Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OBJECTIVES
We students who are taking Additional Mathematics in this oncoming SPM are required
to carry out a project work while we are in Form 5. This project can be done in groups or
individually but each of us is expected to submit an individually written report. Upon completion
of the Additional Mathematics Project Report 2014, we are able to:
Page 1
FOREWARD
First of all, I would like to say thanks to Allah for giving me strength and health to carry
out this project work. A lot of thanks I give to my parents who are willing to transport me to a
gold shop to get the latest gold price. Then, tremendous thanks to my teacher, Pn. Nadiah binti
Lani for guiding me and my friends throughout this project. Internet, books, computers, and etc.
They also supported me and encouraged me to complete this task so that I will not procrastinate
in doing it. Last but not least, my friends who had contributed some ideas in completing the
tasks. They were helpful that when we combined and discussed together, we had this task done.
Page 2
INTRODUCTION
The idea of calculus had been developed earlier in Egypt, Greece, China, India, Iraq,
Persia and Japan. The use of calculus began in Europe, during the 17th century, when Isaac
Newton and Gottfried Wilheim Leibniz built on the work of earlier mathematics to introduce the
basic principles. The development of calculus was built on earlier concepts of instantaneous
motion and area under a curve.
Calculus, in general, is a mathematical study of change. Calculus comes from the Latin
word "calculus", which means small stones used for counting. Calculus are divided into two
major branches, which are differential calculus and integral calculus. Differential calculus
involves in finding the gradient at the certain point on a curve and to find the very small changes
of volume, length, area and many more. Integral calculus is used for computations involving area
under a curve and volume generated from the curve.
The differentiation and integration process are related to each other such that
differentiation is the reverse process of integration and vice versa. Differentiation involves the
decrease of power of unknown in certain function and integration involves the increase of power
of unknown in certain function.
Application of differential calculus include computations involving velocity and
acceleration, the slope of the curve and optimization. Applications of integral calculus include
computations involving area, volume, arc length, centre of mass, work and pressure. Calculus is
also used to gain a more precise understanding of the nature of space, time and motion.
Page 3
Part 1
Choose one pioneer of modern calculus that you like and write about his background
history . Hence, present your findings using one or more i-Think maps.
Internet
How do I
know what
I know?
Birth date:
25/12/1642
Founder of
differential
and integral
calculus.
The precursor
of modern
calculus.
Founder of
gravity term
and the
calculations.
Death date:
20/3/1727
Isaa
c
Works out on his
system of
fluxions and
fluents.
Books
Page 4
He published a
book entitled
Principia
and Opticks.
The principle of
inverse squares and
its relationship with
planetary orbits.
Conduct prism
experiments
and discover
the spectrum
of light.
Watch the
documentary
about his
timeline.
Part 2
A car travels along a road and its velocity-time function is illustrated in Diagram 1. The straight
Q
line PQ is parallel
to the straight line RS.
v (km/h)
v = 60t +20
P
Diagram1.0
1
1.5
v = -160t +320
2.0
R
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
Part 2 (a)
From the graph, find
(i)
(ii)
Page 5
t (h)
m=
y
x
m=
( 8020 ) kmh1
( 10 ) h
m=
60 kmh1
1h
2
m=60 kmh
1
1
x ( 20+ 80 ) x 1)+ ( 0.5 x 80 ) +( x 80 x 0.5 )
(
2
2
Average speed=
2
Average speed=
(50+ 40+20 ) km
2h
Average speed =
110 km
2h
1
Part 2 (b)
Muhammad Farhan bin Roslan
Page 6
Part 2 (c)
Using two different methods, find the total distance travelled by the car.
Answer:
Find the equation of straight line RS:
Since PQ and RS are parallel, the gradient is the same.
v = (-160)t + c
(Substitute the point (2.5,0) into the equation)
0 = (-160)(2.5) + c
0 = -400 + c
c = 400
So, the equation of RS is v = -160t + 400
Find coordinates of point S:
v = -160t + 400
(Substitute t = 3 into the equation)
v = -160 (3) + 400
v = -480 + 400
v = -80
So, the coordinates of point S is (3.0,-80)
Page 7
Total Distance=
Total Distance=190 km
( 60 t+ 20 ) dt
0
60t
+ 20t
2
( 602 +20)
60(1)
+20 (1) +0
2
50 km
(160 t +320 ) dt
1.5
160 t
+320 t
2
1.5
Page 8
[(
160(2)2
160(1.5)2
+320(2)
+320(1.5)
2
2
)(
)]
(160 t +400 ) dt
2.5
160 t 2
+ 400t
2
[(
2.5
)]
160(3)2
160(2.5)2
+ 400(3)
+ 400(2.5)
2
2
)(
(720+1200 )(500+1000 )
480500
|20|km
Since the value of total distance cannot be negative, a modulus is put to get the positive value.
20 km
Total area during 3.5th hour to 4th hour :
Since the equation of straight line of graph from 3.5th hour to 4th hour is not given, we have to
find the equation through the given information from the graph.
The equation of the graph:
Muhammad Farhan bin Roslan
Page 9
(Substitute the point (4,0) into the equation and find gradient, m from the graph)
800
( 43.5
)( 4) +c
0=
0=640+c
c=640
( 160 t640 ) dt
3.5
160t 2
640 t
2
3.5
[(
160(4)2
160(3.5)2
640(4)
640(3.5)
2
2
)(
)]
( 12802560 ) ( 9802240 )
1280(1260)
|20|km
Since the value of total distance cannot be negative, a modulus is put to get the positive value.
20 km
Total Area Under The Whole Graph (Distance):
Page 10
Part 2 (d)
Based on the above graph, write an interesting story of the journey in not more than 100 words.
Answer:
Last Saturday, my family and I went to Nilai to buy some clothes for Aidilfitri Eve. At the
start of journey, my father drove the car at 20 km/h and accelerated steadily until it reached 80
km/h at the first hour. He drove the car at constant speed of 80 km/h for half an hour. Then, he
decelerated the car until we reached the Nilai after another half an hour. After buying some
things, we went back. At the start, my father started accelerated until 80 km/h for half an hour
and drove at constant speed of 80 km/h for half an hour. Then, he decelerated for half an hour
and stopped at a restaurant to eat lunch before going home.
Part 3
y
8m
Diagram 2 shows a parabolic satellite disc which is symmetrical at the y-axis. Given that the
diameter of the disc is 8 m and the depth is 1 m.
1m
y = f (x)
4
Muhammad Farhan bin Roslan
0 Page 11
Diagram2
Part 3 (a)
Find the equation of the curve y = f(x).
Answer:
y=f ( x )
y=a x 2 +c
a=
1
16
1 2
x +4
16
Part 3 (b)
Page 12
(ii) y
y = f(x)
y = f(x)
Diagram3(i)
Diagram 3(ii)
y
(iii)
y = f(x)
Diagram 3(iii)
[(
[(
[(
Third strip :
Fourth strip :
Fifth strip :
[(
1
( 0.5 )2 +4 x 0.5 m2 =2.0078 m2
16
1 2
( 1 ) + 4 x 0.5 m2=2.0313m2
16
1
(1.5 )2+ 4 x 0.5 m2=2.0703 m2
16
1 2
( 2 ) +4 x 0.5 m2=2.1250 m 2
16
Page 13
Seventh strip :
Eighth strip :
17.0938 m
Answer for (ii):
First strip :
[(
Second strip :
[(
Sixth strip :
1
( 1.5 )2 +4 x 0.5 m2 =2.0703 m2
16
1
( 2.5 )2 + 4 x 0.5 m2=2.1953 m2
16
1
( 3 )2 +4 x 0.5 m2 =2.2813 m2
16
Seventh strip :
Eighth strip :
1 2
( 2 ) + 4 x 0.5 m2=2.1250 m2
16
Fourth strip :
Fifth strip :
1
( 1 )2+ 4 x 0.5 m2=2.0313 m2
16
[(
[(
[(
[(
[(
[(
Third strip :
]
]
]
]
]
1
( 0.5 )2 + 4 x 0.5 m2=2.0078 m2
16
1
( 3.5 )2+ 4 x 0.5 m 2=2.3828 m 2
16
1
( 4 )2+ 4 x 0.5 m2=2.5000m2
16
Page 14
[(
[(
]
) ]
) ]
Firstsecond strip :
1
( 0.5 )2+ 4 x 1 m2=4.0156 m2
16
Thirdfourth strip :
1
( 1.5 )2 +4 x 1 m 2=4.1406 m2
16
Fifthsixth strip :
[(
1
(2.5 )2+ 4 x 1 m2=4.3906 m2
16
Seventheighth strip :
[(
1
( 3.5 )2 + 4 x 1 m2 =4.7656 m 2
16
Part 3 (c)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
1 2
x + 4 ) dx
( 16
0
1 3
x +4 x
48
4
0
Page 15
17.3333 m2
Answer for (ii):
Difference in value for Diagram (i):
17.3333 m2 17.0938m2
0.2395 m2
Difference in value for Diagram (ii):
2
17.5938 m 17.3333m
0.2605 m
Increase the number of strips per unit length by shortening the width of the strip.
Use the two strips of the same height such that the highest point at the middle of the strips
intersects with the curve of the graph.
Part 3 (d)
Calculate the volume of the satellite disc.
y=
1 2
x +4
16
Page 16
x=( 16 y64 ) 2
Volume of the satellite disc:
[ (16 y 64 )
5
1 2
2
] dy
(16 y64)dy
4
16 y 2
64 y
2
[(
)]
16(5)2
16 (4 )2
64(5)
64 (4)
2
2
)(
[ ( 200320 )( 128256 ) ]
3
[ ( 120(128 )) ] cm
8 cm3
y
0
Further Exploration
f ( x) 1.2 5x2
Diagram 4(a)
A gold ring in Diagram 4(a) has the same volume as the solid of revolution obtained when the
shaded region in Diagram 4 (b) is rotated 360o about the x-axis.
-0.2
Page 17
0.2
Diagram 4(b)
Find
a) the volume of gold needed,
b) the cost of gold needed for the ring.
(Gold density is 19.3 gcm-3. The price of gold can be obtained from the goldsmith)
Answer for (a):
Total volume generated of the gold-shaded region:
0.2
0.2
25 x
1.44 x
5
[(
5 0.2
( 1.44 )( 0.2 )
0.016
0.2
)]
25(0.2)5
25(0.2)5
( 1.44 )(0.2 )
0.016
5
5
)(
0.288(0.0016 )
( 0.2880.0016 ) ( ] 0.016
Page 18
0.5728 0.016
0.5568 cm 3
Answer for (b):
Let = 3.142, so:
0.5568 cm 3=0.5568 ( 3.142 ) cm 3
1.7495 cm3
Mass of the gold ring:
1.7495 cm3 x 19.3 gcm3
33.7654 g
Cost of the gold ring:
33.7654 g x RM 129.55 g1
RM 4374.65
Page 19
REFLECTION
After doing some research, answering questions and some problem-solving, I realize that
the usage of differential calculus and integral calculus is really important in our daily life. It is
not just used widely in graph-of-motion-related problems, but it is also used in business
involving gold rings and gold necklaces like finding the volume and mass of the gold ring as
well as costs of the gold ring from the mass of the gold ring. The moral value that I practiced is
appreciating the importance of calculus in our daily life because without it, we cannot analyze
the curve graph of motion and many more. As a conclusion, calculus is important in our daily
life.
Page 20