30
C30
M3-M4
M5, M6
M8, M10
M12-M16
M20
M24-M36
M42-M100
900
915
940
950
920
920
920
885
C30
889
C30
H,I
Ml.6-M4
M5-M10
M12-M16
M20
M24-M36
. 1040
1040
1050
1060
1060
C26
C36
H,I
M3-M4
M5,M6
M8, M10
M12-M16
M20-M36
M42-M100
1150
1150
1160
1190
1200
1200
920
930
950
960
960
C26
C36
H,I
Dimensional
style of nut
Hex, Style 1
Carbon steel
Hex, Style 2
9
Hex, Style 2
and hex
flange
Carbon steel
Yes
Hex, Style 2
Heavy hex
Hex, Style 1
10
10
Hex, Style 1
and
hex flange
Alloy steel
quenched
and temrered
Yes
Hex, Style 1
12
12
Rockwell hardness
Nominal
size
range
(mm)
10
Heavy hex
Hex, Style 2
Heavy hex
Alloy steel
quenched
and tempered
Yes
Non
overtapped
nuts
Overtapped
nuts
(Min)
(Max)
Remarks or
footnotes
B. Marking is reouired for hex bolts and screws with nominal diameters =::5mm where shape of fastener allows
marking to be accomplished, preferably on the head: alternatively on the side of head by indenting.
heat treating operations and careful mOnitoring of asquenched hardness. surface discontinuities. depth of partial decarburization, and freedom from carburization.
Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility also needs to be
addressed.
Property class
either designation
symbol
..
;;
c
00
\0
or code symbol
(Clockface
system)
10
12
10
12
0>
c
~
@J
Appendix B
Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths
[From ref. 18]
90
Basic
shank
area
75
91
95
108
IZ.5
IJl
1.51>
IIIU
#4
.....
1/8
......
...... #6
5/32
......
...... #8
0.0098520
0.012272
0.014957
0.019175
0.021124
345
430
523
671
739
374
466
568
729
803
739
920
I 122
1438
1584
897
I 117
I 361
I 745
1922
936
I 166
1421
I 822
2007
1064
1325
1615
2071
2281
I 232
I 534
1870
2397
2640
13UU
1620
1974
2531
2788
I ),i I
I 1/3
1914
2333
2991
3295
2209
2692
3452
3802
0.188
0.190
0.216
0.219
0.250
3/16
......
...... #10
...... #12
7/32
......
1/4
......
0.027612
0.028353
0.036644
0.037582
0.049087
966
992
I 283
I 315
I 718
1049
1077
I 392
1428
I 865
2071
2126
2748
2819
3682
2513
2580
3335
3420
4470
2623
2694
3481
3570
4660
2982
3062
3958
4060
5300
3452
3544
4580
4700
6140
3645
3 743
4840
4960
6480
4310
4420
5720
5860
7660
4970
5 100
6600
6760
8840
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.562
......
......
......
......
......
5/i6
3/8
7/16
1/2
9/16
0.076699
0.11045
0.150)3.
0.19635
0.24850
2684
3R66
5260
6870
8700
2915
4200
5710
7460
9440
5750
8280
II 270
14730
18640
6980
10050
13680
17870
22610
7290
10490
14280
18650
23610
8280
11930
16240
21210
26840
9590
13810
18790
24540
31060
10120
14580
19840
25920
32 800
11970
17230
23450
30630
38770
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.125
......
......
......
......
......
5/8
3/4
7/8
1
1,1/8
0.30680
0.44179
0.60132
0.78540
0.99402
10740
15460
21050
27490
34790
11660
16790
22850
29850
37770
23010
33 130
45100
58900
74600
27920
40200
54700
71500
90500
29150
42000
57100
74600
94400
33 DO
47700
64900
84800
107400
38350
55200
75200
98200
124300
40500
58300
79400
103700
131200
47900
68900
93800
122 500
155 100
55200
79500
108200
141400
178900
1.250 ......
1.375 ......
1.500 ......
11/4
13/8
11/2
1.2272
1.4849
1.7671
43000
52000
61800
46600
56400
67100
92 000
111400
132 500
111700
135100
160800
116600
141 100
167900
132500
160400
190800
153400
185600
220900
162000
196000
233300
191400
231600
275700
220900
267300
318100
< 4 arc shown 10 4 significant figures. all other are shown to 3 significant rlgures.
.... 0-1
c....r:I:
C
13810
19880
27060
35340
44700
38
sttmnrrr~IIIlIIl, IllS,"
0.112
0.125
0.138
0.156
0.164
'C)
35
Ilnale SlIIglC
;0
.... 0=
I.C~
00,
-...IV!
trl
is
In.
0.112
0.138
0.164
4-40
6-32
8-32
0.190
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
10-32
1/4-28
5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
0.500
0.562
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.125
1.250
1.375
1.500
55
62.5
62
Nnnllllal
minllr area e
0.0050896
0.0076821
0.012233
125
140
160
180
MILS-7742
280
423
673
316
476
758
318
480
765
636
960
I 529
713
1075
I 713
814
I 229
1957
916
1383
2202
0.018074
0.033394
0.053666
0.082397
0.11115
994
1837
2952
4 no
6110
1,121
2070
3327
5 110
6890
I 130
2087
3354
5150
6950
2259
4 170
6710
10 300
13890
2530
4680
7510
11540
15560
2892
5340
8590
13 180
17780
3253
6010
9660
14830
20010
1/2-20
9/16-18
5/8-18
3/4-16
7/8-14
0.15116
0.19190
0.24349
0.35605
0.48695
8310
10550
13390
19580
26780
9370
11900
15 100
22080
30190
9450
11990
15220
22250
30430
18900
23990
30440
44500
60900
21 160
26870
34090
49800
68200
24190
30700
38960
57000
77 900
27210
34540
43800
64100
87700
1-12
1-I/iI-12
1-1/4-12
1-3/8-12
1-1/2-12
0.63307
0.82162
1.0347
1.2724
1.5345
34820
45200
56900
70000
84400
39250
50900
64200
78900
95 100
39570
51400
64700
79500
95900
79100
102700
129300
159000
191 800
88600
115000
144900
178 100
214800
101300
131 500
165600
203600
245500
114000
147900
186200
229000
276200
Yalues shown above heavy line are for 2A threads; all other values are ror 3A threads.
bNuts designed to develop the ultimate tensile strength or the rastener are required to develop the tabulated tension loads.
cYalues with the first digit <4 are shown to 4 significant figures; all others are shown to 3 significant figures.
dFra~tional equivalent or number and threads per inch.
""rca computed using nominal minor diametl'r as puhlished in '1 ahle 2.2.1 ul Uandhnuk 11-2K.
~~
r~
~t;:r:j
\O~
00,
-.J~
160
180
220
260
300
Fastener diameter
In.
0.112
0.138
0.164
0.190
0.250
4-40
6-32
8-32
10-32
114-28
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.562
. .5/16-24
3/8-24
7/16-20
1/220
9/1618
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.125
5/818
3/4-16
7/8-14
Maximum
minor area e
MIL-S-8879
869
1,305
2,055
2,976
5,480
979
1,468
2,313
3,348
6,160
1,196
1,794
2,827
4,090
7,530
1,414
2,120
3,340
4,840
8,900
1,631
2,447
3,854
5,580
10,270
8,780
13,420
18,120
24,570
31,200
9,880
15,100
20,380
27,640
35,100
12,080
18,450
24,910
33,790
42,900
14,280
21,810
29,440
39,930
50,700
16,470
25,160
33,970
46,100
58,500
0.24700
0.36082
0.49327
0.64156
0.83129
39,520
57,700
78,900
102,600
133,000
44,500
64,900
88,800
115,500
149,600
54,300
79,400
108,500
141,100
182,900
64,200
93,800
128,300
166,800
216,100
74,100
108,200
148,000
192,500
249,400
1.0456
1.2844
1.5477
167,300
205,500
247,600
188,200
231,200
278,600
230,000
282,600
340,500
271,900
333,900
402,400
313,700
385,300
464,300
0.0054367
0.0081553
0.012848
0.018602
0.034241
0.054905
0.083879
0.11323
0.15358
0.19502
......
rs:
"'"
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=
= =t:t:;'
CD
...... t=
tO~
00,
-.Jtn
1.250
1.375
1.500
112
1118-12
11/4-12
1-3/8-12
1-11212
tz.l
Appendix C
Blind Rivet Requirements
94
BLIND RIVETS SHALL BE USED IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE JOINT ALLOWABLE TABLES IN IIIL-HIl8K-S. CHAPTER B.
:Ii
;
'"
v"' .....
I
1.
THE HOLE SIZE FOR BLIND INSTALLATION SHALL BE WITHIN THE LIMITS SPECIFIED ON THE APPLICABLE
SPECIFICATION SHEET. STANDARD. OR DRAWltIG.
2.
FOR DIMPLEO ASSH'IlLY. THE RIVET HOLES SHALL BE SIZEO AFTER THE SHEETS HAVE BEEN DIMPLED.
3.
MECHANICALLY LOCKED SPINDLE BLIND RIVETS (LOCKING RI~G OR COLLAR) MAY BE USED ON AIRCRAFT
IN AIR INTAKE AREAS AND IN THE AREA FORWARD OF THE EtIGIHE.
4.
FOR REPAIR ANO REWORK. THE BLIND RIVETS USED IN REPLf.CEMEHT OF SOLID SHANK RIVETS SHALL BE
OVERSIZE OR ONE STANDARD SIZE LARGER (SEE REQMT 5).
5.
6.
OVERSIZE RIVETS ARE FOR USE IN NOri-STANDARD HOLE DIAMETERS. NON-STANDARD HOLES
ARE THE RESULT OF HOLE RESIZING DURING REWORK OR REPAIR. OR DUE TO MAHUFACTIJRItIG
ERROR IN NEW DESIGN.
b.
THE GRIP LENGTH OF THE OVERSIZE RIVET. THE BACKSIDE CLEARANCE (INSTALLED AND
UfflNSTALLED). AND THE PERFORl1ANCE CHARACTERISTICS SHALL BF. EQUAL TO THE STANDARD
RIVET THAT IS BEING REPLACED.
b.
7.
FRICTION LOCY-ED BLIND RIVETS (NO LOCKING RING OR COLLAR) SHALL HOT BE USED
ON AIRCRAFT IN AIR INTAKE AREAS WHERE RIVET PARTS MAY BE INGESTED BY THE ENGINE.
B.
NICKEL-COPPER ALLOY (MONEL) RIVETS WITH CADI1IUH PLATING SHALL NOT BE USED
WHERE THE AI1lIEHT TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE 400"F.
9.
FLUSH HEAD RIVETS SHALL NOT BE MILLED TO Il8TAIN FLUSHNESS WITH THE
SURROUNDING SHEET WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL FROM THE DESIGN ACTIVITY.
10.
11.
i~~
I ~~
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REWRITTEN
Ii-"II! t1 I ~---.-----------r--------'--f
Ot~t~ ~
MILITARY STANDARD
3522
iii ! ~~~~~~~'F~:~~~~~~~ ~~~~~D_ES_I_GN C_O:_ls_T_nu_~_T_Io_n_R_E_Q_UI_R_Ef_~_N_TS
~IVI~=!;~_3____~~__________-;
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"OCU~[MEKr
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__________
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__FO_R_____________
IUPlUlIlU:
________________________________
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95
NJ\SI\
1. Report No.
NASA RP-1228
4. Title and Subtitle
5. Report Date
7. Author(s)
Richard T. Barrett
E-4911
10. Work Unit No.
Reference Publication
,
,
16. Abstract
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to cboose appropriate fasteners for their designs.
Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers,
inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on design criteria covers the
derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads, pullout
load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and. fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts.
Unclassified
NASA FORM 1626 OCT 86
Unclassified - Unlimited
Subject Category 37
Unclassified
21. No of pages
99
"For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
22. Price'
A05