Harolds

Parent Functions
Cheat Sheet
28 December 2015

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Graph

Characteristics

Algebra

Constant

() =

Linear
or
Identity

() =

Quadratic
or
Square

() = 2

Square Root

() =

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Domain: (, )
Range: [c, c]
Inverse Function: Undefined (asymptote)
Restrictions: c is a real number
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
+ = 0
Domain: (, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: m 0
Odd/Even: Odd
General Forms:
+ + = 0
= +
0 = ( 0 )
Domain: (, )
Range: [0, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
2 + + + = 0
Domain: [0, )
Range: [0, )
Inverse Function:
() = x 2
Restrictions: 0
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = ( ) +

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Absolute Value

() = ||

Cubic

() = 3

Cube Root

() =

Exponential

() = 10

() =

Logarithmic

() = log

() = ln

Graph

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Characteristics
Domain: (, )
Range: [0, )
Inverse Function:
() = 0
Restrictions:
, 0
() = {
, < 0
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
() = |( )| +
Domain: (, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
3
() =
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( ))3 +
Domain: (, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() = 3
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
3
() = ( ) +
Domain: (, )
Range: (0, )
Inverse Function:
() = log

() = ln
Restrictions: None, x can be imaginary
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = 10(()) +
Domain: (0, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() = 10

() =
Restrictions: x > 0
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = log(( )) +
2

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Graph

Characteristics
Domain: (, 0) (0, )
Range: (, 0) (0, )
Inverse Function:

Reciprocal
or
Rational

() =
() =

Restrictions: x 0
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = [

Greatest
Integer
or
Floor

() = []

Inverse
Functions

() = ,

1 ()

= 1 (())
=

]+
( )

Domain: (, )
Range: (, ) whole numbers only
Inverse Function: Undefined (asymptotic)
Restrictions: Real numbers only
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = [( )] +
Domain of x Domain of y
Range of y Range of x
Inverse Function: By definition
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +

Conic Sections

Circle

2 + 2 = 2

Domain: [ + , + ]
Range: [ + , + ]
Inverse Function: Same as parent
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Both
Focus : (, )
General Forms:
( )2 + ( )2 = 2
2 + + 2 + + + = 0
= = 0

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Function
Name

Ellipse

Parent
Function

Graph

2 2
+
=1
2 2

Characteristics
Domain: [ + , + ]
Range: [ + , + ]
Inverse Function:
2 2
+
=1
2 2
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Both
Foci : 2 = 2 2
General Forms:
( )2 ( )2
+
=1
2
2
2 + + 2 + + + = 0
where 2 4 < 0

Parabola

= 2

Domain: (, )
Range: [, ) or (, ]
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
Vertex : (, )
Focus : (, + )
General Forms:
( )2 = 4( )
2 + + 2 + + + = 0
where 2 4 = 0

Hyperbola

2 2

=1
2 2

Domain: (, -a+h] [a+h, )

Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
2 2

=1
2 2
Restrictions: Domain is restricted
Odd/Even: Both
Foci : 2 = 2 + 2
General Forms:
( )2 ( )2

=1
2
2
2 + + 2 + + + = 0
where 2 4 > 0

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Graph

Characteristics

Trigonometry

Sine

() =

Cosine

() =

Domain: (, )
Range: [1, 1]
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, )
Range: [1, 1]
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
() = (( )) +

() =
Tangent
=

Domain: (, ) except for = 2

Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1

Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 2
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +

() = sec
Secant
=

() =
Cosecant
=

() =
Cotangent
=

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Domain: (, ) except for = 2

Range: (,1] [1, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, ) except for =
Range: (, -1] [1, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, ) except for =
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Asymptotes at x =
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
5

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Graph

Characteristics
Domain: [1, 1]

Arcsine

() = 1

Arccosine

() = 1

Range: [ 2 , 2 ] or Quadrants I & IV

Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: [1, 1]
Range: [0, ] or Quadrants I & II
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: None
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (, )

Arctangent

() = 1

Arcsecant

() = 1

Arccosecant

() = 1

Arccotangent

() = 1

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Range: ( , ) or Quadrants I & IV

2 2
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (,1] [1, )

Range: [0, ) ( , ] or Quadrants I & II

2
2
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (,1] [1, )

Range: [ 2 , 0) (0, 2 ] or Quadrants I & IV

Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range & Domain are bounded
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (, )
Range: (0, ) or Quadrants I & II
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Range is bounded
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +

Function
Name

Parent
Function

Graph

Characteristics

Hyperbolics

() = sinh
Hyperbolic Sine
=

() =
Hyperbolic
Cosine

+
=
2

() =
Hyperbolic
Tangent

2 1
2 + 1

() = sech
Hyperbolic
Secant

() =
Hyperbolic
Cosecant

() =
Hyperbolic
Cotangent

2 + 1
2 1

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Domain: (, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, )
Range: [1, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, )
Range: (1, 1)
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 1
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, )
Range: (0, 1]
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Asymptote at = 0
Odd/Even: Even
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, 0) (0, )
Range: (, 0] [0, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 0, = 0
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
Domain: (, 0) (0, )
Range: (, 1) (1, )
Inverse Function:
() = 1
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 0, = 1
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = (( )) +
7

Function
Name

Hyperbolic
Arcsine

Hyperbolic
Arccosine

Parent
Function

Graph

() = 1
= ( + 2 + 1)

() = 1
= ( + 2 1)

() = 1
Hyperbolic
Arctangent

1
1+
= (
)
2
1

() = 1
Hyperbolic
Arcsecant

1
1
= ( + 2 1)

() = 1
Hyperbolic
Arccosecant

1
1
= ( + 2 + 1)

() = 1
Hyperbolic
Arccotangent

1
+1
= (
)
2
1

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold A. Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

Characteristics
Domain: (, )
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: None
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: [1, )
Range: [0, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: 0
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (1, 1)
Range: (, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 1
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (0, 1]
Range: [0, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions:
Odd/Even: Neither
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: (, 0) (0, )
Range: (, 0] [0, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 0, = 0
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
Domain: [, 1) (1, ]
Range: (, 0) (0, )
Inverse Function:
() =
Restrictions: Asymptotes at = 0, = 1
Odd/Even: Odd
General Form:
() = 1 (( )) +
8

Graphing Tips
All Functions
The Six Function
Levers

y = a f (b (x - h)) + k

Graphing Tips

1) Move up/down

(Vertical translation)

+ Moves it up

2) Move left/right

(Phase shift)

+ Moves it right

3) Stretch up/down

(Amplitude)

Larger stretches it taller or makes it grow faster

4) Stretch left/right

(Frequency 2)

Larger stretches it wider

5) Flip about x-axis

a a

6) Flip about y-axis

b b

() ()
If () = () then odd function
() ()
If () = () then even function

Trigonometric Functions
The Six Trig Levers

y = a sin (b (x - h)) + k

Graphing Tips
(max + min)
2

Notes
If = () then x-axis is replaced
by ()-axis

1) Move up/down

(Vertical translation)

2) Move left/right

(Phase shift)

3) Stretch up/down

(Amplitude)

4) Stretch left/right

(Frequency 2)

5) Flip about x-axis

a a

() ()

Odd Function: () = ()

6) Flip about y-axis

b b

() ()

Even Function: () = ()

k=

+ shifts right
(max min)
2
2
1
T=
=
|b|

a=

Copyright 2011-2015 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor

() = ( /2)
a is NOT peak-to-peak on y-axis
T = peak-to-peak on -axis

= for ()