Averaging Down: This is when an investor buys more of a stock as the price goes down.

This
makes it so your average purchase price decreases.
Bear Market: This is trading talk for the stock market being in a down trend, or a period of
falling stock prices. This is the opposite of a bull market.
Beta: A measurement of the relationship between the price of a stock and the movement of
the whole market. If stock XYZ has a beta of 1.5, that means that for every 1 point move in
the market, stock XYZ moves 1.5 points and vice versa.
Blue Chip Stocks: These are the large, industry leading companies. They offer a stable
record of significant dividend payments and have a reputation of sound fiscal management.
The expression is thought to have been derived from blue gambling chips, which is the
highest denomination of chips used in casinos.
Bull Market: This is when the stock market as a whole is in a prolonged period of increasing
stock prices. Opposite of a bear market.
Broker: A person who buys or sells an investment for you in exchange for a fee (a
commission). Here is Tims favorite broker. (LINK)
Day Trading: The practice of buying and selling within the same trading day, before the
close of the markets on that day. This is what Tim typically does, although he does have a
long-term portfolio as well. Traders that participate in day trading are often called active
traders or day traders.
Dividend: this is a portion of a companys earnings that is paid to shareholders, or people that
own hat companys stock, on a quarterly or annual basis. Not all companys do this.
Exchange: An exchange is a place in which different investments are traded. The most wellknown in the United States are the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq.
Execution: When an order to buy or sell has been completed. If you put in an order to sell
100 shares, this means that all 100 shares have been sold.
Hedge: This is used to limit your losses. You can do this by taking an offsetting position. For
example, if you hold 100 shares of XYZ, you could short the stock or futures positions on the
stock.
Index: An index is a benchmark which is used as a reference marker for traders and portfolio
managers. A 10% may sound good, but if the market index returned 12%, then you didnt do
very well since you could have just invested in an index fund and saved time by not trading
frequently. Examples are the Dow Jones Industrial Average and Standard & Poors 500.
Initial Public Offering (IPO): The first sale or offering of a stock by a company to the
public, rather than just being owned by private or inside investors.

Margin: A margin account lets a person borrow money (take out a loan essentially) from a
broker to purchase an investment. The difference between the amount of the loan, and the
price of the securities, is called the margin.
Moving Average: A stocks average price-per-share during a specific period of time. Some
time frames are 50 and 200 day moving averages.
Order: An investors bid to buy or sell a certain amount of stock or option contracts. You
have to put an order in to buy or sell 100 shares of stock.
Portfolio: A collection of investments owned by an investor. You can have as little as one
stock in a portfolio to an infinite amount of stocks.
Quote: Information on a stocks latest trading price. This is sometimes delayed by 20
minutes unless you are using an actual broker trading platform.
Rally: A rapid increase in the general price level of the market or of the price of a stock.
Sector: A group of stocks that are in the same business. An example would be the
Technology sector including companies like Apple and Microsoft.
Spread: This is the difference between the bid and the ask prices of a stock, or the amount
someone is willing to buy it and someone is willing to sell it.
Stock Symbol: A one-character to three-character, alphabetic root symbol, which represents a
publically traded company on a stock exchange. Apples stock symbol is AAPL.
Volatility: This refers to the price movements of a stock or the stock market as a whole.
Highly volatile stocks are ones with extreme daily up and down movements and wide
intraday trading ranges. This is often common with stocks that are thinly traded, or have low
trading volumes. This is also common with the stocks that Tim trades.
Volume: The number of shares of stock traded during a particular time period, normally
measured in average daily trading volume.
Yield: This usually refers to the measure of the return on an investment that is received from
the payment of a dividend. This is determined by dividing the annual dividend amount by the
price paid for the stock. If you bought stock XYZ for $40-a-share and it pays a $1.00-peryear dividend, you have a yield of 2.5%
Actuals (see also Cash; Physicals; Underlying)
Financial instruments that exist in one of the four main asset classes: interest rates, foreign
exchange, equities or commodities. Typically, derivatives are used to hedge actual exposure
or to take positions in actual markets.
All or Nothings (see also Binary; Digital)

An option whose payout is fixed at the inception of the option contract and for which the
payout is only made if the strike price is in-the-money at expiry. If the strike price is out-ofthe-money at expiry, there is no payout made to the option holder.

American Style Option

An option that can be exercised at any time from inception as opposed to a European Style
option which can only be exercised at expiry. Early exercise of American options may be
warranted by arbitrage. European Style option contracts can be closed out early, mimicking
the early exercise property of American style options in most cases.
Accreting Swap (see also Interest Rate Swap)
An exchange of interest rate payments at regular intervals based upon pre-set indices and
notional amounts in which the notional amounts decrease over time.
Arbitrage (see also Correlation)
The act of taking advantage of differences in price between markets. For example, if a stock
is quoted on two different equity markets, there is the possibility of arbitrage if the quoted
price (adjusted for institutional idiosyncrasies) in one market differs from the quoted price in
the other. The term has been extended to refer to speculators who take positions on the
correlation between two different types of instrument, assuming stability to the correlation
patterns. Many funds have discovered that correlation is not as stable as it is assumed to be.
Asset-Liability Management
Closing out exposure to fluctuations in interest rates by matching the timing of cashflows
associated with assets and liabilities. This is a technique commonly used by financial
institutions and large corporations.
At-the-Market (see also Market Order)
A type of financial transaction in which the order to buy or sell is executed at the current
prevailing market price.
At-the-Money Spot
An option whose strike price is equal to the current, prevailing price in the underlying cash
spot market.
At-the-Money Forward
An option whose strike price is equal to the current, prevailing price in the underlying
forward market.
Average Rate Options

An option whose payout at expiry is determined by the difference between its strike and a
calculated average market rate where the period, frequency and source of observation for the
calculation of the average market rate are specified at the inception of the contract. These
options are cash settled, typically.
Average Strike Options
An option whose payout at expiry is determined by the difference between the prevailing
cash spot rate at expiry and its strike, deemed to be equal to a calculated average market rate
where the period, frequency and source of observation for the calculation of the average
market rate are specified at the inception of the contract. These options are cash settled,
typically.

B
Backwardation (see also Contango)
A term often used in commodities or futures markets to refer to markets where shorter-dated
contracts trade at a higher price than longer-dated contracts. Plotting the prices of contracts
against time, with time on the x-axis, shows the commodity price curve as sloping
downwards as time increases.
Barrier Options (see also Knock-In Options, Knock-Out Options)
An option contract for which the maturity, strike price and underlying are specified at
inception in addition to a trigger price. The trigger price determines whether or not the option
actually exists. In the case of a knock-in option, the barrier option does not exist until the
trigger is touched. For a knock-out option, the option exists until the trigger is touched.
Basis (see also Index)
The difference in price or yield between two different indices.
Benchmarking
A benchmark is a reference point. Benchmarking in financial risk management refers to the
practice of comparing the performance of an individual instrument, a portfolio or an approach
to risk management to a pre-determined alternative approach.
Black-Scholes
A closed-form solution (i.e. an equation) for valuing plain vanilla options developed by
Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 for which they shared the Nobel Prize in
Economics.

C
Call Option

A call option is a financial contract giving the owner the right but not the obligation to buy a
pre-set amount of the underlying financial instrument at a pre-set price with a pre-set maturity
date.
Cap
A cap is a financial contract giving the owner the right but not the obligation to borrow a preset amount of money at a pre-set interest rate with a pre-set maturity date.
Cash Settlement
Some derivatives contracts are settled at maturity (or before maturity at closeout) by an
exchange of cash from the party who is out-of-the-money to the party who is in-the-money.
Chooser Option
An option that gives the buyer the right at the choice date (before the options expiry) to
choose if the option is to be a call or a put.
Collar (see also Range Forward; Risk Reversal)
A combination of options in which the holder of the contract has bought one out-of-the
money option call (or put) and sold one (or more) out-of-the-money puts (or calls). Doing this
locks in the minimum and maximum rates that the collar owner will use to transact in the
underlying at expiry.
Commodity Swap
A contract in which counterparties agree to exchange payments related to indices, at least one
of which (and possibly both of which) is a commodity index.
Contango (see also Backwardation)
A term often used in commodities or futures markets to refer to markets where shorter-dated
contracts trade at a lower price than longer-dated contracts. Plotting the prices of contracts
against time, with time on the x-axis, shows the commodity price curve as sloping upwards as
time increases.
Convexity
A financial instrument is said to be convex (or to possess convexity) if the financial
instruments price increases (decreases) faster (slower) than corresponding changes in the
underlying price.
Correlation (see also Arbitrage)
Correlation is a statistical measure describing the extent to which prices on different
instruments move together over time. Correlation can be positive or negative. Instruments
that move together in the same direction to the same extent have highly positive correlations.

Instruments that move together in opposite direction to the same extent have highly negative
correlations. Correlation between instruments is not stable.
Covered Call Option Writing
A technique used by investors to help fund their underlying positions, typically used in the
equity markets. An individual who sells a call is said to write the call. If this individual
sells a call on a notional amount of the underlying that he has in his inventory, then the
written call is said to be covered (by his inventory of the underlying). If the investor does
not have the underlying in inventory, the investor has sold the call naked.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk of loss from a counterparty in default or from a pejorative change in the
credit status of a counterparty that causes the value of their obligations to decrease.
Currency Swap (see also Interest Rate Swap)
An exchange of interest rate payments in different currencies on a pre-set notional amount
and in reference to pre-determined interest rate indices in which the notional amounts are
exchanged at inception of the contract and then re-exchanged at the termination of the
contract at pre-set exchange rates.

D
Delta
The sensitivity of the change in the financial instruments price to changes in the price of the
underlying cash index.
Documentation Risk
The risk of loss due to an inadequacy or other unforeseen aspect of the legal documentation
behind the financial contract.
Duration
A weighted average of the cash flows for a fixed income instrument, expressed in terms of
time.

E
Embedded Derivatives (see also Structured Notes)
Derivative contracts that exist as part of securities.
Equity Swap (see also Interest Rate Swap)

A contract in which counterparties agree to exchange payments related to indices, at least one
of which (and possibly both of which) is an equity index.
European Style Option
An option that can be exercised only at expiry as opposed to an American Style option that
can be exercised at any time from inception of the contract. European Style option contracts
can be closed out early, mimicking the early exercise property of American style options in
most cases.
Exchange Traded Contracts
Financial instruments listed on exchanges such as the Chicago Board of Trade.
Exercise Price (see also Strike Price)
The exercise price is the price at which a calls (puts) buyer can buy (or sell) the underlying
instrument.
Exotic Derivatives
Any derivative contract that is not a plain vanilla contract. Examples include barrier options,
average rate and average strike options, lookback options, chooser options, etc.

F
Floor (see also Cap; Collar)
A floor is a financial contract giving the owner the right but not the obligation to lend a preset amount of money at a pre-set interest rate with a pre-set maturity date.
Forward Contracts
An over-the-counter obligation to buy or sell a financial instrument or to make a payment at
some point in the future, the details of which were settled privately between the two
counterparties. Forward contracts generally are arranged to have zero mark-to-market value
at inception, although they may be off-market. Examples include forward foreign exchange
contracts in which one party is obligated to buy foreign exchange from another party at a
fixed rate for delivery on a pre-set date. Off-market forward contracts are used often in
structured combinations, with the value on the forward contract offsetting the value of the
other instrument(s).
Forward or Delayed Start Swap (see also Interest Rate Swap)
Any swap contract with a start that is later than the standard terms. This means that
calculation of the cash flows does not begin straightaway but at some pre-determined start
date.
Forward Rate Agreements (FRAs) (see also Interest Rate Swap)

A forward rate agreement is a cash-settled obligation on interest rates for a pre-set period on a
pre-set interest rate index with a forward start date. A 36 FRA on US dollar LIBOR (the
London Interbank Offered Rate) is a contract between two parties obliging one to pay the
other the difference between the FRA rate and the actual LIBOR rate observed for that
period. An Interest Rate Swap is a strip of FRAs.
Futures Contracts
An exchange-traded obligation to buy or sell a financial instrument or to make a payment at
one of the exchanges fixed delivery dates, the details of which are transparent publicly on the
trading floor and for which contract settlement takes place through the exchanges
clearinghouse.

G
Gamma (see also Delta)
Gamma (or convexity) is the degree of curvature in the financial contracts price curve with
respect to its underlying price. It is the rate of change of the delta with respect to changes in
the underlying price. Positive gamma is favourable. Negative gamma is damaging in a
sufficiently volatile market. The price of having positive gamma (or owning gamma) is time
decay. Only instruments with time value have gamma.

H
Hedge
A transaction that offsets an exposure to fluctuations in financial prices of some other
contract or business risk. It may consist of cash instruments or derivatives.
Historical Volatility
A measure of the actual volatility (a statistical measure of dispersion) observed in the
marketplace.
Hybrid Security
Any security that includes more than one component. For example, a hybrid security might
be a fixed income note that includes a foreign exchange option or a commodity price option.

I
Implied Volatility
Option pricing models rely upon an assumption of future volatility as well as the spot price,
interest rates, the expiry date, the delivery date, the strike, etc. If we are given simultaneously
all of the parameters necessary for determining the option price except for volatility and the

option price in the marketplace, we can back out mathematically the volatility corresponding
to that price and those parameters. This is the implied volatility.
In-The-Money Spot (see also Intrinsic Value; At-The-Money; Out-of-The-Money)
An option with positive intrinsic value with respect to the prevailing market spot rate. If the
option were to mature immediately, the option holder would exercise it in order to capture its
economic value. For a call price to have intrinsic value, the strike must be less than the spot
price. For a put price to have intrinsic value, the strike must be greater than the spot price.
In-The-Money-Forward (see also Intrinsic Value; At-The-Money; Out-of-The-Money)
An option with positive intrinsic value with respect to the prevailing market forward rate. If
the option were to mature immediately, the option holder would exercise it in order to capture
its economic value. For a call price to have intrinsic value, the strike must be less than the
spot price. For a put price to have intrinsic value, the strike must be greater than the spot
price.
Index-Amortizing Swaps (see also Interest Rate Swaps; Accreting Swaps)
An interest rate swap in which the notional amount for the purposes of calculating cash flows
decreases over the life of the contract in a pre-specified manner.
Interest Rate Swap (see also Forward Rate Agreements; Index-Amortizing Swaps;
Accreting Swaps)
An exchange of cash flows based upon different interest rate indices denominated in the same
currency on a pre-set notional amount with a pre-determined schedule of payments and
calculations. Usually, one counterparty will received fixed flows in exchange for making
floating payments.
International Swaps Dealers Association (ISDA) Agreements (see also Legal Risk)
In order to minimize the legal risks of transacting with one another, counterparties will
establish master legal agreements and sidebar product schedules to govern formally all
derivatives transactions into which they may enter with one another.
Intrinsic Value
The economic value of a financial contract, as distinct from the contracts time value. One
way to think of the intrinsic value of the financial contract is to calculate its value if it were a
forward contract with the same delivery date. If the contract is an option, its intrinsic value
cannot be less than zero.

K
Knock-in Option (see also Knock-Out Option; Trigger Price)

An option the existence of which is conditional upon a pre-set trigger price trading before the
options designated maturity. If the trigger is not touched before maturity, then the option is
deemed not to exist.
Knock-out Option
An option the existence of which is conditional upon a pre-set trigger price trading before the
options designated maturity. The option is deemed to exist unless the trigger price is touched
before maturity.

L
Legal Risk (see also International Swap Dealers Association Agreements)
The general potential for loss due to the legal and regulatory interpretation of contracts
relating to financial market transactions.
LIBOR London Interbank Offer Rate
The rate of interest paid on offshore funds in the Eurodollar markets.
Liquidity Risk
The risk that a financial market entity will not be able to find a price (or a price within a
reasonable tolerance in terms of the deviation from prevailing or expected prices) for one or
more of its financial contracts in the secondary market. Consider the case of a counterparty
who buys a complex option on European interest rates. He is exposed to liquidity risk
because of the possibility that he cannot find anyone to make him a price in the secondary
market and because of the possibility that the price he obtains is very much against him and
the theoretical price for the product.
Look-Back Options
An option which gives the owner the right to buy (sell) at the lowest (highest) price that
traded in the underlying from the inception of the contract to its maturity, i.e. the most
favourable price that traded over the lifetime of the contract.

M
Margin
A credit-enhancement provision to master agreements and individual transactions in which
one counterparty agrees to post a deposit of cash or other liquid financial instruments with the
entity selling it a financial instrument that places some obligation on the entity posting the
margin.
Mark to Market Accounting

A method of accounting most suited for financial instruments in which contracts are revalued
at regular intervals using prevailing market prices. This is known as taking a snapshot of
the market.
Market Risk
The exposure to potential loss from fluctuations in market prices (as opposed to changes in
credit status).
Market-Maker
A participant in the financial markets who guarantees to make simultaneously a bid and an
offer for a financial contract with a pre-set bid/offer spread (or a schedule of spreads
corresponding to different market conditions) up to a pre-determined maximum contract
amount..

N
Naked Option Writing
The act of selling options without having any offsetting exposure in the underlying cash
instrument.
Netting
When there are cash flows in two directions between two counterparties, they can be
consolidated into one net payment from one counterparty to the other thereby reducing the
settlement risk involved.

O
OCC
The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (US).
OSFI
Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (Canada).
Open Interest
Exchanges are required to post the number of outstanding long and short positions in their
listed contracts. This constitutes the open interest in each contract.
Operational Risk
The potential for loss attributable to procedural errors or failures in internal control.

Option
The right but not the obligation to buy (sell) some underlying cash instrument at a predetermined rate on a pre-determined expiration date in a pre-set notional amount.
Out-of-The-Money Spot (see also At-The-Money; In-The-Money)
An option with no intrinsic value with respect to the prevailing market spot rate. If the option
were to mature immediately, the option holder would let it expire. For a call price to have
intrinsic value, the strike must be less than the spot price. For a put price to have intrinsic
value, the strike must be greater than the spot price.
Out-of-The-Money-Forward (see also At-The-Money; In-The-Money)
An option with no intrinsic value with respect to the prevailing market forward rate. If the
option were to mature immediately, the option holder would let it expire. For a call price to
have intrinsic value, the strike must be less than the spot price. For a put price to have
intrinsic value, the strike must be greater than the spot price.
Over-the-Counter
Any transaction that takes place between two counterparties and does not involve an
exchange is said to be an over-the-counter transaction.

P
Path-Dependent Options (see also Knock-In Options; Knock-Out Options; Average
Rate Options; Average Strike Options; Lookback Options)
Any option whose value depends on the path taken by the underlying cash instrument.
Potential Exposure
An assessment of the future positive intrinsic value in all of the contracts outstanding with an
individual counterparty who may choose (or may be unable) to make their obligated
payments.
Premium
The cost associated with a derivative contract, referring to the combination of intrinsic value
and time value. It usually applies to options contracts. However, it also applies to off-market
forward contracts.
Put Option (see also Call Option)
A put option is a financial contract giving the owner the right but not the obligation to sell a
pre-set amount of the underlying financial instrument at a pre-set price with a pre-set maturity
date.

Put-Call Parity Theorem

A long position in a put combined with a long position in the underlying forward instrument,
both of which have the same delivery date has the same behavioral properties as a long
position in a call for the same delivery date. This can be varied for short positions, etc.

Q
Quanto Option
An option the payout for which is denominated in an index other than the underlying cash
instrument.

R
Regulatory Risk
The potential for loss stemming from changes in the regulatory environment pertaining to
derivatives and financial contracts, the utility of these instruments for different counterparties,
etc.
Rho
The sensitivity of a financial contracts value to small changes in interest rates.
RiskMetrics (see also Value-at-Risk)
A parametric methodology for calculating Value-at-Risk using data conditioned by JP
Morgans spinoff company RiskMetrics that is most useful for assessing portfolios with linear
risks.

S
Settlement Risk
The risk of non-payment of an obligation by a counterparty to a transaction, exacerbated by
mismatches in payment timings.
Speculation
Taking positions in financial instruments without having an underlying exposure that offsets
the positions taken.
Spot

The price in the cash market for delivery using the standard market convention. In the foreign
exchange market, spot is delivered for value two days from the transaction date or for the
next day in the case of the Canadian dollar exchanged against the US dollar.
Spread
The difference in price or yield between two assets that differ by type of financial instrument,
maturity, strike or some other factor. A credit spread is the difference in yield between a
corporate bond and the corresponding government bond. A yield curve spread is the spread
between two government bonds of differing maturity.
Standard Deviation (see also Volatility; Implied Volatility)
In finance, a statistical measure of dispersion of a time series around its mean; the expected
value of the difference between the time series and its mean; the square root of the variance
of the time series.
Stress Testing
The act of simulating different financial market conditions for their potential effects on a
portfolio of financial instruments.
Strike Price
The price at which the holder of a derivative contract exercises his right if it is economic to
do so at the appropriate point in time as delineated in the financial products contract.
Structured Notes
Fixed income instruments with embedded derivative products.
Swap Spread (see also Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swap)
The difference between the swap yield curve and the government yield curve for a particular
maturity, referring to the market prices for the fixed rate in a plain vanilla interest rate swap.
Swaptions (see also Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swap)
Options on swaps.

T
Theta
The sensitivity of a derivative products value to changes in the date, all other factors staying
the same.
Time Value (see also Intrinsic Value; Premium)

For a derivative contract with a non-linear value structure, time value is the difference
between the intrinsic value and the premium.

V
Value at Risk or VaR (see also RiskMetrics)
The calculated value of the maximum expected loss for a given portfolio over a defined time
horizon (typically one day) and for a pre-set statistical confidence interval, under normal
market conditions
Value of a Basis Point
The change in the value of a financial instrument attributable to a change in the relevant
interest rate by 1 basis point (i.e. 1/100 of 1%).
Vega
The sensitivity of a derivative products value to changes in implied volatility, all other
factors staying the same.
Volatility (see also Standard Deviation; Implied Volatility)
In finance, a statistical measure of dispersion of a time series around its mean; the expected
value of the difference between the time series and its mean; the square root of the variance
of the time series.

Y
Yield Curve
For a particular series of fixed income instruments such as government bonds, the graph of
the yields to maturity of the series plotted by maturity.
Yield Curve Risk
The potential for loss due to shifts in the position or the shape of the yield curve.

Z
Zero Coupon Instruments
Fixed income instruments that do not pay a coupon but only pay principal at maturity; trade
at a discount to 100% of principal before maturity with the difference being the interest
accrued.
Zero Coupon Yield Curve

For zero coupon bonds, the graph of the yields to maturity of the series plotted by maturity.