Design of Columns and Piers

Presented by:

Djoni Simanta

Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Bandung 2008

UNPAR

What is a Column

Column

Column or Beam?

Beam

What is a Column
General 3D Beam Section
Nz, Vx, Vy, Mx, My, Tz

Nz, > 0.1 Ncap

Mx 0, My 0
Vx, Vy, Tz can be ignored
Design as column section

Mx, 0, Vy 0, Tz 0
or
My, 0, Vx 0, Tz 0
Design as beam sections

Also: Generally no load between supports and are Cast vertically

The Column Design Problem: Given

x

x
Upper Column

Loads:

Moments Mz , My , Px at
two ends

Px

My2

Mz2

Upper End

Geometry:

Column

Length, X-Section
Adjoining Members

Lower End

Material:
Concrete strength
Rebar Strength

Connecting
Beams in Z-Axis

My1

Lower Column
Connecting
Beams in Y-Axis

a) Basic Model

Px

Mz1

a) Column Loads

Column Design Problem

Loads

Solution

Material
Shape & Size
Reinforcement

a) Ideal Situation

Loads

Trial Material
Trial Shape & Size
Trial Reinforcement

Design

Repeat

b) Practical Situation

Acceptable

No

Yes

Complexity in the Column Design

Loading
+P, -P, Mx, My

Slenderness
Length (Short, Long, Very Long)
Bracing (Sway, Non-Sway, Braced, Unbraced)
Framing (Pin, Fixed, Free, Intermediate..)

Section
Geometry (Rectangular, Circular, Complex..)
Materials (Steel, Concrete, Composite)

Load-Shape-Slenderness
Loading

Load Complexity

P M x My

P Mx

V.

Lo

ng

Lo

ng

Sh

or

Shape

SlendernessLength

Most Simple
Problem

Shape
Complexity

Load-Bracing-Length
Loading

,
Mx
,
P
ny
a
M
My
y
,M
x
M
P,
M
P,

Bracing

al
er ced
n
Ge -bra
Un

l
ra
e
n d
Ge ace
Br

n
Pi x
Fi

Sho
rt
Lon

Very
Lon
g

Length

Load-Section-Material
Loading
,
Mx
,
P
ny
a
M
My
y
,M
x
M
P,
M
P,

ple
m
Co
x

Material

ry lex
Ve mp
Co

m
Si
e

pl

Section

Overall Design Process ACI/SNI

Compute Mu

Compute
Design Moment

Estimate Cross-section
based on Thumb Rules
Check
Slenderness
Ratio
Not Slender

Slender

Compute
Section Capacity Mn
Mn > Mu
Y

Design
Completed

Determine the
Layout of Rebars

Compute
Transverse Bars

Not OK
Revise Section/ Material

Given P, Mux, Muy

, fc, fy, L

Main Design Steps

Assume section dimensions
Compute Design Actions
Elastic analysis results and magnification of
moments due to slenderness, minimum
eccentricities etc
Direct determination of design actions using
P-Delta or full nonlinear analysis

Check Capacity for Design Actions

Assume failure criteria
Assume material layout and material models
Compute capacity and check against actions

Member Design Philosophy

The Structural System

STRUCTURE
EXCITATION
Loads
Vibrations
Settlements
Thermal Changes

pv

RESPONSES
Displacements
Strains
Stresses
Stress Resultants

The Need for Analysis and Design

We need to determine the
Response of the Structure to
Excitations

Analysis

so that:
We can ensure that the
structure can sustain the
excitation with an acceptable
level of response

Design

Design Philosophy and Process

Structural Design is the process of proportioning
the structure to safely resist the applied forces in
the most cost effective and friendly manner

Load Effects
Requirements
Constraints

Design

Member Sizes
Material Specs
Reinforcement
Details

Proportioning for Safety

Prime Concern
Balance External Actions with Internal Stress
Resultants with adequate margin for safety

Capacity > Actions

And Check for

Deflections, Deformations, Vibrations, Crack Width
Fire Protections, Permeability, Chemical Attacks
Ductility and Other special considerations

Proportioning for Safety

S>A

S
=A
FOS
Working Strength Design

A = Actions due to loads

S = Strength of member
FOS = Factor of safety

S
= A FOS L
FOS s
Ultimate Strength Design
Limit State Design
Partial FOS Design

S = A FOS
Load Factor Design

Philosophies in Current Use

Allowable Stress Design
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Working Stress Design (WSD)

Limit State Design

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

Strength Design (SD)
Plastic Design (PD)
Limit Design (LD)
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Load Factor Design (LFD)

Loads and Stress Resultants

Obtained from

Loads

Actions
Analysis

Depends on
Stiffness

Deformation

(Section and
Rebars)
Depends on
Section and Rebars

FOS

Stress
Resultants

Stresses

Strains

Section Capacity/ Section Design Process

Design Mechanics Classification

Axial-Flexural Behavior
Bending Moments and Axial Force

Shear-Torsion Behavior
Beam Shear and Torsion

Punching Shear Behavior

Punching Shear and Moment Transfer

Shear Friction Behavior

Shear Friction and Axial Load

Unified Approach to
Axial-Flexural Behavior

Flexural Theory: Various Specializations

Types of Reinforcement
Unreinforced
Reinforced
Partially Prestressed
Fully Prestressed
Fiber Reinforced

Types of Actions
Uniaxial Bending
Uniaxial Bending and Axial Force
Biaxial Bending
Biaxial Bending and Axial Force

Flexural Theory: Various Specializations

Location of Reinforcement
Singly Reinforced
Doubly Reinforced
Arbitrarily Reinforced
Concrete Stress Block
Rectangular
Semi-Parabolic
Full Parabolic of various orders
Cross-section Shape
Rectangular
Circular
Flanged
General

Conventional Assumptions
Perfect bond between concrete and
reinforcement
Stress resultants and external actions are in
equilibrium.
The stress-strain relationship for materials is
known
Plane sections remain plane
The concrete limiting strain is defined ( ec =
0.003)
Steel is assumed to be perfectly Elasto-plastic

Unified Theory for Concrete Design

It is possible to develop a single theory for
determining the axial flexural stress resultants
of most types of concrete members for all
design methods and for most design codes

Unifying Beams and Columns

Unifying Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete
Unifying WSD and USD Methods
Unifying different Cross-section Types
Incorporating various material models

Unifying Beams and Columns

Beam
Column

Actions

Sections

Mx or My

Rectangular, T, L,
Box

P, Mx and/or
My

Circular,
Polygonal, General
Shape

Prestressing at Ultimate Stage

At ultimate stage, the bonded prestressed
concrete section mostly behaves like an
ordinary reinforced section
Determination of section capacity is carried
out using general stress resultant equations
using prestressing as high strength
reinforcement
The design of reinforced, partially prestressed and fully prestressed sections
carried out consistently

Unifying Reinforced and Pre-stressed

Reinforced
Steel

Prestressing
Steel

No

No

Reinforced

Yes

No

Partially Pre-stressed

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Un-reinforced

Fully Pre-stressed

Unifying Reinforced and Composite

Reinforced
Steel

Prestressing
Steel

Steel
Section

Reinforced

Yes

No

No

ReinforcedComposite

Yes

No

Yes

Partially Pre-stressed
- Composite

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Fully Pre-stressed Composite

Unifying Material Models

How does one material differ from another
Strength properties, fc, fy, fu
Elastic properties, E, v etc
Plastic Properties

Most of the material properties are embedded

or exposed or can be derived from the StressStrain Relationship
If general stress-strain relationship is
considered as the basis, different materials
can be handled easily and consistently

Unifying Material Models

Stress

Concrete Stress-Strain Relationships

Linear

Whitney

PCA

BS-8110

Strain

Parabolic

Unconfined

Mander-1

Mander-2

Unifying Material Models

Steel Stress-Strain Relationships
Elasto-Plastic

Stress

Linear - Elastic

Strain

Strain
Hardening Simple

Strain
Hardening
Park

Unifying Service State and Ultimate State

Service State Calculations
Failure criteria and Neutral axis depth controlled by
limit on concrete (or steel) stresses directly

Ultimate State Calculations

Failure Criteria Neutral axis depth controlled by limit
on strain in concrete (or in steel) and indirect control
on material stresses

General
Section Capacity based on location of specified
failure criteria, computed neutral axis, strain profile,
stress-strain relationship

Flexural Theory: Stress Resultants

The Simple Case
a

M n = f y A st d

2
b

0.85 fc'

0.003

C
d

N.A.
jd

OR
0

T
Section

Strain

Stress and Force

fc()

The Axial-Flexural Stress Resultants

The Comprehensive Case

fs

NA

CL

fc
y
c

f1
f2
fn

a
S tr

in

fo r
s
se and
s
e
S tr c re te
n
F
R/
co

fo r
s
se l
s
e
S tr S te e
Horizontal

Flexural Theory: Stress Resultants

The Comprehensive Case

1 n
Pz = 1 (x, y) dxdy ...+ Aii (x, y) ...
2 i=1

1 x y
1

1 n
M x = 2 (x, y) dxdy. y ...+ Aii (x, y) yi ...
2 i=1
1 x y

1 n
M y = 3 (x, y) dxdy. x ...+ Aii (x, y) xi ...
2 i=1
1 x y

Application of General Equations

Plain concrete shape

Compact Built-up steel

section

Reinforced concrete section

Composite section

Compact Hot-rolled steel shape

Reinforced concrete,
composite section

Application of General Equations

Unconfined concrete
Confined concrete

Design column cross-sections with

concrete of different confinement
properties

Design column composite crosssections with several materials to

handle strengthening and retrofitting
problems

Determining Cross-section Capacity

What is Capacity
The axial-flexural capacity of the crosssection is represented by three stress
resultants
Capacity is property of the crosssection and does not depend on the
applied actions or loads
Capacity is dependent on failure
criteria, cross-section geometry and
material properties
Maximum strain
Stress-strain curve
Section shape and Rebar arrangement etc

Capacity Surfaces

P-M Interaction Curve

The curve is generated by
varying the neutral axis
depth

Un-safe
Safe

Nb

Pnx = fc ( )da + fsi Asi

i =1
A

Nb

Mny = fc ( )da.dz + fsi Asidzi

i =1
z A

P-Mx-My Interaction Surface

+P
A cross-section of
interaction surface at P u

Un-safe

- My
Pu

Safe

- Mz

+ Mz

The surface is
generated by
changing
Angle and
Depth of
Neutral Axis

+ My

Pz

1
= 1
1
x

( x , y ) dx
x

1
= 2
1
1
= 3
1

dy ... +

( x , y ) dx
x

i =1

dy . y ... +

dy . x ... +

A i i ( x , y ) ...

( x , y ) dx
x

i =1

i=1

A i i ( x , y ) y i ...

A i i ( x , y ) x i ...

Mx-My Interaction
- My

+ Mz
-Mz

Muy

(-) Mnz

(+) Mnz
+ My

This is the basis for many approximate methods

Graphical view of the Capacity

Graphical view of the Capacity

Capacity Surface: Plain, RC and Composite

How to Check Capacity

How do we check capacity when there are

three simultaneous actions and three
interaction stress resultants
Given:
Pu, Mux, Muy
Available: Pn-Mnx-Mny Surface

We can use the concept of Capacity Ratio,

but which ratio
Pu/Pn or Mux/Mns or Muy/Mny or

Three methods for computing Capacity Ratio

1. Sum of Moment Ratios at Pu
2. Moment Vector Ratio at Pu
3. P-M vector Ratio

Sum of Mx and My
Mx-My curve is plotted at applied axial load, Pu
Sum of the Ratios of Moment is each direction
gives the Capacity Ratio

Vector Moment Capacity

Mx-My curve is plotted at applied axial load
Ratio of Muxy vector to Mnxy vector gives the
Capacity Ratio

True P-M Vector Capacity

P-M Curve is plotted in the direction of the
resultant moment
Ratio of PuMuxy vector to PnMuxy vector gives the
Capacity Ratio

Load Point and Eccentricity Vector

The load point location depends on the direction
of the eccentricities in the x and y directions

What is Uni-axial Bending

Uni-axial bending is induced when column bending
results in only one moment stress resultants about
any of the mutually orthogonal axis

fc

fs1

fc
fs2

x
Section

Strain

Stress

No Bending
Mx = 0, My = 0

y
P

ey

fs1
fc

x
fs2

Uni-axial Bending
Mx <> 0, My = 0

What is Bi-axial Bending

Biaxial bending is induced when column bending
results in two moment stress resultants about two
mutually orthogonal axis
y

ex
P

ey

ey

ey
x

Member Capacity Vs Section Capacity

Member Capacity
The member capacity is based on the capacity
of cross-section at various locations along the
member length
The member capacity is almost always less
than cross-section capacity at critical location
The reduction in member capacity is due to
the stability considerations, P-Delta effects
and non-linearity in member behavior, effect
of boundary conditions and interaction with
other load configuration etc.

What is Slenderness Effect

Moment
Amplification

e
P

Capacity
Reduction

I
e

II
C

= f(Mc)

II : Mc = P(e + )
I. Mc = P.e
Short Column
Long Column

Column Capacity (P-M)

Main Issues in Column Slenderness

Overall Objective
To estimate magnification of the elastic actions due to
geometric and material in- elasticity or non- linearity.

Real Situation
Geometric Effect Alone
Material Effect Alone

M = M0 + PD

o based on E0Ig
based on (EI) modified

Cracking Ig Ief
( Non linear Ec )

Correct Approach
Non linear analysis that includes effect of geometric and
material non linearity of entire structure

Approximate Approach
Moment magnification factor M = Mo

The Root of P-Delta Effects

The moment due to
axial load multiplied by
deflection at each point
along the length
The deflection is a
integration of total
moment diagram,
divided by stiffness at
each point along the
length

M Lt = M L 0 + P L
L

L =

dx

EI

M x dx
L =
Ex I x
0

Factors Effecting Slenderness Effect

Effective Length
Length used for moment integration
End Framing and Boundary Conditions
Lateral Bracing Conditions

Effective Stiffness

Cross-sections Dimensions and Proportions

Reinforcement amount and Distribution
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete and Steel
Creep and Sustained Loads

Loads
Axial Load
End Moments and Moments along the Length

Column Design - Slenderness

What is Slenderness ?
When the Buckling Load controls
Ultimate Capacity
or Secondary Moments become
Significant

ACI Definition of Slenderness

Braced Frames
Kl/r > 32-12M1ns/M2ns

Unbraced Frames
Kl/r > 22

Mc = Mc + P.c

Effect of Moments: The Cm Factor

The Moment and Stress
Amplification Factors are
derived on the basis of pinended columns with single
moment curvature.
(Cm = 1.0)
For other Moment
Distribution, the correction
factor Cm needs to be
computed to modify the
stress amplification.
Cm = 0.4 to 1.0

M1
C m = 0 .6 + 0 .4
0 .4
M2
M1

M1

M2

M2

M1/M2
Positive

M1/M2
Negative

M1 is the smaller End Moment

M2 is the larger End Moment

More about Cm Factor

M1

M2

M2

M1

M2

M1

M1

M2

M1= -M
M2 = M

M1 = 0
M2 = M

M1 =M
M2 = M

M1 =0
M2 = M

M1
= 1
M2

M1
=0
M2

M1
=1
M2

M1
=0
M2

Cm = 1.0

Cm = 0.6

Cm = 0.4

Cm = 0.6

Determination of Stiffness EI
EI =

Ab

0.2EC I g + Es I se

or =

1 + d
h

yb

0.4EC I g
1 + d

Attempt to include,

Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect

Geometric and material non linearity

Ig = Gross Moment of Inertia

Ise = Moment of Inertia of rebars

I se = Ab. yb2

d = Effect of creep for sustained loads.

= Pud/Pu

bh
=
12

Effective Length Factor, K

To account for Axial-Flexural Buckling
Indicates the total bent length of column between
inflection points
Can vary from 0.5 to Infinity
Most common range 0.75 to 2.0

0.5

1.0

0.5 - 1.0

2.0

1.0 -

 Determination of K
Isolated Members

Bottom End

Top End

Fix

Pin

Free

Fix

0.5

0.8

2.0

Pin

0.8

1.0

Unstable

Free

2.0

Unstable

Unstable

 Determination of K
Members Part of Framed Structure

Unbraced
Frames
Braced
Frames
(smaller of)
(EI / LC )
G=
(EI / L)
K G

20 Gm
K=
1 + Gm
20

K = 0.9 (1 +Gm )

for Gm < 2

for Gm 2

K = 0.7 + 0.05 (GT + GB ) 1.0

k = 0.85 + 0.05 Gm 1.0
Columns
Beams

G Increase, K Increases

GT = Top End
GB = BottomEnd
Gm = Minimumof GT and GB

 More about Factor K

( EI / lC )
Columns
=
( EI / l )
Beams
K
Increase , K Increases
C2
How about I Gross? Cracked? Effective?

B1

B2

ACI Rules for factored loads:

Beams I = 0.35 Ig, Column I = 0.7 Ig

C1
B3

E ( I C1 + I C 2)
Example = T =
E ( I B1 + I B 2 )
E for column and beams may be different

B4
C3

Lc

Effective Length for Non Sway Frame

Effective Length for Sway Frame

What is Sway
Sway is dependent upon the structural configuration
as well as type of loading

Non Sway

Sway

For Non-sway Frames (Very rigid or braced)

For Sway Frames (Open frames, not braced,
Depends on loads also)

May be Sway

s
ns

s
ns

= 1 .0
1 .0

1 .0
1 .0

 What is Sway
Appreciable relative moment of two ends of
column
T

Sway 0 =

T B

Sway Limits

a ) EI Bracing
b)

P .
U

VU lC

walls
0

lc

lc
> 6 EI Columns

< 0 .05

Mm
c)
< 1 .05
M

Frame considered
as Non-Sway

 More on Sway
Braced Column (Non-Sway)

Most building columns may

be considered Non-Sway
for gravity loads
More than 40% of columns
in buildings are Non-Sway
for lateral loads

Unbraced Column (Sway)

Moment Magnification for

Sway case is more
significant, more
complicated and more
important

The Moment Magnifier Method

The Moment Magnifier Method

The Moment Magnifier Method
An Approximate Method to account for
Slenderness Effects
May be used instead of P- Analysis
Not to be used when Kl/r > 100
Separate Magnification for Sway and Non-Sway
Load Cases
Separate Magnification Factors for moment
about each axis
Moment magnification generally 1.2 to 2.5 times
Mostly suitable for building columns

Design Moment: ACI

Larger Non- Sway Moment

Final
Design
Moment

Larger Sway Moment

Magnification of
moment that do not
cause sway

= ns ( M

ns

+ sM s )

Magnification of
moment that
cause sway

Moment Magnification
Basic Equation

M m = ns ( M ns + M s s )
Magnification Factor
for Moments that Do
Not cause sway

Calculation of ns (Non-Sway)
Cm
ns =
Pu
1
0.75Pcns

Moment curvature
Coefficient

Applied column load

Critical buckling load

Pcns =

( EI )
2

( KnslU )

Flexural Stiffness

Effective Length Factor

Moment Magnification
Basic Equation

M m = ns ( M ns + M s s )
Magnification Factor
sway Moments

Determination of s (Sway)
Sway Quotient

Pu 0
1
a) s =
1.0 where Q =
Vu lc
1 Q
If

s > 1.5 then

1
b) s =
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pcs
Sum of Critical Buckling Load
of all columns in floor

Sway Quotient Q and Pc

Sum of column loads in one floor

Pu 0
Q=
Vu lc

Relative displacement
Determined from Frame Analysis
Storey height
Storey shear (sum of
shear in all columns)

Pcs =

( EI )
2

( K slU )

Flexural Stiffness

Effective Length Factor

Moment Magnification Summary

Larger Non- Sway Moment
Larger Sway Moment

Final
Design
Moment

= ns ( M

ns

+ M s s )

Check if the max moment occurs at

the ends of the column or between
the ends of the column

ns =

Cm
Pu
1
0 . 75 Pcns

a) s =

1
1.0
Pu 0
1
Vu lc

If s > 1.5 then

C m = 0 .6 + 0 .4

( EI )
M1
0.4 Pcns =
( K ns lU ) 2
M2
2

b) s =

1
1
Pu
1
0.75 Pcs

Moment Magnification Summary

Check if the max moment occurs at the ends of the column or
between the ends of the column

Lu
>
r

35
Pu
f c' . Ag

ns =

Cm
Pu
1
0 . 75 Pcns

2 ( EI )
M1
C m = 0 .6 + 0 .4
0.4 Pcns =
( K ns lU ) 2
M2

The Importance of
Moment Magnification

When to use Moment Magnification

According to ACI Code:
For Braced Frames (Non-sway)
Kl/r > 32-12 M1ns/M2ns

For Un-braced Frames (Sway)

Kl/r > 22

Or When Secondary Moments become Significant

These provisions do not consider other

factors, such as P, lateral deflection, lateral
loads, section material or properties

 M 2,min = Pu (15 mm + 0.03 h)

Parametric Study
Computation of Slenderness Effects for 3
column sections for different axial load and
lengths
A = 30x30 cm
B = 40x40 cm
C = 80x80 cm

Braced (Non-Sway) frames assuming shear

walls prevent large lateral displacements

Column Section Shape and Properties

Load
Range

Length

A30-Bracing Conditions
Column Cross-Section = 30cmx30cm reinforced with
6-D19
Connecting Members
Beam on Right:
Length = 5 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Beam on Left:
Length = 3 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Column Above
Length = 3m
Cross-section = 40cmx40cm

Fixed at Base
The column is part of a non-sway structure

A30 - Variation in kl/r

kl/r=14.5

kl/r=28.9

kl/r=47.7

kl/r=38.1

kl/r=57.3

Moment Magnification Factor

A30 Moment Magnification

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various
kl/r ratios
3
kl/r=28.9

2.5

kl/r=38.1

kl/r=47.7

1.5

kl/r=57.3

kl/r=14.5

0.5
0
0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Normalized Axial Load Pu/Pno

30 cm

30 cm

B40 - Bracing Conditions

Column Cross-Section = 40cmx40cm reinforced with
6-D19
Connecting Members
Beam on Right:
Length = 5 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Beam on Left:
Length = 3 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Column Above
Length = 3m
Cross-section = 40cmx40cm

Fixed at Base
The column is part of a non-sway structure

B40 - Variation in kl/r

kl/r=11

kl/r=22

kl/r=36.2

kl/r=29

kl/r=43.4

B40 Moment Magnification

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for
Various kl/r ratios

Moment Magnification
Factor

1.6
1.5
1.4

kl/r=11

1.3

kl/r=22

1.2

kl/r=29

1.1

kl/r=36.2

kl/r=43.4

0.9
0.8
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

40 cm

40 cm

C80 - Bracing Conditions

Column Cross-Section = 80cmx80cm reinforced with
6-D19
Connecting Members
Beam on Right:
Length = 5 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Beam on Left:
Length = 3 m
Cross-section = 30cmx50cm

Column Above
Length = 3m
Cross-section = 40cmx40cm

Fixed at Base
The column is part of a non-sway structure

C80 - Variation in kl/r

kl/r=5.5

kl/r=11.2

kl/r=18.6

kl/r=14.9

kl/r=22.4

C80 Moment Magnification

Moment Magnification
Factor

Variation of Moment Magnification with Axial Load for Various

kl/r ratios
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.02
1.01
1
0.99
0.20

kl/r=5.5
kl/r=11.2
kl/r=14.9
kl/r=18.6
kl/r=22.4

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

Normalized Axial Load Pn/Pu

80 cm

80 cm

Some Issues Regarding

Slenderness Effects

How to Compute K-Factor

What Framing to Use

P
V

M
V

h1

Soft
Le = ?

Hard

(e)
(a)

L1

L1

L1

L2

h1

h2

L2

(b)

(c)

(d)

General Framing Case

Buildings Columns
Special Considerations
Limited size and shape due to architectural and space
constraints
Generally very high axial load, specially in lower floors of high
rise buildings
Consideration of differential axial shortening
Consideration of slenderness effects, specially in sway
(unbraced) frames
Presence of biaxial moments in the corner columns due to
gravity loads and all columns due to diagonal wind or seismic
load direction
Use of high strength concrete and related special
considerations
Requires high ductility in seismic zones

Slenderness procedure for Buildings

Step1. Carry out frame analysis separately for
all major load cases

Dead loads
Live loads
Wind loads
Seismic loads

Step 2. Select a Critical floor

(maximum height, maximum loads, maximum
deflection etc.)

Slenderness procedure for Buildings

Step 3. Calculate Factored Load for various
load combinations
U1 = 1.2D +1.6L
U2 = 1.2D +1.0L +1.6W
U3 = 0.9D +1.6 W

Slenderness procedure for Buildings

Step 4. For each load combination (U1, U2, U3, .) Check
sway
conditions

PU 0
Q=
VU lC
PU = PU1 + PU 2 + PU 3......
0 = T B
VU = VU1 +VU 2 +VU 3.......

lC = Clearstorey height(average)

If Q 0.05 : Non sway case

Q > 0.05 : Sway Case

T
PU1

PU2

PU3

PU4
lC

VU1

VU1

VU1

VU1
B

Slenderness procedure for Buildings

Step 5. Determine Magnified Moment for each load combination

If combination is non-sway then Mm =M ns

If combination is Sway then Mm =Mns + Ms s
usually 1.2D +1.0L+1.6W
Non-sway part of
combination 1.2D + 1.0L

Sway part of
combination 1.6W

The P-Delta Analysis

P-Delta Analysis in SAP2000/GTStrudl

The program can include the P-Delta effects in
almost all Non-linear analysis types
Specific P-Delta analysis can also be carried
out
The P-Delta analysis basically considers the
geometric nonlinear effects directly
The material nonlinear effects can be handled
by modification of cross-section properties
The Buckling Analysis is not the same as PDelta Analysis
No magnification of moments is needed if PDelta Analysis has been carried out

P-Delta Analysis in ETABS

Specific P-Delta analysis is available
The P-Delta analysis basically considers the
geometric nonlinear effects directly
The material nonlinear effects can be handled
by modification of cross-section properties
The Buckling Analysis is not the same as PDelta Analysis
No magnification of moments is needed if PDelta Analysis has been carried out

Special Considerations

Special Considerations for Piers

Generally very long and un-supported at top

Slenderness is major issue
Special and Non-rectangular shapes can be used
Large size and dimensions
Generally contain very large number of bars >
100
Can be hollow
Moment is more critical than axial load

Special Considerations for Piers

Cross-section changes along the length
Bi-axial bending or bending about both axis
Very large number of load combinations are
considered

Design of Columns: ACI Provisions

Special Provisions
General Flexural Theory
Separate capacity factors for
Axial and Axial-Flexure, Tied and Spiral

Limit on Maximum Capacity in Tension, Pt

Limit on Maximum Capacity in Compression, Pno
Limits on Reinforcement
Minimum, Maximum, Yield Strength

Slenderness Effects
P-Delta Analysis, Moment Magnifier Method

Provisions for Links and Ties

Important Changes in ACI-318-95

. Flexural Design
Introduction of Unified Flexural Method in
Appendix B.
Flexural, flexural-axial (Beam-Column Concept)
Un-reinforced, reinforced, partially pre-stressed or fully
pre-stressed.

Revisions to formulae for minimum reinforcement

Major revisions in the Moment Magnifier Method.
Revisions in provisions for composite members

Important Changes in ACI-318-05

. Flexural Design
Unified Flexural Method Moved to Main Code
Flexural, flexural-axial (Beam-Column Concept)
Un-reinforced, reinforced, partially pre-stressed or fully
pre-stressed.

Revisions to formulae for minimum reinforcement

Some revisions in the Moment Magnifier Method.
Revisions in provisions for composite members

Section and Pier Design Programs

The CSISection Builder
For analysis of general concrete, composite and prestress
cross-sections
Properties, Stresses, Biaxial Capacity, Moment Curvature

The CSICOL
For design of general concrete columns and piers
Properties, Biaxial Capacity, Moment Curvature, Slenderness
effects, auto design, capacity checks

The PCACOL
For design of general concrete columns and piers
Properties, Biaxial Capacity, Moment Curvature, Slenderness
effects, auto design, capacity checks

Effective Design of Columns

Effect of Loading on Column Design

.

The column shape, proportion, arrangement of

rebars etc., all should be selected on the basis of
predominant loading. However, this may not be
easy, as the columns are required to resist several
load cases, often in opposing direction and
magnitude
Items to be Considered

Relative value
Absolute value
Direction
Interaction

Effect of Loading on Column Design

The loads on the column could be any or all of the
following.
Axial Load: Generally the most predominant load
Moments: Moment about any one or about two
principle axis. These moments could act
simultaneous (biaxial case) or independently about
each axis (uniaxial case). If the cross-section is
unsymmetrical about both main axis, a uniaxial
moment may become a case of biaxial bending about
the principle axis.
Shear Force: Often not critical for columns. Partly
due to their relatively small value and partly due to
the enhanced shear capacity due to axial
compression on the cross-section.
Torsion: As in the case of shear, it is often not critical
and often not considered in design

Effective Design of Columns

Effect of Loads on Column Shape and Rebar
Layout
Uniaxial, biaxial, moment ratio etc.

Selecting effective shape and proportions

Shape effects capacity: Loads effect shape

Selecting longitudinal Rebars

Diameter, layout, number

Selecting Transverse Rebars

Layout and quantity

Selecting Concrete Strength, fc

Selecting Steel Strength, fy

Selecting Column Cross-section Shape

Effect of Cross-section Shape on Column
Strength

Effects the moment capacity

Effects stiffness, and hence second-order effects
Effects rebar layout and rebar cage fabrication
Effects form work cost and reuse
Effects aesthetics and architectural view
Effects space, visibility, water flow, wind
resistance etc
Effects foundation size, orientation and layout.

Selecting Column Cross-section Shape ..

General Guidelines
Whenever practical, use rectangular or circular
columns and ovoid shapes requiring complicated
form work unless it can be reused several times
Use oblong shapes when moment in one direction
is clearly much larger than the other direction
Use hollow shapes or I shape or H shape when
moment is much larger compared to axial load
Use circular or octagonal shape when nearly
equal bi-axial moments exist
Ovoid very oblong columns (0.25 < H/B < 4)
Ovoid highly unsymmetrical and open shapes (C,
Z, L etc)

Selecting Column Cross-section Shape .

Some guidelines for Building Columns
Use circular or polygonal columns for parking and
no-wall spaces
Use square or rectangular columns for closed and
partitioned spaces

Some guidelines for Bridge Piers

For high piers, use hollow rectangular, circular or
polygonal box sections
Give extensive consideration to esthetic impact of
shape
Provide nosing for better aerodynamic and fluid
flow considerations

Effect of Rebar Layout

Selecting Concrete Strength for Columns

Effect of Concrete Strength
Effects the column size
Mostly effects the axial load capacity does not
much effect moment capacity
More important when capacity is controlled in
compression region
Effects the durability, stiffness and hardness
Effects elastic shortening, creep and long term
effects

Selecting Concrete Strength for Columns

Some guidelines
Use the highest strength concrete practical for tall
buildings
Use medium strength concrete for bridge piers
Use high strength when column submerged in
water or aggressive environment

Selecting Steel Strength for Columns

Effect of Steel Strength
Effects the moment capacity more than the axial
load capacity, specially for tension controlled
sections
Effects the long term axial load capacity due to the
creep effect

Some guidelines
Use higher strength steel with higher strength
concrete

Selecting Longitudinal Rebars

Effect of Rebar size and layout
Substantially effects the moment capacity of
section but does not
effect the axial load capacity
Effects the location of Plastic Centroid, and hence
the net
moment capacity
Small bar size produce congestion and require
closer spacing of
lateral ties
Large bars require longer splice length unless
mechanical
splices are used

Selecting Longitudinal Rebars..

Some guidelines
Use at least one bar on each acute angle corner
Use the largest practical bar size
Locate the bars with due consideration to the
predominant direction and magnitude of moment.
Often a few bars at the right location may be more
effective than more bars at inappropriate location.
The minimum clear spacing of bars could be about
50-75 mm where as maximum spacing could be
about 300 mm.
Symmetrical rebars should be placed in
symmetrical sections unless a clear unidirectional
moment is present, as in the case of portal frames.

Selecting Transverse Rebars

Effect of Transverse Rebars
Effects the confinement of concrete and hence the
ultimate capacity of column and specially the
ductility of the column and plastic strength for load
reversal cases such as those produced by seismic
loads.
Controls the buckling of the longitudinal bars and
hence prevents premature failure
Resists the transverse stress in concrete due to
axial load in hoop tension or in direct tension and
hence enhances the strength of column beyond
the theoretically computed value

Selecting Transverse Rebars

Effect of Transverse Rebars
Effects the capacity reduction factor used in the
ACI code (0.7 to 0.75).
The effect of lateral reinforcement is more critical
for compression controlled sections rather than
tension controlled sections
Using Concrete-filled steel tubes can increase
capacity a lot

Selecting Transverse Rebars ..

Some guide lines

Select lateral ties based on the relative magnitude of loads and

moments (tension or compression control)
Provide closer longitudinal and lateral spacing in the moment
hinging regions for better ductility
Spiral reinforcement is more effective than ties for enhancing the
axial load capacity
For large columns, it is not necessary to provide full length
intermediate ties. Embedment should be just enough to anchor
the tie.
Use smaller diameter ties for smaller bond and anchorage
requirement and closer spacing
Generally, every other longitudinal bar should be tied by a tie
bar
ACI Tie Rules: