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Talking comes naturally to us all. It is easy to say what is in our minds and how we
feel. But what about when we have to write down our ideas and feelings? This is not as
simple as we think, especially when we write articles and formal messages or letters.
Speaking and writing are forms of communication. Communication is an
important element in expressing ourselves and being understood by others. Have you
ever been misunderstood and misinformed because of inadequate communication?
Have you ever been confused by poorly-written letters?
This is the reason why it is important to develop your communication skills. To
improve your writing style would lead to a better medium in expressing yourself and
being understood by others.
In this module, you will learn how to write interesting paragraphs using
organizational patterns and appropriate transitions. You will also learn how to write
concluding or restatement paragraphs.
The module is divided into two lessons, which are:
Lesson 1 Organizing Your Text
Lesson 2 Connecting Your Ideas and Summing Up
Wait!
Before you begin, you should have completed the following modules:
Expressing Ideas and Feelings Clearly, Summarizing and Outlining 1
Hopefully, by the end of this module, you will gain new skills in proficient
paragraph writing, as well as learn new insights on systematic writing.
2.
review
definition
abstract
discourse
comparison
cross-references
decreasing importance
outline
proofreading
compile
chronological order
Check (3) the box before the statement below that correctly defines
transition.
a preliminary written version of something
the art of effective expression in speech or writing
a unit of language consisting of words with a subject and verb
units of language that provide meaningful connections
between parts of a text
3.
State whether the following sentence is true or false. Explain your answer in
the space provided below.
The conclusion is the first paragraph which states the main idea and presents
the main points of a selection.
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Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those
in the Answer Key on page 21 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know
much about the topic in this module. You may still study the module to review what
you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few new things as well.
If you got a low score, dont feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It
will help you understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily
life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in
the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may now go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.
LESSON 1
Lets Learn
When we speak of rhetorical patterns, we refer to a specific way of arranging
information and ideas in a text or paragraph. Information and ideas must be organized
so that the readers will clearly understand the material.
There are many different ways to organize your facts or information, but let us
concentrate on the six patterns that you were asked to identify in the pretest. The
following discussion provides a definition of each pattern, an example and an
illustration or example of its application in the self description activity. The examples
merely provide a basis for evaluating your own self description paragraph.
The six examples of rhetorical patterns of organization:
Cause and Effect telling what happens (result), with reasons why it
happened (cause).
Example: Volcanoes erupt as a result of high pressure of liquid rock under
the earths surface.
Self description example: I am a very shy person because when I was young,
I did not have many opportunities to be with other people.
Self description example: When I was a child, I was very naughty and got in
trouble a lot, but then as a teenager I have changed and became quieter and
got into less trouble. Right now, I can say that I am a very nice person and
rarely ever have problems with other people.
We will only focus on the six rhetorical patterns. These patterns are the most
well-known and are the easiest to understand.
Now, check if you understood the differences between the patterns by answering
Lets Try This on page 7.
Characteristics
Chronological order
states characteristics
Definition
Developing
Decreasing importance
Comparison
uses examples
Check your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 21. If you had a few
mistakes, review the six rhetorical patterns again. If you got all the correct patterns,
well done! You have understood the different patterns very well. Proceed to the next
activity.
Lets Learn
Most compositions use more than one rhetorical pattern. Sometimes, one pattern
is used for one paragraph and a different pattern for another. But this will depend on
why you are writing the composition in the first place. So it is important to ask
yourself, what is the purpose of this piece of writing? Once you have answered this, it
becomes easier to choose a pattern.
Here are some examples of purposes and the possible patterns that can be used:
to make the reader think and ask questions possible patterns: comparison,
definition, decreasing importance
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As you can see, there are several choices of patterns to choose from for every
purpose. In making your write-ups or sentences you can choose the most appropriate
and effective patterns in terms of getting your message across to your reader. Also
remember that a composition or piece of writing can use several patterns.
Now, do the exercise below and use the best pattern for your write-up.
Remember, there are several correct ways, so you decide on what pattern is best for
your purpose. Each of us has his or her own style of writing. Just be creative and
knowledgeable on the topic you are going to write.
Lets Review
In the following exercise, the purpose of a composition and the main points to be
communicated are given. Decide on the best rhetorical pattern to use. Write your
answer on the line after each item.
1.
Sweeping away crumbs and leftover food from the floor to prevent
cockroaches from coming in to your house.
Keeping the grounds around the house clean and tidy. This makes your
house nice to look at from the street.
Cleaning the whole house to prevent the presence of germs and to avoid
sickness.
Making your house look clean and tidy to impress the visitors.
3.
Its really hard to do anything without water. You cant even go to work
because you cannot take a bath.
Our children are getting sick because we cannot keep them clean and
healthy due to lack of water supply.
Lets Remember
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On the basis of what you are going to write about, decide on the best rhetorical
pattern to use to get your message across to your reader clearly. Make sure that the
purpose is met.
Rhetorical pattern: ________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 22.
Congratulate yourself for doing a good job in making your paragraph, in writing
down the main points, and in choosing the best way to organize it.
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LESSON 2
Lets Learn
Remember the discussion in Lets Think About This at the end of Lesson 1. We
were discussing the fact that the main points are separate sentences and are unrelated.
Your next step now is to unify them into a whole paragraph.
The idea is to make all these single points contribute to the effect of a whole
ideathe main idea or purpose of the composition.
The words or phrases used to connect ideas with one another are what we call
transitions. They are simply units of language, whether a word or phrase, that
provides meaningful connections between parts of a text like sentences, paragraphs or
sections.
For now, we will concentrate first on transitions between sentences because it is
important that we must start with the basics, before we can go to the higher level of
using transition sentences to connect whole paragraphs.
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Lets Learn
From the examples in the previous exercise, we learned that transition words or
phrases can be placed at the:
beginning;
middle; or
end of a sentence.
They can either introduce what is going to follow or refer back to something that
has already been stated. You shall see this more clearly in the examples that will
follow.
Below are some examples of transition words:
first . . . second . . . etc.
the first step . . . the second step . . . etc.
after
before
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therefore
plus
and so
however
thus
for example
also
so far
in addition to
in relation to
in line with
Did any of these connecting words come to your mind? Transitions can be almost
any word or phrase that simply provides a link between what has been stated at the
beginning and the other statements that follow.
Dont worry if you are still a little bit confused. It will become easier to
understand when the placement of transitions are shown. But the actual phrases that
you will use will again depend on your writing style. There is a wide range to choose
from and it will be based on your preferences.
Now, let us use the example already given in Lesson 1 to demonstrate how to
connect points together. Remember to include your purpose or main idea at the
beginning of the paragraph. Then enumerate your main points using a rhetorical
pattern and appropriate transition words.
Example:
Purpose: To show the good effects of keeping your surrounding clean
Main points:
Sweeping away crumbs and leftover food from the floor to prevent
cockroaches from coming in your house.
Keeping the grounds around the house clean and tidy. This makes your
house nice to look at from the street.
Cleaning the whole house to prevent the presence of germs and to avoid
sickness.
Making your house look clean and tidy to impress the visitors.
Notice that transitions are used at the beginning, middle, and end of sentences.
Can you see that the paragraph now makes sense. The main points are now connected
and the ideas flow smoothly from one to the other. It no longer looks like a
disconnected list of sentences that have no meaning on their own.
Now, you give it a try. Do the exercise below.
Lets Review
1.
2.
In the next example, you must write the entire paragraph on your own. Use
the main points, purposes, and the given rhetorical pattern to guide you.
You must first state the main idea or purpose at the beginning of the
sentence, then arrange the points in the pattern of decreasing importance.
Write the paragraph as a whole using your own transitions. Dont forget to
underline the transition words.
Purpose: To complain about the lack of water supply
Main points:
Our children are getting sick because we cannot keep them clean
and healthy due to lack of t water supply.
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Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 23. Its okay
if they are not exactly the same but be sure that you have arranged the points
according to the pattern of decreasing importance.
Im sure you did very well and hopefully the explanation in the Answer Key
cleared things for you.
Have you gotten the hang of coming up with transition phrases and words? Here
are a few reminders.
Lets Remember
Include the main idea or purpose at the beginning of the paragraph, then
proceed to the main points using a rhetorical pattern and the appropriate
transition.
Lets Learn
The last paragraph of any composition is the conclusion. This should tie in with
your introduction and it could also be similar in content. The introduction is the first
paragraph which states the main idea and presents the main points, while the
conclusion is the last paragraph which restates the main idea and summarizes the main
points.
This is the main difference between the two. Now we will learn how to restate or
use different words that give the same idea expressed in the introduction.
In writing conclusion, it is important to keep in mind the following:
Restate the main idea and summarize the main points shorten the content
of your text by leaving out unimportant details so it can fit into one sentence
or paragraph.
Example: The first key factor is . . . the second is . . ., the third
is . . . , and the last is . . .
Summary: These are four key factors which are . . .
The main idea of your paragraph should be written last. This is the last
portion and should be well emphasized.
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Notice that the conclusion is shorter and has less details. Of course you may
rearrange the main points because you need not follow your first pattern. But if you
wish to stick with your pattern, then you may do so. It is important to stress the main
idea which is why it is written as the last sentence.
Do the following warm up exercises before you write the conclusion on Lets
See What You Have Learned.
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To complain
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To compare
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To tell
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To amuse
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And now, practice summarizing. Rewrite the following main points in one
sentence. Remember that you may leave out some of the details.
Its really hard to do anything without water, you cant even go to work
because you cannot take a bath.
Our children are getting sick because we cannot keep them clean and healthy
due to lack of water supply.
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Compare your answer with those found in the Answer Key on pages 23-24.
Congratulations, you certainly did well! You are now ready to take the test in
writing a conclusion. Before you proceed, here are a few reminders.
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Lets Remember
A conclusion is the last paragraph which restates the main idea and
summarizes the main points.
Restating changes the original verb into a similar one with the same
meaning.
Summarize the main idea and main points by leaving out the details, while
still using transition words.
The main idea is written last. It is the last word and the most emphasized.
Lets Remember
Include the main idea or purpose at the beginning of the paragraph, followed
by the main points using a rhetorical pattern and the appropriate transitions.
A conclusion is the last paragraph which restates the main idea and
summarizes the main points.
Restating changes the original verb into a similar one with the same
meaning.
Summarize the main idea and main points by leaving out the details, while
still using transition words.
In the conclusion, the main idea is written last. It is the last word and the
most emphasized.
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4. Write a conclusion paragraph based on the paragraph above. Use your own
transition words. Remember to chage the verbs and place the main idea or
purpose in the best sentence.
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Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 24.
Hope you have enjoyed doing this module and have learned how to improve your
writing skills to become a more effective writer.
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Answer Key
A. Lets See What You Already Know (page 2)
1.
scan
review
definition
abstract
discourse
comparison
cross-references
decreasing importance
outline
proofreading
compile
chronological order
3.
B. Lesson 1
Lets Try This (page7)
Chronological order
Cause and effect
Definition
Developing
Decreasing importance
Comparison
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2.
3.
When you drive while drunk, you may lose control of the vehicle and
get into an accident.
Driving while drunk is illegal and you can get arrested if a policeman
catches you.
You may end up hurting the other people walking in the street by running
them over because you cannot drive properly.
You may also hurt those who are in the vehicle with you.
Based on these sample points the best way to organize them would be to
use the developing through examples because the main points all present
possible scenarios. Therefore examples of the bad consequences of drinking
and driving could be used.
Your answer may be slightly different, but you may agree with me that it
may be most effective to give examples. This way, you can easily use the
pattern of developing through example, and it gets your message across that
it is not safe to drive while drunk.
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C. Lesson 2
Lets Try This (page 12)
This article will show that it is not safe to drive when you are drunk.
One of the reasons it is not safe to drive while drunk, is that you may lose
control of the vehicle and meet an accident. Another thing is that driving
while drunk is illegal and you can get arrested if a policeman catches you.
Aside from that, you may end up hurting people walking on the street or the
other people in the vehicle might also get hurt.
Lets Review (pages 1415)
1.
2.
To explain
To complain
To protest
To compare
To contrast
To tell
To describe
To amuse
To entertain
You may have different verbs, these are just some of the possible verbs
that can replace those presented. You are correct if they basically mean the
same thing.
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Summary:
We pay for our water, which is necessary because we need to bathe and
keep our surroundings clean. We should, therefore, be given water.
It is okay, if your answer is not the same, as long as you can express the
points in one sentence. You can choose what to leave out and maybe even
rearrange the order of the points.
Lets See What You Have Learned (page 18)
Conclusion:
Know the guidelines, and to get your membership card pay your fee
after completing the form and requirements. Thats how to join the new
clubhouse.
You may rearrange the order of the steps but in general you are still
giving the correct procedure in its chronological order. It is rather difficult
to summarize step by step procedures but study how the above is shortened
to two sentences with only few transitions.
Your answer should be similar to the one above. If it is, good for you!
Youre doing very well in this module.
If you did not have the same answer, then it would be good to review
Lesson 2 again. You will be able to grasp the skills after reading the lesson
over again.
To show the good side of the similarities between men and women.
2.
The rhetorical pattern used was comparison. It showed both the differences
and similarities of males and females in comparison with each other.
3.
The differences between males and females have always been an issue.
However, there are also similarities between them that show that gender
does not always have to be an issue.
Although males are generally more aggressive than females both can
be assertive enough to perform the same job. Also, men may be physically
stronger, but women can be equal in terms of intelligence.
4.
Even though males are stronger than females both can be assertive at the
same job and can have the same level of intelligence. The article shows that
the difference in gender should pose no problem because both males and
females have good qualities that are common.
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If you got the answers correct and had a similar conclusion, good for you! You
should feel very proud of yourself.
If you had some wrong answers and your conclusion is different be sure to go
back to the lessons. Go slower this time and make sure you have understood each
exercise before you continue. You can do it!
Good luck! And congratulations for finishing this module successfully. You are
now skilled in organizing, connecting, and restating sentences and paragraphs through
writing.
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References
Barzun, J. The American University. New York: Harper and Rows, 1975.
Belth, M. The Process of Thinking. New York: Mckoy; 1977.
De Bono E. Teaching Thinking, Temple Smith, London, 1976.\
Menasche, L. Writing a Research Proposal. Michigan: University of Michigan
Press (1997).
Onions, C.T. (Ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1966.
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