Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. T. K. Bandyopadhyay
Joint Director general
TOPICS COVERED
INTRODUCTION
BRIEF DISCUSSION ON DESIGN
METHODOLOGIES
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF IS 800 (2007)
IS 800 (2007) & OTHER INTERNATIONAL
CODES
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
Codes & Standards provides specifications and
stipulations for state-of-the-art design to be put into
practice.
Codes and Standards pertaining to Steel Design must
be
Understandable
Shall be based on good structural theory
Shall deal with elastic instability, dynamic loads and fatigue
INTRODUCTION
Earlier IS: 800 was based on Allowable Stress design
(ASD) methodology.
Methodology of Design of Steel Structures has
undergone major changes during the last two
decades due to research all over the world.
Revision of many other steel related codes in India
are also dependent on revision of IS 800.
An out-dated code is detrimental to the very purpose
of the code of practice itself.
Thus, revision of IS 800 was essential to include
design stipulations as are prevalent all over the world
and to ensure availability of efficient sections.
INTRODUCTION
Almost all countries are adopting more efficient
techniques of design based on various efficient
codes.
The current practice all over the world is based on
Limit State Method (LSM) or Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD) method.
Country wise practice of design procedure is given in
Table 1.
Table: 1 Countries and their Design Format
Australia, Canada,
China, Europe, U.K.,
Japan
U. S. A
India
INTRODUCTION
LSM has become the design philosophy in most of
the International design standards.
LSM design ensures
Rationality in Design
Economy of Design
A. ASD METHODS
Where, Plimit, Pfield, and Pcritical are the factored limit load
of the structure, load at plastic collapse ignoring
instability, and the elastic critical load of the structure
respectively.
Plastic
Compact
Semi-compact
Slender
Mathematical representation
criteria in LSM is
of
strength
1
L .Qk
(Function of y and other
f . m1. m 2 geometric variables)
check
where
m1 & , m2
Qk
Compression
Tension
Bending
Combined effect of Bending and Tension
Combined effect of Bending and Compression
Compressive
Tensile
Shear
Compressive forces
Tensile forces
Bending Moments
Percentage Strength
Utilised
TENSION MEMBERS
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
WSM
LSM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Various Design Options
Percentage Strength
Utilised
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
WSM
LSM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Various Design Options
0.8
fcd / fy
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Slender Ratio
Fig 3 Column Buckling Curves
3.0
3.5
Cross Section
Limits
h / b > 1.2:
Rolled I - Section
y
Buckling Buckling
about axis
Class
tf 40 mm
z-z
yy
a
b
40 mm < tf 100 mm
zz
y-y
b
c
tf 100 mm
z-z
yy
b
c
tf > 100 mm
zz
y-y
d
d
tf 40 mm
z-z
yy
b
c
tf > 40 mm
zz
y-y
c
d
tf
tw
h / b 1.2:
b
y
Welded I - Section
y
tw
h z
y
b
tff
tw
zh z
tff
z
y
b
Cross Section
Limits
Hollow Section
tf
tw
Hot Rolled
Any
Cold Formed
Any
Generally
(Except as bellow)
Any
zz
y-y
c
c
Any
Any
Buckling Buckling
about axis
Class
b / tf < 30
h / tw < 30
b y
z
y
y
Built-up Members
z
y
Percentage Strength
Utilised
FLEXURE MEMBERS
120.000
100.000
80.000
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
WSM
LSM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Various Design Options
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
mo
1.10
1.00
1.10
1.11
1.11
m1
1.25
1.20
1.25
1.31
1.31
0.90
0.90
dh + 2mm
dh
dh
dh
dh + 2mm
dh
dh
dh
dh
dh + 2mm
fy Ag / mo
fy Ag / mo
fy A g
fy A g
( = 0.90)
( = 0.90)
Fabrication Factor
For Punched Hole, dh
For Drilled Hole, dh
Gross Section
Capacity
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
0.9Anfu / m1
fy Ae
0.9Anfu / m1
0.85 An fu
. Ae.fu
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
- do -
U An fu / m1
0.85 kt An fu
- do -
Angles
0.9Anc fu / m1
+ Ago fy / mo
- do -
fy (Ae 0.5a2 )
- do -
kt = 0.85
- do -
- do -
fy (Ae 0.25a2 )
- do -
kt = 1.00
- do -
- do -
fy (Ae 0.5a2 )
- do -
kt = 0.85
- do -
- do -
fy (Ae 0.3a2 )
- do -
kt = 0.85
- do -
- do -
fy (Ae 0.15a2 )
- do -
kt = 1.00
- do -
- do -
fy (Ae 0.5a2 )
- do -
kt = 0.85
- do -
Shear Lag
Factor, U
U (General)
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
fy
f y Ae 0.5 Ago
fu
0.9 Anc m1 + Ago mo
An f u
f
An u
f
m1
{ Ae = u An < Ag }
1 .2 f y
Eurocode
(1993)
AS
4100
(1998)
kt
AISC
360
(2005)
1=
2(e2-0.5do)/An
Angle (n = 1)
x
L
0.85
0.60
Angle (n = 2)
0.4 +
0.3
( p 2.5d o ) < 0.7
2.5d o
0.85
0.60
Angle (n = 3)
0.2
( p 2.5d o ) < 0.7
2.5d o
0.2
( p 2.5d o ) < 0.7
0.4 +
2.5d o
0.85
0.60
0.85
0.80
Unequal angle
(short leg conn.)
0.75
0.85
0.85
Angle (n = 4 or
more)
0.5 +
IS 800
(2007)
Shear Plane
capacity
Avg . f y / 3 mo
Tension Plane
Capacity
0.9 Atn.fu / m1
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
0.6 Avg.fy
0.6 Anv Fy
0.6 Ke Atn.fy
Ubs Agt Fu
Ubs = 1 for uniform
tensile stress
Ubs = 0.5 for
uniform tensile
stress
Block Shear
capacity (Case
2)
Shear Plane
capacity
Tension Plane
Capacity
0.9 Avn . f u / 3 m1
Atg.fy / mo
0.6 Agv Fy
Ubs Ant Fu
where
n
of
Avn
of
Atg
dh
= Diameter of
fastener hole
Atn
= Connection
eccentricity
a2
Area of outstanding
leg
An
= Net area
fu
Ae
= Effective area
fy
Yield stress
Avg
= Gross shear
plane area
Length of connection
= Number
bolts
= Diameter
fasteners
IS 800
(2007)
BS
5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
Plastic Section
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = be.t = Ag
Ae = Ag
Compact section
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = be.t = Ag
Ae = Ag
Non-compact
section
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = be.t = Ag
Ae = Ag
Ae = beff.t
Ae = beff.t
Ae = beff.t
Ae = be.t
Ae = beff.t
Plastic Section
fy.Ag / mo
fy.Ag
fy.Ag / mo
c.fy.Ag
Compact section
fy.Ag / mo
fy.Ag
fy.Ag / mo
c.fy.Ag
Non-compact
section
fy.Ag / mo
fy.Ag
fy.Ag / mo
c.fy.Ag
Slender Section
fy.Ag / mo
fy.Ag
fy.Ag / mo
c.fy.Ag
Effective Area of
Cross Section
Slender Section
Capacity of
Cross Section
kf = Ae / Ag & An = Ag
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
Plastic Section
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Compact section
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Non-compact
section
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Slender Section
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Leff / r
Plastic Section
.fy.Ag / mo
f y.Ag
.fy.Ag / mo
.c.fy.Ag
c.Fcr.Ag
Compact section
.fy.Ag / mo
f y.Ag
.fy.Ag / mo
.c.fy.Ag
c.Fcr.Ag
Non-compact
section
.fy.Ag / mo
f y.Ag
.fy.Ag / mo
.c.fy.Ag
c.Fcr.Ag
Slender Section
.fy.Ae / mo
f y.Ae
.fy.Ae / mo
.c.fy.Ae
c.Fcr.Ae
= f (L/r) 1
f y = f (L/r)
= f (L/r) 1
c = f (L/r) 1
Fcr = f (L/r) 1
Eff. Slenderness
Ratio,
Section Capacity
(Member Buckling)
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
b ( tf 100 )
b ( tf 100 )
c ( tf 100 )
c ( tf 100 )
d ( tf 100 )
d ( tf 100 )
d ( tf 100 )
d ( tf 100 )
Buckling Curve
IS 800 BS 5950
(2007)
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.34
0.34
0.34
0.49
0.49
0.49
0.76
0.76
0.76
IS 800
(2007)
BS
5950
(2000)
Euro
code
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
Plastic
Section
Zp.fy / mo
1.2 Ze.fy / mo
Zp.fy
Zp.fy / mo
.Zp.fy
1.5 . Ze.fy
Mp = .Zp.fy
Compact
Section
Zp.fy / mo
1.2 Ze.fy / mo
Zp.fy
Zp.fy / mo
.Zp.fy
1.5 . Ze.fy
Mp = .Zp.fy
Noncompact
section
Ze.fy / mo
Zp.fy
Ze.fy / mo
Slender
Section
Zeff.fy
Zeff.fy / mo
Bending
Resistance
under low
shear
[V 0.6Vd ]
s
f y Z e + sy
sy sp
(Z c Z e )
. Ze.fy (sy s)
sp = Plastic Limit (Slenderness)
sy = Yield Limit (Slenderness)
s = Section Slenderness Ratio
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS
4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
Plastic Section
fy / mo ( Zp - .Zpv )
1.2 Ze.fy / mo
fy ( Zp - .Zpv )
fy / mo ( Zp - .Zpv )
Mp = .Zp.fy
Compact Section
fy / mo ( Zp - .Zpv )
1.2 Ze.fy / mo
fy ( Zp - .Zpv )
fy / mo ( Zp - .Zpv )
Mp = .Zp.fy
Ze.fy / mo
fy ( Ze - .Zpv / 1.5)
fy / mo ( Ze - .Zpv )
fy / mo ( Zeff - .Zpv )
Zp - Zf
Zv
Zv
Zpv (unequal
Flanges)
Zp - Zf
Zp - Zf
Zp - Zf
Bending
Resistance
(High shear)
[V > 0.6Vd ]
Non-compact
section
Slender Section
(2 V / Vd 1) 2
(2 V / Vd 1) 2
(2 V / Vd 1) 2
IS 800
(2007)
BS
5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
LT.Zp.fy / mo
fb.Zp
LT.Zp.fy / mo
m.s..Zp.fy
1.5m.s..Ze.fy
AISC 360
(2005)
Buckling
Resistance
Moment
Plastic
section
Lp < Lb Lr
Lb L p
L
L
p
r
Cb M p (M p 0.7 f y Z e )
Lb > Lr
Compact
section
Lp < Lb Lr
LT.Zp.fy / mo
fb.Zp
LT.Zp.fy / mo
m.s..Zp.fy
1.5m.s..Ze.fy
.Fcr.Ze
Lb L p
L
L
p
r
Cb M p (M p 0.7 f y Z e )
Lb > Lr
.Fcr.Ze
BS
5950
(2000)
(LT.Ze)
fy /mo
fb.Ze
Lp< Lb Lr
Lb > Lr
Slender
Section
fb.Zeff
LT.Zeff
. fy /mo
Lp< Lb Lr
Same as Non-compact
Section
Lb > Lr
- Do -
PARAMETER
Euro
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
Buckling
Resist.
Moment
Noncompact
Section
LT.Ze.
sy s
fy /mo ms. f y Ze +
(Zc Ze )
Lt & fb = Depends on
equivalent slenderness
sy sp
Lb L p
L
L
p
r
L pf
M p (M p 0.7 f y Z e )
pf
rf
Cb M p (M p 0.7 f y Z e )
IS 800
(2007)
Equivalent
Slenderness Ratio
BS 5950
(2000)
LT = b Z p f y / M cr LT = u w
Eurocode
(1993)
AS
4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
LT = b Z p f y / M cr
Imperfection factor
(Rolled Section)
0.21
0.21
0.21
Imperfection factor
(Welded Section)
0.49
0.49
0.49
Normal
Destab.
Normal
Destab.
Warping restraint
0.70L
0.85L
0.70L
0.85L
0.75L
0.90L
0.75L
0.90L
0.80L
0.95L
0.80L
0.95L
0.85L
1.00L
0.85L
1.00L
1.00L
1.20L
1.00L
1.20L
0.70L
0.85L
0.70L
0.85L
Effective Length
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Euro
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC 360
(2005)
Effective length
(Contd.)
Norm
Destab
Norm
Destab
Partially restrained
by bottom flange
support connection
1.0L+
2D
1.2L+
2D
1.0L+
2D
1.2L+
2D
Partially restrained
by bottom flange
bearing support
1.2L+
2D
1.4L+
2D
1.2L+
2D
1.4L+
2D
Permissible
Shear
Vd
Av.fy / (3.mo)
0.6 fy.Av
Av.fy / (3.mo)
0.6 fy.AwCv
0.6 fy.Av
v. 0.6 fy.Av
= 0.9 to 1.0
Cv 1.0
IS 800
(2007)
BS 5950
(2000)
Eurocode
(1993)
AS 4100
(1998)
AISC
360
(2005)
h.tw
h.tw
h.tw
h.tw
Rolled Channel
Section
(Major Axis Bending)
h.tw
h.tw
h.tw
h.tw
(d.tw)
(d.tw)
(d.tw)
(d.tw)
(d.tw)
2 b.tf
1.8 b.tf
A - (d.tw)
2 b.tf
2 b.tf
A h / (b + h)
0.9A h / (b + h)
A h / (b + h)
A h / (b + h)
A b / (b + h)
0.9A b / (b + h)
A b / (b + h)
A b / (b + h)
2A/
0.6 A
2A/
0.6 A
0.9 A
Shear Area
CHS
Plates and Solid Bars
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS Contd.