MINERALS, ROCKS, AND SOIL

UNIT OVERVIEW Earth is made up various living and nonliving materials. In the Minerals,
Rocks, and Soil unit, students learn about the properties, classification,
and uses for many nonliving Earth materials. Elements form minerals,
and minerals form rocks. Different rock typesigneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphiccan transform through the rock cycle. Through the processes
of weathering and erosion, rocks change, break, and move. Minerals mix
with organic material to form the soil on which plants and animals rely.
People use Earth resources by mining, drilling, and refining raw materials
and have become dependent on them for many purposes.
Certain reading resources are provided at three reading
levels within the unit to support differentiated instruction.
Other resources are provided as a set, with different titles
offered at each reading level. Dots on student resources
indicate the reading level as follows:
low reading level
middle reading level
high reading level

THE BIG IDEA

 inerals, rocks, and soilalong with air, sunlight, and waterare the
M
nonliving portions of Earths ecosystems. The interaction of living and
nonliving components defines an ecosystem and allows for great biodiversity.
By learning about minerals, rocks, and soil, students will come to understand
the processes by which they are formed, how they change through time, and
their importance to Earth and its inhabitants. Nutrient-rich soil is home to
many organisms and provides the foundation for much of the life on Earth.
Humans have come to rely on Earths resources for many purposes, including
building materials, electronic components, household items, car parts,
cosmetics, and energy sources. While seemingly abundant, Earths resources
are limited and must be preserved for future generations.

Other topics
This unit also addresses topics such as: mining, moon rocks, fossils,
quicksand, and special uses of minerals, including gold.

SPARK

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 he spark is designed to get students thinking about the units topics and
T
to generate curiosity and discussion.

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE
Materials
n

cupful of playground sand

hand lens

paper plate

strong magnet

Activity
Place students in pairs or small groups. Have them pour a cupful of
playground sand onto a paper plate. Ask students to examine the sand
using a hand lens and to discuss their observations with their partner.
Encourage them to describe the sand in as many ways as they can,
including how it feels. Students may also run the magnet through the
sand and observe whether anything within the sand is attracted to it.
Invite a volunteer from each group to share observations with the class.
Below are questions to spark discussion.
What is sand?
Where does sand come from?
Do all grains of sand look the same? Why do you think this is so?
Why are some grains of sand smaller than others?
Did the magnet pick up anything from the sand? Why do you think this is so?
Where are you most likely to find sand in nature? Why?
Use this activity to begin an introductory discussion about minerals, rocks,
and soil. Explain that sand is an Earth resource that results from the breaking
down of rocks. Over time, large rocks are broken down into smaller and
smaller pieces, eventually forming sand and soil. Sand also contains minerals,
sometimes including one called magnetite. This mineral is highly magnetic
and therefore is attracted to a magnet. Throughout the unit, students will
learn more about minerals, rocks, and soil.
Many of the units vocabulary terms are related to the spark activity and can
be introduced during the spark. For vocabulary work, see the Vocabulary
section in this Unit Guide.

PRIOR
KNOWLEDGE

I nvite students to explain their understanding of what minerals, rocks,

and soil each are. Ask them to explain how all three are related, if at all.

Probing Questions to Think About

Use the following questions to have students begin thinking of what they
know about minerals, rocks, and soil.
n

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 hat is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

W
What are rocks and minerals made of?
Are all rocks the same? How do they differ?

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE
n

 hy are there so many different sizes of rocks?

W
Why are only some rocks worth a lot of money?
Is soil the same wherever you go? Why or why not?
What do a mountain and a pebble have in common?
Can weather affect the land? If so, how?
Are minerals, rocks, and soil important for plants and animals? Explain.
How do people use minerals, rocks, and soil?

Tell students they will learn more about these topics soon.

UNIT MATERIALS Each unit provides a wide variety of resources related to the unit topic.
Students may read books and other passages, work in groups to complete
hands-on experiments and investigations, discuss science ideas as a class,
watch videos, complete writing tasks, and take assessments.
Resources are available for printing or projecting, and many student
resources are also available for students to access digitally on
.
Selected unit resources are available in more than one language.
For a complete list of materials provided with the unit, see the Minerals,
Rocks, and Soil unit page on the Science AZ website.

VOCABULARY Use the terms below for vocabulary development throughout the unit.
Cut or Fold

Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

a metal that is a

alloy
(noun)

combination of two
or more metals,
often making the
metal stronger

WORD CARD

DEFINITION CARD

$
Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

bedrock
(noun)

Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

the solid rock underneath

soil or loose rocks; the
lowest of three main
layers of soil

WORD CARD

DEFINITION CARD

$
Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

crystal
(noun)

WORD CARD
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They can be found in boldface in the Nonfiction Book, the Quick Reads,
and/or other unit resources. These terms and definitions are available
on Vocabulary Cards for student practice. Additional vocabulary lists are
provided in the teaching tips for Investigation Packs and FOCUS Books.

Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

a mineral that forms in

regular, tight patterns

DEFINITION CARD
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Core Science Terms

These terms are crucial to understanding the unit.
crystal

a mineral that forms in regular, tight patterns

deposit

t o set down one or more layers of material in a new

place, as water or wind can do to sediment

elements

 ure substances; the building blocks of everything

p
on Earth

erosion

t he process of transporting and wearing away rocks

or soil as loose particles are moved by water, wind,
ice, or gravity

fossil

t he remains of a plant or animal that turned to stone

over a long period of time

igneous rock

r ock formed by the cooling and hardening of hot

magma or lava

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE
metal

a material, usually hard and shiny, that allows

electricity and heat to move through it

metamorphic rock r ock formed when any type of rock goes through
changes caused by extreme heat and pressure
mineral

a solid, natural material that does not come from

a living thing

resources

s upplies of things that are valuable or very useful

to people

rock

a hard, solid material that is made of minerals

and is found in nature

rock cycle

t he series of changes that rock undergoes as it shifts

between different types

sedimentary rock r ock formed when sediment is pressed together

over time
soil

the top layer of the ground, in which plants grow; dirt

weathering

t he process of wearing away or otherwise changing

Earths surface, caused by natural forces

Other Key Science Terms

The following vocabulary is not essential for comprehending the unit
but may enrich students vocabulary.

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alloy

a metal that is a combination of two or more metals,

often making the metal stronger

bedrock

t he solid rock underneath soil or loose rocks;

the lowest of three main layers of soil

drill

t o use a tool to make a hole, such as to get materials

from underground

energy resources

s upplies of materials that can be used by people

to do work and to supply power

humus

t he organic component of soil that is composed

of plant decay

inorganic

not having to do with or coming from living organisms

lava

melted, liquid rock that reaches Earths surface

magma

melted, liquid rock beneath Earths surface

matter

anything that takes up space and has weight

mine

to take minerals from the ground by digging or blasting

ore

a rock that has useful metals or other minerals inside it

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE
organic

having to do with or coming from living organisms

process

t o cause something to go through steps that will

change or improve it

raw material

a substance in its natural form

refine

to remove unwanted materials from a substance

subsoil

t he middle layer of soil, which contains more rocks

than topsoil

topsoil

t he top layer of soil, in which most plants have

their roots

Vocabulary Activities

Nam e

MINERALS

__________

You may choose to introduce all the terms that will be encountered in the
unit before assigning any of the reading components. Vocabulary Cards with
the key science terms and definitions are provided. Dots on the cards indicate
the reading levels of the Nonfiction Book or the Quick Reads in which each term
can be found. If all level dots appear, the term may come from another
resource in the unit. Students can use these cards to review and practice the
terms in small groups or pairs. The cards can also be used for center activity
games such as Concentration.
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The Word Work activity sheets offer fun puzzles and practice with key
vocabulary terms from the unit. For further vocabulary practice and
reinforcement, you can choose from the vocabulary Graphic Organizers.
To build customized vocabulary lessons with terms related to the topic,
.
see
Students can use the Word Smart vocabulary Graphic Organizer to organize
information on the science terms. You may want to assign each student
one to three words to share his or her Word Smart knowledge with classmates.
Students who have the same word should first compare their Word Smart
sheets with each other and then report to the larger group.
The science terms can be used in oral practice. Have students use each
term in a spoken sentence.
As students read, encourage them to create a science dictionary by recording
new vocabulary terms and definitions in their SAZ Journal.

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE

BACKGROUND and Use this section as a resource for more background knowledge on unit
MISCONCEPTIONS content and to clarify the content for students if misconceptions arise.

Refer to Using the Internet below for more ways to extend the learning.

Minerals, Rocks,
and Soil
A Science AZ Earth Series
Word Count: 1,748

Minerals,
Rocks,
and Soil

Written by Rachel Kamb

Visit www.sciencea-z.com

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Q: Are rocks and minerals the same things?

A: No. Minerals are made from individual elements or combinations
of elements. Almost all rocks are made up of minerals (some contain
organic material), and they usually contain more than one type of
mineral. A rocks unique composition and the process by which it
is formed determine its type.
Q: Can people make rocks and minerals?
A: No, not in the scientific sense. Rocks and minerals are natural, limited
Earth resources. They are formed over millions of years through natural
processes. While companies may sell synthetic stone products, these are
not true rocks.
Q: Do rocks last forever?
A: Yes and no. While they seem hard and unyielding, rocks change and
break down over time through the processes of weathering and erosion.
Even large mountains are eventually weathered away. However, the material
that makes up rocks is never lost. Small parts or particles of rocks can
undergo changes through the rock cycle, and form new rocks.
Q: Rocks seem very strong. Can wind, water, and ice really break them and wear
them down?
A: Absolutely! Wind, water, and ice are erosional forces that can have
a dramatic effect on rocks and soil, particularly over great expanses
of time. Even minute, imperceptible changes can become enormous
changes when they continue over millions of years. Weathering, erosion,
and deposition are forces that constantly change and reshape Earths surface.
Q: Once a rock is made, can it ever change?
A: Yes. Through the rock cycle, each of the major rock groupsigneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphiccan be transformed into any other type.
Sediments from the weathering of any of these three kinds of rock can
be compressed to form sedimentary rocks. Igneous rock is made from
magma that once might have been any of the three rock types. Finally,
both sedimentary and igneous rocks can be transformed into metamorphic
rock, and existing metamorphic rock can undergo further changes when
exposed to intense heat and pressure under Earths surface.

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Minerals, Rocks, and Soil

UNIT GUIDE
Q: Are rocks always heavy and hard to break?

A: No. A small piece of rock will weigh less than a larger piece of rock of
the same type. A rocks characteristics depend on the minerals that make it
up and how the rock was formed. For example, a rock may contain quartz
crystals, which are very hard, while calcite or mica in the same rock may
be softer and easy to scratch or peel away. Some rocks, such as pumice, are
very light and can often float on water. Pumice is made when frothy lava
cools quickly on Earths surface. Rocks that are formed below the ground
under high pressure and heat, such as marble, are very dense and heavy.
Q: Does soil turn into rock, or does rock turn into soil?
A: Both processes occur as part of the rock cycle. Weathering causes large
rocks to break apart into smaller and smaller pieces that eventually become
sediment and part of soil. Erosion moves rocks and soil to areas where
layers of sediment build up. When these layers of sediment are subjected
to pressure over a long period of time, sedimentary rock forms.
Q: Rocks and minerals may look pretty, but are they actually important?
A: Yes, they are. Rocks, minerals, and soil are extremely important to
all plants and animals, including humans. Plants and some animals live
and grow in soil and depend upon minerals in the soil for growth and
development. Many animals, including humans, eat plants that have
grown in soil. Humans also rely on rocks, minerals, and soil for many
things. Almost every product in your daily life requires some kind of mined
mineral. For example, aluminum is used to make bicycles, fluorite is used
to make the fluoride found in toothpaste, iron and steel are used to make
pots and pans used for cooking, clay is used in floor tiles, and so on.
Q: So what is everything made ofelements or atoms?
A: Both! For all intents and purposes, elements are the building blocks
of all matter, both living and nonliving. Elements are basic substances
that combine (in compounds) to make up all matter. Each element is made
of only one kind of atom and cannot be broken down into other substances.
Each atom of a particular element has a specific combination of subatomic
particles that distinguishes it from atoms of any other element.

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UNIT GUIDE

Jupiterimages Corporation

EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES

Using the Internet

Most search engines will yield many results when the term minerals,
rocks, or soil is entered. You can also perform a more specific search,
such as how igneous rock forms. Be aware that some sites may not be
educational or intended for the elementary classroom. More specific
inquiries are recommended, such as:
n

geology for kids

soil composition diagram
mineral identification
careers in geosciences

rocks and minerals of Minnesota

interactive rock cycle
weathering vs. erosion
local gem and mineral museums

Below are some links with excellent resources for students and/or teachers.
The chemistry department at the University of Nottingham provides
informative videos related to elements, called the Periodic Table of
Videos. Click on an elements symbol to access a video explaining the
properties and uses of that element. Under Photos, the site offers a poster
with scannable QR codes; download the image for quick access to these
award-winning videos. www.periodicvideos.com
Mineralogy4Kids is a website for children. Follow the Rock Cycle link for an
excellent explanation of this process. Follow the Minerals in Your House link
to learn which minerals are used for everyday items. This site also includes
an Ask a Mineralogist feature, in which students can submit questions to be
answered by an expert. www.mineralogy4kids.org
KidsGeo allows children to choose chapters for topics they would like to learn
more about. Follow the Geology Online link for educational chapters or the
Geology Games link to play a fun Rock Types game. www.kidsgeo.com/index.php
This site, published by the United States Geological Survey, contains useful
information about rocks and minerals for both teachers and students. Use
the visual glossary link to look up geology terms and follow links for more
in-depth information. http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/parks/rxmin/index.html
Learn about the geology of Bryce Canyonand many other national parks
that have amazing geologic featureson this website published by the
National Park Service. Students can become an official Geodetective and
receive a free patch from the Park Service by learning three new things
about geology. www.nps.gov/brca/forkids/geodetkids.htm

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UNIT GUIDE
Projects and Activities
n

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 ield Trip: Bring students to a rock museum, mineral museum, or science

F
center that has an extensive rock collection. Have students keep a science
journal to record drawings and observations of all their favorite specimens.
Project: Have students survey the classroom looking for items that
contain rocks and minerals. Students might be surprised to find that
most things contain some form of nonliving Earth resource. Several
websites, such as: www.mii.org/commonminerals.html, explain common
uses of minerals.
Arts/Project: Have students make a paperweight by decorating a rock
found in their neighborhood.
Project/Home Connection: Have students collect rocks around their
home and neighborhood. Challenge them to build an organized rock
collection by sorting and identifying rocks.
Research: Ask each student to bring in one interesting rock. Using
a rock and mineral guide, help students identify each rock and its
mineral composition. Create a labeled class collection.
Writing: Invite students to write a first-person narrative from the
perspective of a rock going through the rock cycle. Instruct them
to describe at least two transitions or changes that occurred during
the life of the rock. For extensive writing instruction, including
how to write a personal narrative, see
.
Guest: Invite a geologist or a mineralogist to the classroom to explain
the distinction between minerals and rocks, and to put into perspective
the passage of geologic time.
Technology: Have students conduct a supervised Internet search to find
out what nonliving materials are in familiar objects, such as cell phones
or tennis rackets.
Community Service/Field Trip: Bring students to a local natural or
developed area to search for examples of human-caused erosion. For
example, clear-cutting a forest hillside may cause soil erosion with the
next heavy rainfall. Runoff from a parking lot may be eroding nearby
soil. Brainstorm ways in which students can slow harmful erosion in
their community.
Research/Home Connection: Students can conduct
research as a family/home project or in the library/
media center to extend the learning about a topic
in one of the Quick Reads or other unit resources.

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