MNIMOS CUADRADOS APLICADOS A

UNA COMPOSICIN GRANULOMTRICA

Tenemos 3 agregados para componer una mezcla granulomtrica, que

est graficada en el primero de los diagramas.
La idea es calcular los 3 porcentajes (X1, X2, X3) aplicando mnimos
cuadrados.
La primera de las ecuaciones es inmediata:

X1 X2 X3 1

[1]

X3 1 X1 X2

[1. a]

Para el tamiz F, por ejemplo, la desviacin de la composicin

granulomtrica de los 3 materiales con respecto a la curva pedida es:
(X1 F1 X2 F2 X3 F 3) pF [X1 (F1 F3 ) X2 (F2 F3 )] F 3pF F

[2]
Para el tamiz B:
[X1 (B1 B3 ) X2 (B2 B3 )] B3pB B

[3]

Llamemos a la sumatoria de las desviaciones al cuadrado:

(A ) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 ... (G) 2 (H) 2 (I) 2 (J) 2 (K) 2

[4]

Debemos elegir X1 y X2 tal que sea mnima. Para ello:

A
B
C
D
E
0 2 A
2 B
2 C
2 D
2 E

X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
2 F

F
G
H
I
J
K
2 G
2 H
2 I
2 J
2 K
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1

[5]
y

A
B
C
D
E
0 2 A
2 B
2 C
2 D
2 E

X2
X2
X2
X2
X2
X2
2 F

F
G
H
I
J
K
2 G
2 H
2 I
2 J
2 K
X2
X2
X2
X2
X2
X2

[6]
Veamos un par de trminos desarrollados:
2 B

B
2 {[X1 (B1 B3 ) X2 (B 2 B3 )] B3 pB} (B1 B3 )
X1

2 {[X1 (B1 B3 ) 2 X2 (B 2 B3 ) (B1 B3 )] [B3 pB] (B1 B3 )}

[7]

2 B

B
2 {[X1 (B1 B3 ) X2 (B2 B3 )] B3 pB} (B 2 B3 )
X2

2 {[X1 (B1 B3 ) (B 2 B3 ) X2 (B2 B3 ) 2 ] [B3 pB] (B2 B3 )}

[8]

Pasa
Tamiz

CG

M
1

M
2

M
3

98,
7
94,
9
90,
7
78,
7
62,
0
49,
5
38,
9
32,
1
21,
5
16,
2
10,
5

90

70

10
0
10
0
96

57

80

10
0
10
0
10
0
96

48

65

75

38

50

60

23

40

50

10

35

45

28

32

20

30

10

20

B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K

85

Tabla 1
C
G
98,
7
94,
9
90,
7

M
1

M
2

M
3

90 100 100
85 100 100

(A1A3)= 10
(B1B3)= 15
(C1C3)= 30

(A2A3)=
(B2B3)=
(C2C3)=

70

96

100

78,
7

57

80

96

(D1D3)= 39

(D2D3)=

62,
0

48

65

75

(E1E3)= 27

(E2E3)=

49,

38

50

60

(F1-

(F2-

0
0
-4
1
6
1
0
-

(A3pA)=
(B3pB)=
(C3pC)=

1,
3
5,
1
9,
3

(D3pD)=

17 (D11521
,3 D3)2=

(D2D3)2=

25
6

(E3pE)=

13
,0

(E1E3)2=

729

(E2E3)2=

10
0

(F3-

10

(F1-

484

(F2-

10

(A1A3)2=
(B1B3)2=
(C1C3)2=

100
225
900

(A2A3)2=
(B2B3)2=
(C2C3)2=

0
0
16

F3)=

22

F3)=

38,
9

23

40

50

(G1G3)= 27

(G2G3)=

32,
1

10

35

45

(H1H3)= 35

(H2H3)=

21,
5

28

32

(I1I3)=

16,
2

20

30

10,
5

10

20

1
0
1
0
1
0

F3)2=

pF)=

,5

(G3pG)=

11 (G1,1 G3)2=

(H3pH)=

12 (H11225
,9 H3)2=

10
(I1(I2-I3)= -4 (I3-pI)=
32
,5 I3)2=
(J113
(J1(J2-J3)= 1 (J3-pJ)=
J3)= 30
,8 J3)2=
0
(K1(K2(K39,
(K11
K3)= 20 K3)=
pK)= 5 K3)2=
0
Suma

729

F3)2=

(G2G3)2=

10
0

(H2H3)2=

10
0

1024 (I2-I3)2=
900

(J2J3)2=

10
0

400

(K2K3)2=

10
0

823
7

Suma

88
8

Tabla 2
(A1-A3) x (A2A3)=
(B1-B3) x (B2B3)=
(C1-C3) x (C2C3)=
(D1-D3) x (D2D3)=
(E1-E3) x (E2E3)=
(F1-F3) x (F2F3)=
(G1-G3) x (G2G3)=
(H1-H3) x (H2H3)=
(I1-I3) x (I2-I3)=
(J1-J3) x (J2J3)=
(K1-K3) x (K2K3)=
Suma

128

(A1-A3) x (A3pA)=
(B1-B3) x (B3pB)=
(C1-C3) x (C3pC)=
(D1-D3) x (D3pD)=
(E1-E3) x (E3pE)=
(F1-F3) x (F3pF)=
(G1-G3) x (G3pG)=
(H1-H3) x (H3pH)=
(I1-I3) x (I3-pI)=

300

(J1-J3) x (J3-pJ)=

200

(K1-K3) x (K3pK)=

248
2

Suma

0
0
120
624
270
220
270
350

-13,1
-76,7
-277,6
-673,7
-349,8
-229,9
-298,5
-453,1
-335,2
-415,2
-190,6
3313,
6

(A2-A3) x (A3pA)=
(B2-B3) x (B3pB)=
(C2-C3) x (C3pC)=
(D2-D3) x (D3pD)=
(E2-E3) x (E3pE)=
(F2-F3) x (F3pF)=
(G2-G3) x (G3pG)=
(H2-H3) x (H3pH)=
(I2-I3) x (I3-pI)=
(J2-J3) x (J3-pJ)=
(K2-K3) x (K3pK)=

Tabla 3

823
7
248
2

248
x
2
888

X
1
X
2

3313
,6
1063

[9]

,1

X1 = 0,263

[10]

Suma

16

0
0
-37,0
-276,4
-129,6
-104,5
-110,6
-129,4
-41,9
-138,4
-95,3
1063,1
3

X2 = 0,462
X3 = 1 0,263 0,462 = 0,275

CG
98,
7
94,
9
90,
7
78,
7
62,
0
49,
5
38,
9
32,
1
21,
5
16,
2
10,
5

[11]
[12]

M1
[26,3%]

M2
[46,2%]

M3
[27,5%]

Curva
obtenida

85

100

100

96,1

70

96

100

90,3

57

80

96

78,4

48

65

75

63,3

38

50

60

49,6

23

40

50

38,3

10

35

45

31,2

28

32

21,7

20

30

17,5

10

20

10,1

90

100

100

Tabla 4

97,4

PARA EL CASO DE DOS MATERIALES:

X1 X2 1

[13]

X2 1 X1

[13. a]

Para el tamiz F, por ejemplo, tendremos:

(X1 F1 X2 F2 ) pF [X1 (F1 F2 )] (F2 pF) F

[14]
Sea la sumatoria de las desviaciones al cuadrado:
(A ) 2 (B) 2 (C) 2 ... (G) 2 (H) 2 (I) 2 (J) 2 (K) 2

[4]

Debemos elegir X1 tal que sea mnima. Para ello:

A
B
C
D
E
0 2 A
2 B
2 C
2 D
2 E

X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
2 F

F
G
H
I
J
K
2 G
2 H
2 I
2 J
2 K
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1
X1

[5]
Veamos un trmino desarrollado:
2 B

B
2 {[X1 (B1 B 2 )] B 2 pB} (B1 B 2 )
X1

2 {[X1 (B1 B 2 ) (B1 B 2 )] [B 2 pB] (B1 B 2 )}

[15]
Pasa
Tamiz

CG

M
1

M
2

97,
1
90,
5
86,
8
69,
4
53,
7
43,
3
32,
4

90

55

10
0
10
0
10
0
80

45

62

33

51

20

41

B
C
D
E
F
G

81
68

25,
4
17,
0
10,
6
5,3

I
J
K

10

35

28

20

Tabla 5

CG

M1

M2

97,1

90

100

90,5

81

100

86,8

68

100

69,4

55

80

53,7

45

62

43,3

33

51

32,4

20

41

25,4

10

35

17,0

28

10,6

20

5,3

(A2(A1(A1-A2) x (A22,9
10 pA)=
A2)2= 100,0
pA)=
(B2(B1(B1-B2) x (B2(B1-B2)=
9,5
19 pB)=
B2)2= 361,0
pB)=
(C2- 13, (C11024, (C1-C2) x (C2(C1-C2)=
32 pC)=
2
C2)2=
0
pC)=
(D2- 10, (D1(D1-D2) x (D2(D1-D2)=
25 pD)=
6 D2)2= 625,0
pD)=
(E2(E1(E1-E2) x (E2(E1-E2)=
8,3
17 pE)=
E2)2= 289,0
pE)=
(F2(F1(F1-F2) x (F2(F1-F2)=
7,7
18 pF)=
F2)2= 324,0
pF)=
(G2(G1(G1-G2) x (G2(G1-G2)=
8,6
21 pG)=
G2)2= 441,0
pG)=
(H2(H1(H1-H2) x (H2(H1-H2)=
9,6
25 pH)=
H2)2= 625,0
pH)=
11,
(I1-I2)=
(I2-pI)=
(I1-I2)2=
(I1-I2) x (I2-pI)=
25
0
625,0
(J1-J2)=
(J2-pJ)= 9,4 (J1-J2)2=
(J1-J2) x (J2-pJ)=
19
361,0
(K2(K1(K1-K2) x (K2(K1-K2)= -8
2,7
pK)=
K2)2= 64,0
pK)=
483
Suma
Suma
9
(A1-A2)=

Tabla 6

483 x X
9
1

= 2069,
0

X1 = 0,428
X2 = 1- 0,428 = 0,572

CG
97,
1
90,
5

M1
[42,8%]

M2
[57,2%]

Curva
obtenida

81

100

91,9

90

100

95,7

-29,1
-180,3
-422,1
-264,4
-141,6
-137,8
-179,6
-239,4
-274,4
-178,4
-22,0
2069,0

86,
8
69,
4
53,
7
43,
3
32,
4
25,
4
17,
0
10,
6
5,3

68

100

86,3

55

80

69,3

45

62

54,7

33

51

43,3

20

41

32,0

10

35

24,3

28

17,3

20

11,9

4,6

Tabla 7
Ctedra de Caminos II. H. D. O.