mobile sites

explain the components of mobile sites

# it is a telephone mobile station that provides the coverage, so that people can make calls.

# it is some antennas that are connected with cables to a small room

called a shelter that contains the following equipment:
BTS ..base Tran receiver station
Microwave.
Air condition (A/C)
Fire Alarm Box.
.Fire Sensor
Temperature Sensor.
Power Distribution Panel
Batteries.
Cable Tray
Duct.
DC Cables
BIB Cables.
DDF box
RF cables.
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BTS cabinets

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

1.Consists of the radio transmitters, receivers and the antenna system required to provide the
coverage area for one cell.
2.Converts the GSM radio signals into a format that can be recognized by the BSC.
3.Records and passes to the BSC the periodic power measurement reports.
4.Performs the network end function for the ciphering/encryption process.
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Power Distribution Panel

it is the box that contains all the circuit breakers of all the
equipment in shelter from the lights to the bts cabinet
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Batteries

The batteries work when the current (3 phase) is cut down so that BTS still provide
coverage.
The batteries is connected to the rectifier.
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DDF BOX

DDF box contain 5 krones which the wire is connected to.

The wires are

the BIB cable which carry the E1 to the BTS cabinets
The route cable which carry the E1 from the Krone of the link.
The PIX cable which carry the alarms to the BTS cabinet.

The wires must be connected good so it do its job.

The wire must be moving in a proper way in the box.
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CABLE TRAY

The picture shows that the RF cables must be far from the DC cable from the BIB
cable.

The cables must be labeled so we can know from the look the where it come from and
to where it is going.
It is not acceptable that the cables comes cross to each other.
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AIR CONDITION

It is used to lower the temperature of the shelter and the equipment.

The 2 a/c switch with each other so that no one is overloaded.
Note: the a/c circuit breakers must be on when you leave the shelter.
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MICROWAVE INDOOR STAND

The stand contains the microwave link and its DDF.

The link connect the site to the another site or to the BSC through the microwave
dishes.
The microwave stand must be connected good to the floor and must be connected to
the main earth bar of the shelter.
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DUCT

The duct is a plastic path that contains the PCM alarm cabe and the BIB cables that are going to
the DDF box.
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FIRE ALARM BOX

SENSOR

There are 3 sensors

1 sensor for the door
2 sensor for temperature which are adjusted for the temperature we need
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RECTIFIER

It is used from AC 3 phase to DC .

The batteries, the link and the BTS cabinet through circuit breakers.
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Out Door Equipment in Mobile Sites
Antenna
There are more than 2 antenna in the site, each antenna represents a sector.
The default is that the site contains 3 sectors with 3 antenna.
The antenna represents the GSM band(900) and the DCS band(1800).

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Microwave Dish

Microwave dish antenna used to connect sites each other by E1 Point-to-point.

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Generator Diesel

to support the shelter with elecricity

Diesel Tank

To support diesel generator with fuel (solar)

Feeders

Feeders conncts to RF feeders to the BTS cabinet , outside shelter it connects to antennas
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Tower Mounted Amplifier

A Tower Mounted Amplifier or Mast Head Amplifier is a Low-noise amplifier (LNA) mounted as close
as practical to the antenna in mobile masts or Base Transceiver Stations. A TMA reduces the
base transceiver station noise figure (NF) and therefore improves its overall sensitivity; in
other words the mobile mast is able to receive weaker signals.

How tha antenna work in the mobile sites

Antenna is that part of a transmitting or receiving system which is designed to radiate or to receive
electromagnetic waves.
An important property of an antenna is the ability to focus and shape the radiated power in space
e.g.: it enhances the power in some wanted directions and suppresses the power in other
directions.
In mobile communications two main categories of antennas are used:
Omni directional antenna
These antennas are mostly used in rural areas.
In all horizontal direction these antennas radiate with equal power.
In the vertical plane these antennas radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main
beam with upper and lower side lobes.

Directional antenna
These antennas are mostly used in mobile cellular systems to get higher gain compared to
omnidirectional antenna and to minimise interference effects in the network.
In the vertical plane these antennas radiate uniformly across all azimuth angles and have a main
beam with upper and lower side lobes.
In these type of antennas, the radiation is directed at a specific angle instead of uniformly across all
azimuth angles in case of omni antennas.

Antenna Characteristic:
radiation pattern
-The main characteristics of antenna is the radiation pattern.
-The pattern of most base station antennas contains a main lobe and several minor lobes, termed
side lobes.
-A side lobe occurring in space in the direction opposite to the main lobe is called back lobe.

antenna gain
-Antenna gain is a measure for antennas efficiency.
-Gain is the ratio of the maximum radiation in a given direction to that of a reference antenna for equal input
power.
-Generally the reference antenna is a isotropic antenna.
-Gain is measured generally in decibels above isotropic(dBi) or decibels above a dipole(dBd).
-An isotropic radiator is an ideal antenna which radiates power with unit gain uniformly in all directions. dBi = dBd
+ 2.15
-Antenna gain depends on the mechanical size, the effective aperature area, the frequency band and the antenna
configuration.
-Antennas for GSM1800 can achieve some 5 to 6 dB more gain than antennas for GSM900 while maintaining the
same mechanical size.

front to back ratio

-It is the ratio of the maximum directivity of an antenna to its directivity in a specified
rearward direction.
-Generally antenna with a high front-to-back ratio should be used.
first null beam width
The first null beamwidth (FNBW) is the angular span between the first pattern nulls adjacent
to the main lobe.
This term describes the angular coverage of the downtilted cells.
Antenna Lobes
Main lobe is the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.
Side lobes
Half-power beamwidth

The half power beamwidth (HPBW) is the angle between the points on the main lobe that are
3dB lower in gain compared to the maximum.
Narrow angles mean good focusing of radiated power.
Polarisation
Polarisation is the propagation of the electric field vector .
Antennas used in cellular communications are usually vertically polarised or cross polarised.

Frequency bandwidth

It is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to
some characteristics, conforms to a specified standard.
VSWR of an antenna is the main bandwidth limiting factor.
Antenna impedance
Maximum power coupling into the antennas can be achieved when the antenna impedance
matches the cables impedance.
Typical value is 50 ohms.
Mechanical size
Mechanical size is related to achievable antenna gain.
Large antennas provide higher gains but also need care in deployement and apply high torque
to the antenna mast.
To solve over lapping in antennas coverage area we use antenna downtilt and antenna
mechanical tilt:

Mechanical Down Tilt

-With mechanical down tilting, the main beam will be down tilted but the back lobe will be up
tilted that make interference. -With mechanical tilting you cant change the tilt of one band
alone.

This is one of the potential drawback as compared to the electrical downtilt because coverage
behind the antenna can be negatively affected as the back lobe rises above the horizon.

Electric down tilt

-Electrical downtilt uses a phase taper in the antenna array to angle the pattern downwards.
-This allows the the antenna to be mounted vertically.

-Electrical downtilt is the only practical way to achieve pattern downtilting with
omnidirectional antennas.
-Electrical downtilt affects both front and back lobes.
-If the front lobe is downtilted the back lobe is also downtilted by equal amount.
-Electrical downtilting also reduces the gain equally at all angles on the horizon. The that
adjusted downtilt angle is constant over the whole azimuth range.

Smart Bias Tee SBT:

The Smart Bias Tee is used to inject DC voltage and to modulate and demodulate remote
control signals, via the RF coaxial cable, to antenna line devices such as TMA and RCU. It is
designed to comply with AISG 2.0 standard and can be used as a lightning protection device
for the BTS/Node B.
Remote Control Unit(RCU)
RCU-003(II-2) is a compact and light weight actuator that mechanically connects to the
electrical phase shifter of Comba VET antenna for remote adjustment of electrical down-tilt
angle. It is designed to comply with AISG 2.0 standards and works with AISG compliant Node B
and antenna line devices.

TYPES OF ANTENNA

(RNE) How to be Drive Test Engineer

Drive Test can be define as a methode that used to verify the actual condition of RF signal
certain operator at certain place.
In drive test you test downlink measurements and what the user can do with his
mobile oe usb modem (hand set) we called it UE (user equipment)

in general
: The main purpose for site integration drive test is to:
check the site coverage, site performance, neighbor relation, frequency
interference, and the quality of service for this site after getting it on air.
tools should be with engineer DT:
Tems software.
Tems Kit.
1-Tems License (Dongol).

2- Mobile equipments

TEMS C702 termina

TEMS pocket w995a test

termina

tems-c702-test-terminal-

3- GPS.

4- External hub (if needed)

Updated cell file and Frequency plan (FP).

Map.

Inverter.
The inverter is used to charge the laptop &the mobile equipments .

A CAR
SURE THAT NOT THIS CAR :)
We will explain in another article how to install Tems ,Map-info,Actix on your pc
NOW TYPES OF DRIVE TEST:

Cluster.

Single Site Verification.

Benchmarking.
Special Tests:

1- Scanning.
6- Indoor.
2- National Roaming.
7-Auditing.
3- International Roaming.
8- Locking on certain BCCHs&SCs
4- Main Roads.
9- Tracing calls using TMSI or IMSI
5- Adjusting Tilts & Azimuth.
10- Specified Tests.
Several functions of drive test :
- Analyzing customer complaint of certain operator in their home or office area
- Finding problem in BTS ( Timeslot Check, TRX Check, Swap Feeder)
- Analyzing the result of optimization process (continuity and all of area).

Cluster:

This test is mainly achieved using two mobiles for 2G&3G.

For checking retainability the command sequence is adjusted as follow:

- infinity number of minutes.
- call wait 10 to 15 sec.

For checking accessability the command sequence is adjusted as follow:

- 2 minutes per call.
- call wait 10 to 15 sec.

Single Site Verification:

There are two kinds of single site verification tests:
2G verification.
- Checking the handover between the sectors of the site.
- Checking the handover (in & out) with the neighbors of the site.
- Checking the coverage of each sector.
- Checking cross feeder.
-Checking the capability to access on the internet
-Checking the capability to download files to view the GPRS rate. (Optional)
3G verification .
-Checking the coverage of each sector.
-Checking cross feeder.
-Checking the video call establishment under the site (locking on 3G).
-Checking cell reselections from 2G to 3G under the site (idle mode).
-Checking cell reselections from 3G to 2G with attenuation (idle mode).
-Checking handover circuit switch (CS session) by locking on normal mode 1st
then make a voice call ,attenuate till the RAT handover is achieved from 3G to 2G.
-Checking handover packet switch (PS session) by locking on normal mode 1st
then log on the internet ,attenuate till handover occurs from 3G to GPRS.
The command sequence is usually adjusted as 2min per call and 15sec. Call wait
to check both accessability & retainability.
You must call the NOC before doing the test to check if the site is locked or alarmed.
Benchmarking:
This test is achieved by using 3 mobiles one for each operator.
The main aim of this test is to compare between the performance of each operator.
The command sequence is adjusted as explained before in the cluster test.
The route of this test is decided by the Team Leader.
Coming in other parts Install tems, actix,mapinfo

explain in detailed Drive Test Problems a lot of surprises :) to be professional engineer

Explain 2G problems faced telecom engineers in mobile field

the problems faced the telecom engineer in the mobile sites :
2G problems :
a- Cross sector and cross feeder
There are 3 types of Cross sector
1-GSM cross sector
2-DCS cross sector
3-Total cross sector (GSM & DCS) cross sector
1-CROSS SECTOR
We must know the normal connection in first to understand the problems happened

Totally cross sector

in this case S1 is totally changed with S2

DCS cross sector

In this case DCS is changed between two sectors (S1,S2)

GSM cross sector:

GSM cross sector example

Cross sector between sec 1 & sec 3 on TEMS PRODUCT

GSM Cross feeder

DCS cross feeder

DCS CROSS FEEDER EXAMPLE

GSM cross feederSector

Sector 2 & sector 3 appeared with equal levels beside sector 2

Hardware problem
The common HW problem is faulty DTRU
DTRU: Dual Transceiver Unit, Generate two frequencies

To solve this problem you should replace this dtru with another one

BAD QUALITY
Rx qual is proportional to BER (Bit Error Rate), that affected by interference
Interference is appeared in hopping channel window (C/I)
C/I: Carrier to interference ratio.

Over shooting
It means that the cell serve at very long distance with good level This area that the cell
overshoots in it most probably have cells with Co-channel or adjacent BCCH, so it will make
interference that will result in bad quality
Reason:
Overshooting cell has small downtilt, 0 degree!
Overshooting cell has too high altitude
Closer cells have overshooting as well
BSIC of closer cells cant be decoded

VSWR

Standing wave ratio (SWR) is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at an
antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum), in an electrical
transmission line. The SWR is usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR.
Missing Neighbors
This case may cause to dropped calls , bad coverage as the ms will not be able to HO on the
target site as its not known for the serving site.

HAND OVER FAILURE

In the case of HO failure the MS fails to reach the target cell and so it returns
back to the source cell.
The reason for this case may be due to channel interference or poor coverage.
In the other case HO delay the BSIC of the neighbor is decoded but HO occurs
in much later time.
The reason for this case that all possible neighbors may suffer blocking or some
of the HO parameters (HO watch time , HO valid time) need to be adjusted.

Blocked call
The call may be blocked due to:
Cell congestionBad quality due to interference.Faulty TRX.Bad coverage.Transmission problem.Long distance between MS and BTS (MAX TA = 63).Blocked call reasons.
No available TCH-No available SDCCH
-Bad Rxlev.
-Bad Quality

DROPPED CALL
The call may be dropped due to:
- Bad quality due to interference.
- Faulty TRX.
- Bad coverage.
- Transmission problem.
reasons.
-Delayed HO Congestion or wrong HO parameter definition.
-HO Failure.
-Bad Quality.
-Missing neighbor (Bad Rx level).
-Transmission problem (Not RF problem)