SAMPLE

PROBLEMS

APPLICATION OF FIRST ORDER DEQ.

1. A tank contains 1000 liters of brine with 15 kg of dissolved salt. Pure water enters
the tank at a rate of 10 liters/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed and drains from
the tank at the same rate. How much salt is in the tank, (a) after t minutes? (b) After 2
minutes?
Solution. Let us define the function
s(t) = kgs of salt in the tank at time t minutes.
This is the function we need to find. Now, obviously, we dont know what s(t) is, but
we do know its derivative:
s0 (t) = the rate at which the amount of salt in the tank is changing
= (rate of salt going in) (rate of salt going out)
First, how much salt is going into the tank per minute?

Now how much salt is leaving the tank? Well, how many kgs of salt are there per liter in
the tank (which, remember, is kept thoroughly mixed)? This many: s(t) kgs / 1000 liters
And how fast the solution being drained from the tank? Solution is leaving the tank at
the rate of 100 liters/ min. Therefore, the rate at which salt is leaving the tank is

Therefore, the differential equation describing this situation is

Solving equation (1) for s(t):

Here, C is an
arbitrary constant
that we need to determine. The problem states that, at the start, there are 15 kgs of
dissolved salt in the tank. Therefore, our initial condition is s(0) = 15. That being the
case,

Therefore, the answer to part (a) is s(t) = 15e 1/100t. The answer to part (b) is
s(20) = 15e 1/100. 20 = 15e 1/5 = 12.28 kgs

2. A tank contains 1000 liters of pure water. Brine that contains 0.05 kg of salt per liter of
water enters the tank at a rate of 5 liters/min. Brine that contains 0.04 kg of salt per liter
of water enters the tank at the rate of 10 liters/min. The solution is kept thoroughly
mixed and drains from the tank at 15 liters/min. How much salt is left in the tank after t
minutes? After 1 hour?
Solution. The setup is going to be similar to the previous problem. We first define the
function
s(t) = kgs of salt in the tank at time t minutes.
and we know that
s(t) =

the rate at which the amount of salt in the tank is changing

(rate of salt going in) (rate of salt going out):

The things we have to determine are the rate in" and rate out" quantities. Unlike the
first problem, in this one there are two sources of brine solution entering the tank, one at
the rate of 5 liters/min and the other at the rate of 10 liters/min. So \rate in" will be the
sum of two quantities:

And with the same reasoning we used in the first problem the rate out is,

Therefore, the differential equation describing this situation is,

3. Into a 2000 liter container is placed 1000 liters of a brine solution containing 40 kg of
salt. A brine solution containing .02 kg/l of salt flows into the container at a rate of 50
l/min. The solution is kept thoroughly mixed, and the mixture flows out at a rate of 25
l/min. How much salt is in the container at the moment it overflows?
Answer. The setup is going to be similar to the previous problems. We first define the
function:
s(t) = kgs of salt in the tank at time t minutes.
And we know that,
S(t) = (rate of salt going in) - (rate of salt going out)
First the rate in,
Now for the rate out," and here we have to be a little bit careful. Note that more solution
is owing in than is owing out of the tank. At the very beginning, how much solution is in
the tank? 1000 liters. Ok, how much solution is in the tank after 1 minute? 1000 + 50
(liters owing in per minute) - 25 (liters owing out per minute) = 1000 + (50 25) = 1025
liters. And after 2 minutes? 1000 + (50 25) 2 = 1050 liters. Therefore, after t minutes,
there is 1000 + (50 25)t = 1000 + 25t liters of solution in the tank. Therefore, the rate
out" is

This leads to differential equation,

Plugging things in and integrating:

At time t = 0, there is 40 kgs of salt in the tank, so s(0) = 40. This implies that D = 1600.
Therefore,

When (i.e. for what time t) does the tank over ow? The moment there is 2000 liters of
solution in it. We have an expression for the amount of solution in the tank: 1000 + 25t.
So setting this equal to 2000 and solving for t: 1000 + 25t = 2000 ) t = 40:
Therefore, at the moment of overflow, there is: s(40) = 50 kgs of salt in the
container.

COMPLEX NUMBERS
1.

If (x + yi) / i = ( 7 + 9i ) , where x and y are real, what is the value of (x + yi)(x - yi)?
(x + yi) / i = ( 7 + 9i )
(x + yi) = i(7 + 9i) = -9 + 7i
(x + yi)(x - yi) = (-9 + 7i)(-9 - 7i) = 81 + 49 = 130

2. Determine all complex number z that satisfy the equation z + 3 z' = 5 - 6i

Solution:
Let z = a + bi , z' = a - bi ; a and b real numbers.
Substituting z and z' in the given equation obtain
a + bi + 3*(a - bi) = 5 - 6i
a + 3a + (b - 3b) i = 5 - 6i
4a = 5 and -2b = -6
a = 5/4 and b = 3
z = 5/4 + 3i
3. Find all complex numbers of the form z = a + bi , where a and b are real numbers such
that z z' = 25 and a + b = 7 where z' is the complex conjugate of z.
Solution:
z z' = (a + bi)(a - bi)
= a2 + b2 = 25
a + b = 7 gives b = 7 - a
Substitute above in the equation a2 + b2 = 25
a2 + (7 - a)2 = 25
Solve the above quadratic function for a and use b = 7 - a to find b.
a = 4 and b = 3 or a = 3 and b = 4
z = 4 + 3i and z = 3 + 4i have the property z z' = 25.

4. The complex number 2 + 4i is one of the root to the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0,

where b and c are real numbers.
a) Find b and c
b) Write down the second root and check it.
Solution:
a) Substitute solution in equation: (2 + 4i)2 + b(2 + 4i) + c = 0
Expand terms in equation and rewrite as: (-12 + 2b + c) + (16 + 4b)i = 0
Real part and imaginary part equal zero.
-12 + 2b + c = 0 and 16 + 4b = 0
Solve for b: b = -4 , substitute and solve for c: c = 20
b) Since the given equation has real numbers, the second root is the complex
conjugate of the given root: 2 - 4i is the second solution.
Check: (2 - 4i)2 - 4 (2 - 4i) + 20
(Expand) = 4 - 16 - 16i - 8 + 16i + 20
= (4 - 16 - 8 + 20) + (-16 + 16)i = 0

5. Given that the complex number z = -2 + 7i is a root to the equation: z3 + 6 z2 + 61

z + 106 = 0, find the real root to the equation.
Solution:
Since z = -2 + 7i is a root to the equation and all the coefficients in the terms of the
equation are real numbers, then z' the complex conjugate of z is also a solution. Hence
z3 + 6 z2 + 61 z + 106 = (z - (-2 + 7i))(z - (-2 - 7i)) q(z)
= (z2 + 4z + 53) q(z)
q(z) = [ z3 + 6 z2 + 61 z + 106 ] / [ z2 + 4z + 53 ] = z + 2
Z + 2 is a factor of z3 + 6 z2 + 61 z + 106 and therefore z = -2 is the real root of the given
equation.

1. Convert the complex number 5 + 2 i to polar form.

Solution: We have a = 5 and b = 2. We compute

so the complex number in polar form must be 5.39 21.8.

2. Multiply (5 30) (3 25)

Solution:
(5 30) (3 25) = (53) (30+25) = 15 55

3. Divide 5 + 3 i by 2 4 i
Solution:

MATRICES
1. Given a 2x3 matrix find
a.)
b.)

2A+3B
4B-3A

A=

4 1 4
3 2 5

B=

7 9 11
5 10 10

Solution:
a.)

b.)

4 1 4
2A+3B = 2 3 2 5

] [

7 9 11
+ 3 5 10 10

2A+3B =

8 2 8
6 4 10

2A+3B =

8+21 2+27 8+33

6+15 4+30 10+30

2A+3B =

29 29 41
21 34 40

] [

] [

21 27 33
15 30 30

Answer

7 9 11
4 1 4
4B-3A = 4 5 10 10 3 3 2 5

4B-3A =

28 36 44 12 3 12
20 40 40
9 6 15

][

4B-3A =

2812 363 4412

209 406 4015

4B-3A =

16 33 32
11 34 25

Answer

2. Given a 3x2 & 2x3 matrixes find A*B

3 1
2 4 6
A= 2 2
B= 3 5 7
1 3

[ ]

Solution:

A*B =

[ ][

A*B =

3 ( 2 ) +1(3) 3 ( 4 ) +1(5) 3 ( 6 )+ 1(7)

2 ( 2 ) +2(3) 2 ( 4 ) +2(5) 2 ( 6 )+2( 7)
1 ( 2 ) +3(3) 1 ( 4 ) +3(5) 1 ( 6 ) +3 (7)

A*B =

9 17 25
10 18 26
11 19 27

3 1
2 4 6
2 2
3 5 7
1 3

3. Given a 4x4 matrix find

a.) Transpose Matrix
b.) Co-factor
c.) Inverse Matrix
d.) Skew-Symmetric Matrix

A=

Solution:

1 2 3
5 6 7
9 10 11

Answer

a.)

A=

1 2 3
5 6 7
9 10 11

AT =

b.)

A11 =

1 5 9
2 6 10
3 7 11

6 7
10 11

A13 =

[ ]

2 3
10 11

2 3
6 7

Co-factor =

1
D

Answer

= -4

A12 =

c.) A-1 =

= -8

= -4

[ ]
5 7
9 11

A21 =

= -6

A31 =

[ ]
5 6
9 10

= -4

A22 =

[ ]
1 3
9 11

= -16

A32 =

[ ]
1 2
9 10

= -8

A23 =

[ ]

= -8

A33 =

[ ]

= -4

4 6 4
8 16 10
4 8 4

1 3
5 7

1 2
5 6

Answer

Aadj.

D = (1)(6)(11)+(2)(7)(9)+(3)(5)(10)-(9)(6)(3)-(10)(7)(1)-(11)(5)(2)
D = 66+126+150-169-70-110
D = -7

Aadj.=

+++++
4 6 4
=
8 16 10
4 8 4

4
6
4
8 16 10
4
8 4

1
A-1 = 7

4
6
4
8 16 10
4
8 4

[ ]
4
7
8
7
4
7

6
7
16
7
8
7

4
7
10
7
4
7

Answer

DETERMINANTS
2x2 MATRIX OF DETERMINANTS
Example 1: Evaluate the determinant of matrix.

Make sure to apply the basic rules when multiplying integers. Remember, the product of
numbers with the same signs will always be positive. In contrary, if the signs are
different the product will be negative.

Example 2: Find the determinant of matrix.

Here is an example when all elements are negative. Make sure to apply the basic rules
when multiplying integers. Remember, the product of numbers with the same signs will
always be positive. In contrary, if the signs are different the product will be negative.

Example 3: Evaluate
matrix.

the determinant of

Make sure to remember the rule in subtracting numbers. That is, when you subtract,
change the operation from subtraction to addition but you must switch the sign of the
number directly found to its right. Other than that, proceed as usual.

3X3 MATRIX OF DETERMINANTS

Example 1
The computations for 33 determinants are messier than for 22's. Various
methods can be used, but the simplest is probably the following:

Take a
matrix A:

Write down its

determinant:

Extend the determinant's grid by

rewriting the first two columns of
numbers:

Then multiply along the down and

up-diagonals:
Add the down-diagonals and
subtract the up-diagonals:

And simplify:

Then det(A) = 1.

Example 2: Find the determinant of the following matrix:

First I convert from the matrix to

its determinant, with the extra
columns:

Then I multiply down and up the diagonals:

Then I add the down-diagonals, subtract the up-diagonals, and simplify for the
final answer:

4. Find the determinant of the following matrix:

First convert from the matrix to its determinant, with the extra columns:

Then I multiply down and up the diagonals:

Then I add the down-diagonals, subtract the up-diagonals, and simplify for the final
answer:

= (0) + (4) + (25) - (6) - (-35) - (0) = 29 29 = 58

Then det(A) = 58.

4x4 MATRIX OF DETERMINANTS

1. Obtained recursively by working our way down from 4x4 to 3x3 to 2x2 using cofactors.

+++++ + +

[ ]

3
A= 1
4
5

0 2 1
2 0 2
0 6 3
02 0

||

||

|| |

2 0 2
1 0 2
1 2 2
1 2 0
det A=3 0 6 3 0 4 6 2 +2 4 0 3 1 4 0 6
0 2 0
5 2 0
5 0 0
5 0 2

(|

| |

| | |)

(|

| |

| | |) ( | | | | | |)

3 2 6 3 0 0 3 +(2) 0 6 0+ 2 1 0 3 2 4 3 +(2) 4 0 +1 1 0 6 2 4 6 +0 4 0
2 0
0 0
0 2
0 0
5 0
5 0
0 2
5 2
5 0

0(6 )02(00)
0(15 )2 ( 00 )
1 ( 00 )2()+1 ( 1 ( 00 ) 2 ( 830 ) +0 )
2()+2
3
3 ( 2 )( 6 )+ 2 (2 )( 15 )+ (2 ) (22)

20
2. Easier To Expand Using Column 2
+

+++++ + +

[ ]

3
A= 1
4
5

0 2 1
2 0 2
0 6 3
02 0

||

||

||

1 0 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
det A=0 4 6 3 +2 4 6 3 0 1 0 2 +0 1 0 2
5 2 0
5 2 0
5 2 0
4 0 6

(| | |

2 5

| | |)

2 1
3 1
3 2
2
+0
6 3
4 3
4 6

66 (6 ) +2(2)(9 4)
2 (5 )
20

3. Easier To Expand Using Row 1

[ ]

2
A= 2
3
4

0 3 1
1 0 2
0 3 3
11 0

||

+++++ + +

||

| | |

1 0 2
2 0 2
2 1 2
2 1 0
det A=2 0 3 3 0 3 3 3 +3 3 0 3 (1) 3 0 3
1 1 0
4 1 0
4 1 0
4 1 1

( | | | | | |) ( | | | | | |) ( | | |

| |

2 1 3 3 0 0 3 + (2 ) 0 3 0 2 3 3 0 3 3 + (2 ) 3 3 + 3 2 0 3 1 3 3 + (2 ) 3 0
1 0
1 0
1 1
1 0
4 0
4 1
4 0
4 0
4 1

2 {1 ( 0 3 ) )0 ( 0 3 )2( 03)0 { 2 ( 0+ 3 )0 ( 0+12 ) 2(312) } +3 { 2 ( 0+12 )1 ( 0+12 )2(30) } +1 { 2 ( 03

2 ( 1 (3 )2 (3 ) ) +3 ( 2 (12 )1 ( 12 ) 2 ( 3 )) +1(2 (3 )1 (9 )2 ( 3 ) )
2 ( 3 )+ 3 ( 6 )+ 1 (3 )
21

CHIOS CONDENSATION METHOD

1. Let be the 5 order determinant:

2. 4x4

1
2
0 3 1
1 0 2 = 1
0 3 3
3
11 0
1
4

[ ]

1
|B|= 2
3
4

| || || |
| || || |
| || | | |
0
1
0
0
0
1

1
2
1
3
1
4

3
0
0
3
0
1

1
2
1
3
1
4

1
2
0
3
0
0

1 6 4
1
1
0 3 3 = 3 3 = ( 0(3 ) )=1 ( 3 ) =3
1 1 0 1
1 1
0

3. 3x3

][

0 1 3
1 0 3
|C|= 3 0 2 = 0 3 2
2 2 1 2 2 1

| | | |
]| | | |
1 0
0 3

1 3
0 2

1 0
2 2

1 3
2 1

| |

3 2 =1 ( 34 ) =1 (1 )=1
2 7

PIVOTAL METHOD
1. Find the determinant of
2 3 10
A 1
2 2
0
1 3
2 3

10

2 2 (2)

2 2 2 3

1 3

10

1 3

1 2 2
70 1 2
0 1 3 (1)
1 2 2
70 1 2
0 0 1

7(1)(1)( 1) 7

MODIFICATION METHOD

2 2

0 7
0

14

1 3

Factor 7 out of the 2nd row

1.) Find the equation of the straight line joining the points (2,4) and (-3,5)
Solution
Let,

and be any point that divides the two points

Using conventional method, we have

Thus,
Using the modified matrix method, we have

Thus, equation of the line is

2.)

Compute the equation of the straight line joining the points (2,3) and (6,-3)

Solution
Let
;
and
be any point that divides the
two points Using conventional method, we have

Thus,

Using the modified matrix method, we have

POWER SERIES

1.

Find the interval of convergence of the series

Thus, the series converges absolutely if

The series diverges if

or

Now we examine the endpoints. If

then

which converges by the alternating series test. Moreover, it converges absolutely (see

below). Similarly, if

then

which converges by the -series test. So, the interval of convergence is

radius of convergence is

and the

2. Find the interval of convergence of

series

the

Solution: By the ratio test we have

Thus, the series converges absolutely if

The series diverges if

Now we examine the

or
endpoints. If then

which converges by the alternating series test. Moreover, it

converges conditionally
(see below). Similarly, if then

which diverges by the -series test. So, the interval of

convergence is and the
radius of convergence is