History

TARGET 1: How did various people contribute to the field of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt
Introspection
G. Stanley Hall
Edward Titchener
Structuralism
William James
Functionalism

Sir Francis Galton

Rene Descartes
John Locke

Mary Whiton Calkins

Margaret Floy Washburn
Charles Darwin

TARGET 2: How do each of the modern psychological perspectives help explain human
behavior?
Psychoanalytic
Behaviorism
Sigmund Freud
John B. Watson
Carl Jung
Ivan Pavlov
Alfred Adler
B. F. Skinner
Psychosexual Stages
Oral, Anal, Phallic Latency and Genital
Humanism
ID, Ego, Superego
Carl Rogers
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
Abraham Maslow
Cognitive

Evolutionary
Charles Darwin

Socio-cultural

Neurobiological

TARGET 3: How do various areas of psychology specialize in studying behavior?

Basic vs. Applied Psychology
Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry
Positive Psychology
Psychology
Social Psychology
School Psychology
Educational Psychology
Human Factors Psychology
Psychology
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Counseling Psychology

Forensic Psychology
Biological Psychology
Developmental
Experimental Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Personality Psychology
Psychometric
Sport Psychology
Community Psychology

Social Psychology
TARGET 1: How do key components of attraction influence relationships?
Proximity
Similarity
Reciprocity

Sternbergs Triangular Theory

Evolutionary Perspective
Physical Attractiveness
Matching Hypothesis

TARGET 2: How do people use various attributions to describe others behavior and
their own?
Internal Attribution
External Attribution
Just-World Phenomenon
Defensive Attribution (Blaming the Victim)
Fundamental Attribution ErrorSelf-Serving Bias
Actor-Observer Bias
Self-handicapping
Weiners Model
Kellys Model
TARGET 3: How does the presence of others shape individuals behavior?
Group Polarization
Prisoners Dilemma
Social Facilitation
Bystander effect

Groupthink
Deindividuation
Commoners Dilemma
Social Inhibition (Social Interference)
Diffusion of Responsibility
Kitty Genovese

TARGET 4: How did major research studies contribute to our understanding of

behavior in social
situations?
Milgram
Obedience
Dissonance
Shock Study
Turning Study

Zimbardo
Role Playing

Asch
Conformity

Prison Study

Festinger
Cognitive

Line Study

Knob

Norms
TARGET 5: How are attitudes formed and how do they change over time?
Prejudice (Affect)
Discrimination (Behavior)
Stereotype
(Cognition)
Ingroups/Outgroups
Scapegoating
Schema
La-Pierre Study
Jane Elliott Study
Kenneth Clark Study
Sheriff Study
(Superordinate Goals, Contact Theory)
Stereotype Threat
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Cognitive Dissonance
Hindsight Bias
Confirmation Bias
False Consensus Effect
TARGET 6: How do various factors of persuasion and compliance influence behavior?
Elaboration Likelihood Model: Central/Peripheral Routes

Foot-in-the-Door
Norms of Reciprocity
Mere Exposure Effect

Door-in-the-Face
Sleeper Effect

Lowball Technique
Minority Influence

TARGET 7: Why do some individuals act aggressively and some altruistically?

Instrumental Aggression
Hostile Aggression
Altruism Model

Frustration-Aggression
Negative-State Relief Model

Cost-Reward Model
Empathy-

The Research Process

TARGET 1: How do various components of an experiment lead to an effective or flawed
design?
Theory
Sample
Quasi-Experiment
Control Group
Dependent Variable
Placebo
Double Blind Study

Hypothesis
Population
Random Selection
Random Sample
Experiment
Random Assignment
Experimental Group
Independent Variable
Confounding Variable Operational Definition
Placebo Effect
Single Blind Study
Replication
Controls

TARGET 2: How would various correlational designs be used to show relationships

between variables?
Survey/Interview
Case Study (Group and Individual)
Observation Cross-sectional Study
Longitudinal Study
Meta Analysis

Naturalistic

TARGET 3: How are various statistical measures used to depict collected data?
Mean
value)
Median
(Percentile Rank)
Mode

Range

Statistical Significance (p-

Standard Deviation

Normal Distribution

Skews (Positive & Negative)

TARGET 4: How are various graphing methods used to portray collected data?
Frequency Polygon
Frequency Histogram

Pie Graph
Bar Graph

Scatter Plots

TARGET 5: What do various measures of reliability and validity reveal about

assessment tools?
Reliability
Test-retest
Alternate-Forms
Inter-rater
Split-Half

Validity
Predictive
Criterion
Construct
Face
Content

TARGET 6: How are various ethical guidelines, set forth by the APA, used to promote
legal research?
Informed Consent
Deception
Debriefing
Confidentiality
IRB
Protection from Harm
Ethical Treatment of Animals

The Brain & Nervous System

TARGET 1: How do neurons communicate different chemical messages that are sent
and received?
Glial Cells
Neurons
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Synapse
Polarization
Depolarization
Inhibitory PSP
All-or-Nothing
Reuptake
Sensory/Afferent Motor/Efferent
Neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
Agonist
Antagonist

Soma
Terminal Buttons
Resting Potential
Excitatory PSP
Refractory Period
Interneurons

Dendrites
Synaptic Vesicles
Action Potential
Threshold
Repolarization

Norepinephrine
GABA
Mirror Neurons

Epinephrine
Endorphins

TARGET 2: How do the various components of the bodys nervous systems affect its
functioning?
Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous

System
Efferent Nerves
Afferent Nerves

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

TARGET 3: How are various methods used to study the brains structures and
functions?
EEG

Lesioning
PET

CT Scan

MRI

fMRI

TARGET 4: What are the main functions of various brain parts?

Hindbrain
Cerebellum Pons

Medulla

Midbrain
Reticular Activating System
Forebrain
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Corpus Callosum
Limbic System (Hippocampus, Amygdala, Hypothalamus)
Left Hemisphere (Brocas Area, Wernickes Area)
Hemisphere
Frontal Lobes
Parietal Lobes
Occipital Lobes
Visual Cortex
Auditory Cortex Motor Cortex
Association Areas

Cerebral Cortex
Right
Temporal Lobes
Sensory Cortex

TARGET 5: How is behavior affected after various brain regions are destroyed?
Plasticity
Phineas Gage

Split Brain Procedure (Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga)

Lesioning
Neurogenesis

TARGET 6: How do the key elements of the endocrine system regulate our behavior?
Hypothalamus
Pancreas (Insulin)
Oxytocin

Pituitary Gland
Gonads

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal Glands (Stress Hormones)

TARGET 7: How do various studies assess hereditary traits?

Chromosomes and Genes
Genotype and Phenotype

Twin Studies
Adoption Studies

Heritability

Learning
Target 1: How does learning occur and change through classical conditioning?
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
Pavlov
UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR

Second Order Conditioning

Preparedness
John Watson (Little Albert)
Stimulus Discrimination/Generalization
Taste Aversion (Garcia)

Target 2: How does learning occur and change through operant conditioning?
Acquisition
Shaping & Chaining

(+/-) Reinforcement, (+/_) Punishment

Escape & Avoidance Conditioning

Extinction
Continuous Schedules of Reinforcement
Thorndike (Puzzle Boxes)
Partial Schedules of Reinforcement
Law of Effect
FI, FR, VI, VR
Skinner (Operant Chamber)
Primary & Secondary Reinforcement
Stimulus Discrimination/Generalization
Higher Order/Secondary Conditioning

Target 3: How does learning occur due to cognitive learning?

Contingency Model (Robert Rescorla)
Insight (Wolfgang Kohler)
Latent Learning (Edward Tolman)
Cognitive Maps (Edward Tolman)
Overjustification Effect

Target 4: How does learning occur and change through observational learning?
Albert Bandura (Bo Bo Doll Study)
Modeling Behavior
Social Learning/Observational Learning
Vicarious Learning
Mirror Neurons

Sensation & Perception

TARGET 1: How does ones detection of stimuli lead to various behavioral responses?
Sensation
Sensory Overload
Perception
Sensory Deprivation
Bottom-Up Processing
Top-Down Processing
Absolute Threshold
Sensory Adaptation (Habituation)
Just Noticeable Difference (Webers Law)
Selective Attention
Signal Detection Theory
Subliminal Messages

TARGET 2: How is sensory information received from the visual system processed from
the sensory organ to the brain?
Cornea
Iris
Pupil
Lens
Retina
Rods
Cones
Fovea
Transduction Vision
Bipolar Cells
Ganglion Cells
Optic Nerve
Optic Disc (Blind
Spot
Optic Chiasm
Feature Detectors
Parallel Processing
Nearsighted (Myopia) Farsighted (Hyperopia)
Additive/Subtractive Color Mixing
Physical Properties of Color

Wavelength Frequency Hue

Amplitude Brightness Purity - Saturation

TARGET 3: How do the major theories explain the perception and interpretation of
color?
Trichromatic Color Theory (Young-Helmholtz)
Opponent Process Theory
Negative Afterimages
Dual-Process Theory of Color Vision

TARGET 4: How is sensory information received from the auditory system processed
from the sensory organ to the brain?
Outer Ear

Pinna

Ear Canal

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

Middle Ear Ossicles (Malleus, Incus, Stapes)

Oval Window

Inner Ear

Cilia

Cochlea
Basilar Membrane
Semicircular Canals

Physical Properties of Sound

Frequency (Hz) Pitch
Amplitude (db) Loudness
Sound Localization

Transduction

Auditory Nerve

Timbre -Purity

for Audition

TARGET 5: How do the major theories explain the perception of pitch?

Place Theory
Frequency Theory
Volley Theory
TARGET 6: How do the major theories explain various types of deafness?
Conduction Deafness
Nerve Deafness
TARGET 7: How is sensory information received from the gustatory system processed
from the
sensory organ to the brain?
Taste Buds

Primary Tastes (Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami)

TARGET 8: How is sensory information received from the olfactory system processed
from the sensory organ to the brain?

Olfactory Cilia

Olfactory Bulb

Pheromones

TARGET 9: How is sensory information received from touch processed from the
sensory organ to the brain?
Pressure

Cold/Warm

Pain

Gate-Control Theory

TARGET 10: How is sensory information received from the kinesthetic system
processed from the
sensory organ to the brain?
Transduction for Kinesthetic Sense receptor cells in joints, muscles, and tendons
TARGET 11: How is sensory information received from the vestibular system
processed from the
sensory organ to the brain?
Transduction for Vestibular Sense cilia in semicircular canals

TARGET 12: How do various perceptual principles affect ones perception of reality?
Gestalt Principles of Grouping
Similarity
Proximity
Continuity
Closure
Simplicity
Figure & Ground
Constancies
Size
Shape
Brightness
Color
Illusions
Ponzo
Muller-Lyer
Ames Room
Movement Phenomena
Phi Phenomenon
Stroboscopic Motion
Attention Phenomena
Cocktail Party Effect
Inattentional Blindness
Change Blindness
Visual Capture
Perceptual Set
TARGET 13: How do various depth cues influence ones perception?
Binocular Cues For Depth
(Gibson and Walk)
Convergence
Retinal Disparity

Monocular Cues For Depth

Interposition
Texture Gradient
Relative Size
Relative height
Linear perspective
Light & Shadow
Motion Parallax

Visual Cliff

TARGET 14: Why are various components of parapsychology controversial?

Clairvoyance
Telepathy

ESP

Precognition
Psychokinesis
Out-of Body Experience

Blindsight

Consciousness
TARGET 1: What is the purpose of sleep?
Theories for Sleep
Pineal Gland
Sleep Deprivation

Circadian Rhythm
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Biological Clock
Melatonin

TARGET 2: How might various components of sleep and wakefulness be affected

throughout the night?
Sleep Stages (nREM & REM)
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sleep Terrors
Nightmare Disorder
Insomnia Disorder
Narcolepsy
REM Rebound

Somnambulism
Sleep Apnea

TARGET 3: How are the various stages of sleep differentiated by brain wave activity?
Beta

Alpha

Theta

Sleep Spindles

K Complexes

Delta

TARGET 4: What is the purpose of dreaming?

Freudian Theory Wish Fulfillment (Latent & Manifest Content)
Activation Synthesis Model
Information-Processing Theory
TARGET 5: How does hypnosis successfully & unsuccessfully affect a persons behavior?
Hypnotic Suggestibility
Amnesia

Hypnotic Analgesia (Pain Relief)

Posthypnotic

Dissociation Theory Ernest Hilgard

Hidden Observer
TARGET 6: How do various drugs influence a persons functioning?
Depressants
Alcohol
Opiate/Opioids
Narcotics
Stimulants
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Caffeine
Hallucinogens
Cannabis
LSD
Substance Use Disorders
Substance Withdrawal

Heroin

Methadone

Nicotine

Substance-Induced Disorders Substance Intoxication

Tolerance
Withdrawal

Intelligence
TARGET 1: What do various types of tests reveal about a persons ability?
Achievement Tests
TARGET 2:

Aptitude Test

Intelligence Test

How do testing procedures affect the interpretation of test results?

Standardization
Test Norms
Normal Distribution

Reliability
Inter-rater
Split-half
Test-retest
Alternate Forms

Validity
Face
Content
Construct
Criterion
Predictive

TARGET 3: How did each of the following people contribute to the evolution of intelligence
testing?
Francis Galton

Alfred Binet

Lewis Terman

David Wechsler

TARGET 4: How do varying degrees of intelligence affect individual functioning?

Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Giftedness
Lewis Termans longitudinal study of gifted children
Savant Syndrome
Tracking
Mainstreaming
TARGET 5: How does a persons environment & genetic makeup influence his or her
intelligence?
Flynn Effect
Range
Socioeconomic Status
Culture Fair Test

Cultural Bias
Heritability
Culture Relevant Test

Fluid Intelligence

Reaction

Crystallized Intelligence
Stereotype Threat

TARGET 6: How did each of the following people shed light on the idea of multiple
intelligences?
Charles Spearman (g Factor)
L.L. Thurstone (7 Primary Abilities)
Factor Analysis

Robert Sternberg (PAC)

Howard Gardner (Multiple Intelligences)

TARGET 7: How do peoples emotional intelligence influence their daily functioning?

Self Awareness Self Management Motivation Empathy

Social Skills

Problem Solving
TARGET 1: How do various factors shape the way individuals think?
Concept
Convergent Thinking

Prototype
Divergent Thinking

Creativity

TARGET 2: How do various strategies lead to effective or ineffective problem solving?

Insight
Algorithms
Heuristics
Representative
Availability

Irrelevant Information
Functional Fixedness
Mental Set
Unnecessary Constraints
Belief Perseverance
Framing Effect
Anchoring Bias

Memory
TARGET 1: How do various encoding processes shape an individuals memory?
Effortful
Automatic
Visual
Acoustic
Rehearsal
Levels of Processing (Shallow v. Deep)
Serial Position Effect (Primacy and Recency Effect)

Semantic

TARGET 2: How do different memory stores relate to one another?

Sensory Memory
Iconic
Echoic

Short Term Memory

7 plus or minus 2

Long Term Memory

Explicit/Declarative
Semantic
Episodic
Flashbulb
Prospective
Implicit/Non-Declarative
Procedural

Alan Baddeleys Working Memory Model of STM

TARGET 3: How is information organized in memory?
Method of Loci
Chunking

Peg Mnemonics
Hierarchies

Visual Imagery
Schemas

TARGET 4: How do various aspects of memory influence the retrieval process?

Recognition
Recall
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon
Dj vu
Priming
Mood Congruent
State Dependent
Context Dependent
Hermann Ebbinghaus Nonsense Syllables
Forgetting Curve
Overlearning
Distributed Practice
Massed Practice
Prospective Memory
TARGET 5: How do various aspects of memory alter a persons thinking?
Reconstructive Memory Misinformation Effect Elizabeth Loftus
Source Monitoring Error Reality Monitoring Error Framing Effect
Rosy-Retrospection
TARGET 6: What causes individuals to forget information?
Ineffective Encoding

Anterograde Amnesia

Retrograde Amnesia

Proactive Interference
Decay

Retroactive Interference
Repression

TARGET 7: How do neurobiological components influence memory?

Long Term Potentiation

Hippocampus

Cerebellum

Amygdala

Language
TARGET 1: How do the various components work together to make up the hierarchical
structure of language?
Phonemes

Morphemes

Grammar

Semantics

Syntax

TARGET 2: How does the development of language occur in human beings?

Displacement
Babbling
One-word Phase/Holophrastic Speech
Two-Word Phase/Telegraphic Speech
Fast-Mapping

Underextension
Overextension
Overregularization/Overgeneralization
Bilingualism
Grammar (Semantics and Syntax)

TARGET 3: How does the Nature/Nurture debate impact the understanding of

language development?
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist Theories
Theory
Nurture Theories
Device

Noam Chomsky
Nativist / Nature Theories

Critical Period
Animal Studies

Interactionist Theory

Language Acquisition

TARGET 4: How does the relationship between culture, language and thought impact
the study of language?
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Universals

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Linguistic

Human Development
TARGET 1: How do the various biological components shape development?
Zygote
Germinal Stage

Prenatal Period
Embryonic Stage

Fetal Stage

Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Motor Development
Plasticity
Temperament (Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm Up)
Habituation
Puberty: Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

Maturation

TARGET 2: How do the various newborn reflexes help the neonate to survive
immediately outside of the womb?
Rooting
Grasping

Sucking
Babinski

Swallowing
Moro

Blinking

TARGET 3: How do attachments in relationships impact development?

Harry Harlow
- Contact Comfort
Konrad Lorenz -Critical Period
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation and Attachment Styles
Secure
Anxious-Ambivalent
Avoidant
Separation Anxiety
John Bowlby

TARGET 3: How do parenting styles influence child development?

Diana Baumrind Authoritarian

Authoritative
Permissive-Indulgent
Permissive-Uninvolved

TARGET 4: How do the stages of psychosocial development influence behavior?

Erik Erikson
Trust/Mistrust,
Generativity/Stagnation
Autonomy/Shame and Doubt
Initiative/Guilt

Industry/Inferiority
Identity/Role Confusion Integrity/Despair
Intimacy/Isolation

TARGET 5: How do the theories of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget and
Lev Vygotsky influence behavior?
Jean Piagets Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Schema Assimilation and Accommodation
Sensorimotor Stage
(Object Permanence)
Preoperational Stage (Animism, Egocentrism, Artificialism, Language, Pretend Play.
Irreversibility)
Concrete Operational Stage (Conservation, Serial Ordering, 2-Dimensional Thinking.
Reversibility)

Formal Operational Stage (3-Dimensional Thinking, Abstract Reasoning)

Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
TARGET 6: How do the levels of moral development influence behavior according to
Lawrence Kohlbergs theory?
Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional Level (Punishment and Reward Stages)
Conventional
Level (Social Approval and Law and Order Stages)
Postconventional Level (Social Contract and Universal Ethics Stages)
Carol Gilligans critique of Kohlbergs theory
Highest Level for Women Compassion and Care v. Individual Rights and Justice
TARGET 7: How do Sigmund Freuds psychosexual stages of development influence
behavior?
Psychosexual Stages:
Oral
Anal
Fixation

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Libido

TARGET 8: How do the stages of death and grief influence behavior?

Elizabeth Kbler Ross Gerontology
Stages of Dying: Denial
Anger
Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Language
TARGET 1: How do the various components work together to make up the hierarchical
structure of language?
Phonemes

Morphemes

Grammar

Semantics

Syntax

TARGET 2: How does the development of language occur in human beings?

Displacement
Babbling
One-word Phase/Holophrastic Speech
Two-Word Phase/Telegraphic Speech
Fast-Mapping

Underextension
Overextension
Overregularization/Overgeneralization
Bilingualism
Grammar (Semantics and Syntax)

TARGET 3: How does the Nature/Nurture debate impact the understanding of

language development?
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist Theories
Theory
Nurture Theories
Device

Noam Chomsky
Nativist / Nature Theories

Critical Period
Animal Studies

Interactionist Theory

Language Acquisition

TARGET 4: How does the relationship between culture, language and thought impact
the study of language?
Benjamin Lee Whorf
Universals

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Linguistic

Human Development
TARGET 1: How do the various biological components shape development?
Zygote
Prenatal Period
Germinal Stage Embryonic Stage
Fetal Stage
Teratogens
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Motor Development
Plasticity
Temperament (Easy, Difficult, Slow to Warm Up)
Habituation
Puberty: Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics

Maturation

TARGET 2: How do the various newborn reflexes help the neonate to survive
immediately outside of the womb?
Rooting
Grasping

Sucking
Babinski

Swallowing
Moro

Blinking

TARGET 3: How do attachments in relationships impact development?

Harry Harlow
- Contact Comfort
Konrad Lorenz -Critical Period
Mary Ainsworth - Strange Situation and Attachment Styles
Secure
Anxious-Ambivalent
Avoidant
Separation Anxiety
John Bowlby

TARGET 3: How do parenting styles influence child development?

Diana Baumrind Authoritarian

Authoritative

Permissive-Indulgent

Permissive-Uninvolved

TARGET 4: How do the stages of psychosocial development influence behavior?

Erik Erikson
Trust/Mistrust,
Generativity/Stagnation
Autonomy/Shame and Doubt
Initiative/Guilt

Industry/Inferiority
Identity/Role Confusion Integrity/Despair
Intimacy/Isolation

TARGET 5: How do the theories of cognitive development proposed by Jean Piaget and
Lev Vygotsky influence behavior?
Jean Piagets Stage Theory of Cognitive Development
Schema Assimilation and Accommodation
Sensorimotor Stage
(Object Permanence)
Preoperational Stage (Animism, Egocentrism, Artificialism, Language, Pretend Play.
Irreversibility)
Concrete Operational Stage (Conservation, Serial Ordering, 2-Dimensional Thinking.
Reversibility)
Formal Operational Stage (3-Dimensional Thinking, Abstract Reasoning)
Lev Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
TARGET 6: How do the levels of moral development influence behavior according to
Lawrence Kohlbergs theory?
Lawrence Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional Level (Punishment and Reward Stages)
Conventional
Level (Social Approval and Law and Order Stages)
Postconventional Level (Social Contract and Universal Ethics Stages)
Carol Gilligans critique of Kohlbergs theory
Highest Level for Women Compassion and Care v. Individual Rights and Justice
TARGET 7: How do Sigmund Freuds psychosexual stages of development influence
behavior?
Psychosexual Stages:
Oral
Anal
Fixation

Libido

Phallic

Latency

Genital

TARGET 8: How do the stages of death and grief influence behavior?

Elizabeth Kbler Ross Gerontology
Stages of Dying: Denial
Anger
Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Personality Theory
TARGET 1: How are various tests used to reveal information about ones personality?
Objective Tests
Projective Tests
NEO-PI-R
Thematic Apperception Test
MMPI
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Kiersey Inventory
TARGET 2: How does trait theory explain the components of ones personality?
Gordon Allport (Cardinal, Central, Secondary
Factor Analysis
Costa & McCraes Big Five (Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion,
Agreeableness, Neuroticism)
Raymond Cattell 16 Personality Factors
TARGET 3: How does psychoanalytic theory explain the components of ones
personality?
Freuds Theory of Consciousness
Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious
Freuds Personality Structure
Id
Ego
Superego
Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization
Projection
Displacement
Repression
Denial
Regression
Sublimation
Identification
Reaction Formation
TARGET 4: How do Neo-Freudians explain personality differently from psychoanalytic
theory?
Carl Jung
Personal Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
Archetypes

Alfred Adler
Striving for Superiority
Compensation
Inferiority Complex

Erik Erikson
8 Psychosocial Stages
Personality Development Across the Lifespan

Karen Horney
Womb Envy
Relationships with Others
Moving Away
Moving Towards
Moving Against

TARGET 5: How does the social-cognitive theory explain the progress of ones
personality?
Albert Bandura:
Learning
Julian Rotter:
Martin Seligman:
Walter Mischel:

Reciprocal Determinism

Self-Efficacy

Observational

Locus of Control
Learned Helplessness
Person-Situation Controversy Specific Situations

TARGET 6: How does the humanistic theory explain the components of ones
personality?
Carl Rogers
Incongruence/ Congruence
Real Self/ Ideal self
Conditional/Unconditional Positive Regard
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological, Safety, Belonging/Love, Esteem, and SelfActualization

TARGET 7: How does the biological theory explain the purpose of various personality
traits?
Hans Eysenck Personality Dimensions
Neuroticism, Extraversion, Psychoticism

Stress, Coping and Health

TARGET 1: Why do individuals experience stress?
Conflict Types
Approach-Approach
Avoidance-Avoidance
Multiple Approach-Avoidance

Life Changing Units

Daily Hassles
Catastrophic Events
Distress
Eustress

TARGET 2: How do individuals respond to stress?

Yerkes-Dodson Law
Walter Cannon

Acute Stressors
Chronic Stressors
Pressure
Frustration

Fight-or-Flight Reaction
Hans Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Coping Strategies
Stressors
Life Change Units
Type A
v. Type B

Motivation and Emotion

TARGET 1: How do the various theories influence our understanding of motivation?
Instinct Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory Needs v. Drives Homeostasis
Drives
Incentive Theory
Optimum Arousal Theory
Yerkes-Dodson Law

Primary v. Secondary

Affiliation Motivation
Achievement Motivation

TARGET 2: How does the regulation of hunger relate to motivation?

Psychological Factors (Stress)
Environmental Factors (Preferences, Habits)
Biological Factors
Metabolism
Set Point
Settling Point
Glucose
Insulin
Leptin
Ghrelin
Ventromedial/Lateral Hypothalamus
Dietary Restraint
BMI
Obesity

PYY

Orexin

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa Binge-Eating Disorder
TARGET 3: How does the human sexual response relate to motivation?
Gender
Sexual Identity
Gender Identity Gender Roles
Androgyny
Alfred Kinsey
Masters and Johnsons Stages of Sexual Response Cycle (Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm,
Resolution)

TARGET 4: How does the need for achievement relate to motivation?

Achievement motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
Extrinsic Motivation
Social Leadership v. Task Leadership
Theory X v. Theory Y Management Style
Industrial Organizational Psychology

Overjustification Effect

TARGET 5: How do the following components contribute to human beings experience

of emotion?
Physiological
Facial Feedback
Thalamus
Limbic System
Amygdala

Cognitive
Behavioral
Subjective Well-being
Universal Facial Expressions
Feel-Good-Do Good
Cross-Cultural Experiences
Relative Deprivation
Non-Verbal Communication
Adaptation Level Hypothesis Catharsis
Display Rules

TARGET 6: How do the following theories explain ones emotional experience?

James-Lange
Opponent-Process

Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer Two Factor
Robert Zajonc Cognitive Theory

Psychological Disorders
Target 1: How did the medical model influence the way that psychological disorders
are diagnosed? How are psychological disorders explained by the various modern
psychological perspectives?
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Etiology
Prevalence
Statistical Model Medical Model
DSM-5
Distress
Deviant
Maladaptive (Dysfunctional)
Diathesis-Stress Model

Epidemiology
Danger

Target 2: How are psychological disorders explained by the various modern

psychological perspectives?
Biological
Evolutionary
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Behaviorist/Social Learning
Sociocultural
Biopsychosocial

Humanist

Target 3: How do anxiety disorders affect behavior?

Panic Disorder
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Target 4: How do obsessive-compulsive and related disorders affect behavior?
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding
Trichotillomania
Target 5: How do trauma- and stressor-related disorders affect behavior?
Acute Stress Disorder

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Target 6: How do somatic symptom and related disorders affect behavior?

Somatic Symptom Disorder
Disorder
Factitious Disorder

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Conversion

Target 7: How do dissociative disorders affect behavior?

Dissociative Amnesia
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Fugue Common symptom in dissociative disorders
Target 8: How do depressive disorders affect behavior?
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
(Dysthymia)
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Note: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder is new and was created to address the
overdiagnosis of childhood bipolar. Involves frequent and extreme tantrums (3 or
more per week) in children who are persistently irritable for at least 12 months).

Target 9: How do bipolar and related disorders affect behavior?

Bipolar Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder

Target 10: How does schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders affect
behavior?
Schizophrenia

Schizoaffective Disorder

Positive Symptoms
Hallucination
Delusions (Persecutory, Referential, Grandiose)
Disorganized Speech
/Thought

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Negative Symptoms
Catatonic Immobility
Reduced Emotional Expression
Flat Affect
Loss of Pleasure
Social Withdrawal
Poverty of Speech

Target11: How do personality disorders affect behavior?

Paranoid
Antisocial
Avoidant

Schizoid
Borderline
Dependent

Schizotypal
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Obsessive-Compulsive

Psychological Treatments
Target 1: What types of careers are involved in the diagnosis and treatment of mental
illness?
Psychiatrist
Psychologist
Psychoanalyst
Social Worker
Family Therapy

Clinical Psychologist
Psychotherapist
Psychiatric Nurse
Group Therapy

Counseling

Licensed Professional Counselor

Couples Therapy

Target 2: How are the techniques of the psychoanalytic/psychodynamic approach used

to treat various psychological disorders?
Sigmund Freud Free Association Transference
Resistance

Dream Analysis

Target 3: How are the techniques of the humanistic approach used to treat various
psychological disorders?
Carl Rogers
Listening

Client-Centered

Unconditional Positive Regard

Active

Target 4: How are the techniques of the behavioral approach used to treat various
psychological disorders?
John B. Watson
Mary Cover Jones
Counterconditioning
B. F. Skinner
Behavior Modification
Token Economy
Aversive Conditioning
Flooding
Joseph Wolpe
Systematic Desensitization
Anxiety
Hierarchy
Modeling Therapy
Target 5: How are the techniques of the cognitive-behavioral approach used to treat
various psychological disorders?
Albert Ellis
Model
Aaron Beck

Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)

ABC

Cognitive Restructuring

Target 6: How are the techniques of the neurobiological approach used to treat various
psychological disorders?
Drug Therapy
Lesioning
ECT
Antianxiety
Antidepressants Mood stabilizers
Antipsychotics (Conventional v. Atypical)

Lobotomy