EF9904: Dr.

Yu

Problem 1

Jeremey Ponrajah

1. Draw those graphs in Remark 2.

solution: The Sum, Euclidean, and Sup norms for the set {x R| kxk 1} is just simply
a point at x = 1.

Figure 1: Sum {x R3 | ||x|| 1}

Figure 2: Euclidean {x R3 | ||x|| 1}

EF9904: Dr. Yu

Problem 1

Jeremey Ponrajah

Figure 3: Supremum {x R3 | ||x|| 1}

2. Consider the three metrics defined by the three norms in Rn .
d1 (x, y) =

n
X

n
X
1
|xi yi |, d2 (x, y) = ( (xi yi )2 ) 2 , d3 (x, y) = max |xi yi |

i=1

1in

i=1

(a) Prove that: d3 (x, y) d2 (x, y) d1 (x, y)

Proof: Let zi = |xi yi |

||z||22 =

N
X

|zi |2

i=1

N
X

!
|zi |2 + 2

i=1

|zi ||zj |

= ||z||21

i,j,i6=j

||z||22 ||z||21 d2 (x, y) d1 (x, y)

It should be clear that the sum over |xi yi | should be greater than the supremum of |xi yi |.

d3 (x, y) d2 (x, y) d1 (x, y)

1

(b) Prove that: d1 (x, y) (n) 2 d2 (x, y) (n)d3 (x, y)

Using Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we get for all z Rn
!1/2
!1/2
n
n
n
n
X
X
X
X

kzk1 =
|zi | =
|zi | 1
|zi |2
12
= nkzk2
i=1

i=1

i=1

i=1

EF9904: Dr. Yu

Problem 1

Jeremey Ponrajah
1

||z||1 (n) 2 ||z||2 d1 (x, y) (n) 2 d2 (x, y)

It should be clear that n multiplied by the supremum of |xi yi | should be
greater than the summation of |xi yi | over the index (i).
1

d1 (x, y) (n) 2 d2 (x, y) (n)d1 (x, y)

3. Show that every norm on Rn is convex function on Rn .
A real-valued function is convex if
f (x + (1 )y) f (x) + (1 )f (y)
for all x, y Rn and all 0 1. First, by using the triangle inequality||x +
y|| ||x|| + ||y|| we know that a norm satisfies f (x + y) f (x) + f (y). Furthermore, we know a norm satisfies the following homogeneity property
||x|| = || ||x|| if R
Hence, by combining the triangle inequality and the homogeneity property we
can get the following result.
||x + (1 )y|| || ||x|| + (|1 |)||y||
Every norm on Rn is a convex function on Rn .
P
7. Show that the function d(p, q) = ni=1 (pi qi )2 on Rn satisfies all the properties
of a metric except the triangle inequality.
n
n
n
X
X
X
2
2
(pi qi )
(pi ri ) +
(ri qi )2
i=1

i=1

i=1

Let us define ui = pi ri and vi = ri qi as a direct result we can rewrite the

above equation as the following:
n
n
n
X
X
X
2
2
(vi + ui )
vi +
u2i
i=1

i=1

i=1

Let us assume that vi = ui = 3 for all i=1,..,n

n(3 + 3)2 n(3)2 + n(3)2
(3 + 3)2 (3)2 + (3)2
36  19
The triangle property is not satisfied for d(p,q).