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Induction motor
A three-phase induction motor, also known as three-phase induction machine, may be used as a
motor or as a generator, either. It has a passive runner who always turned on ( squirrel cage,
squirrel cage) or is short-circuited case by case basis ( slip-ring ). When used as a generator, the
rotor of the induction machine can also be excited with a different frequency ( Double-fed
asynchronous machine ). Single-phase asynchronous motors are operated motor capacitor, AC
motor and shaded pole. The three-phase induction motor was developed in 1889 by Mikhail
Ossipowitsch Doliwo - Dobrowolski at the AEG.
6.2 Sehnungsfaktor
Basics
The development of the induction motor goes back to work of Galileo Ferraris, 1885, Nikola
Tesla, 1887, and Mikhail Dolivo - of Dobrowolsky, 1889. Latter built the first single cage rotor
and later a first double cage rotor.
Of the induction motor, the electric motor most widely used today. Three-phase induction motors
are manufactured with capacities of up to several megawatts. The advantage compared to other
electric motors is the absence of the commutator and brushes. Brushes wear and create sparks ( "
brush fire " ), whereby the cable network is disturbed by high-frequency oscillations. In addition,
machines may be used in explosion -proof areas with brushes because of possible effect of the
brush fire as the ignition source is not. However, induction motors cause - especially when
operated at a frequency - harmonics which react on the net.
Motor
Typical structure
The motor consists of two parts, the outer stationary stator or stator and the rotating rotor or rotor
therein. On both sides of the narrow air gap electric currents flow substantially in the axial
direction. The currents are concentrated in the coil wires, which are surrounded by a softmagnetic iron. The laminated iron is perpendicular to the axis.
During the operation of three-phase, the number of the copper coils in the stator is a multiple of
six, see number of pole pairs, with a phase shift of the currents in adjacent coils of 60 degrees.
The stator coils are then connected to three phase windings, the ends of which are led out.
For the runner of a three-phase induction motor, there are two types:
If a short circuit or squirrel cage solid, well-conducting rods at both ends of the rotor are
shorted annular. In the mass production of the laminated core of the rotor is provided with either
grooves or channels which are then filled with aluminum. At the same time often fan blades are
cast, which also serve as cooling fins. The number of rods is often different from the number of
poles of the stator to reduce the pole sensitivity.
The stator or the stator consists of a housing, the stator core and the stator coil inserted therein,
which is always carried out as a multi- phase winding. The housing must be supported against
the foundation torque. Often, the housing has external cooling ribs which are blown by the fan of
the rotor.
All connections to the slip-ring motor run either to a large motor terminal box or to two separate
motor terminal boxes. In the large terminal box, the winding starts and ends of the stator
windings are labeled U1 V1 W1/U2 V2 W2, the ends of the rotor windings with the names KLM
( in large letters ) and the protective earth terminal (PE for Protective Earth).
In the other variant, the first motor terminal box, the stator windings and the protective conductor
and led out the rotor winding ends and also the protective conductor in the second. The names of
the ports are the same. The terminal's names on the starting resistors are called ( klm ) in small
letters. This in turn is PE. Since this motor is operated with starting resistors, one uses not as an
induction motor, a star-delta circuit. Starting resistors or star-delta circuits are used, because the
starting current can reach 10 times the rated current, and possibly the motor fuses could trigger
early. In addition, a "soft " and slow start-up of the engine is ensured in these start-up circuits, as
it is desired in many cases.
Function
The operation of the three-phase induction motor based on the rotary field, which is directed
radially in the air gap between stator and rotor.
The rotor is moved in synchronism with the rotating field, then ( except for transients), the
magnetic flux through the meshes of the cage constant and no voltage is induced. The torque is
or becomes zero.
The rotor rotates slower than the rotating field, then the flow, which induces a voltage, which in
turn induces a current change. As long as the slip is small, the current is proportional to the rate
of change of the river, so they hatch. The cage associated with the current field is phase-shifted
by 90 , still small compared to the field of the stator and to this. The resulting torque is
proportional to slip.
, The opposing field of the cage noticeable as current increases, the cage is no longer
proportional to the slip, and the phase shift decreases. The torque reaches a maximum. The
operating point is located between that maximum and the synchronous speed.
In the other extreme, corresponds to the locked rotor cage of the secondary winding of a ( shortcircuited ), the transformer. The current consumption is limited by the leakage flux and ohmic
losses. In the starting of the engine has a poor efficiency and heats up. The high starting current
can be reduced by an upstream starting resistor. In addition to the cost of additional components
you have to take a longer start-up time into account.
During startup, loud noises can occur ( Magnetic Barkhausen effect). It may be a persistence
(bonding ) occur at speeds below the rated speed under strong noise, often at 1/ 7 of the
synchronous speed. The grooves in the laminated cores of the stator and rotor harmonics in the
power system generates ( Nutenpfeifen ).
The problem is avoided by arranging the grooves of the rotor at an angle to the shaft axis. While
this increases the cost of manufacture of the motors, but phase shifted magnetic fields can no
longer resonate so.
Control
The control is usually caused by contactors, depending on which mode is provided. An example
is the star-delta circuit. Can be the engine speed via the inverter, such as Frequency control by
increasing or decreasing the frequency. This is useful for systems that require a variable speed,
without an adjustable gear to be used. In the wood processing, for example, motors are connected
to milling machines via a frequency converter to generate for example 200 Hz from the mains
frequency of 50 Hz, where the speed can be then increased to 10,000 min -1. The high
centrifugal forces acting on the rotor, require special versions of the machines.
Start-up circuit
Induction motors have a high inrush current. If the inrush current is not known, one starts from
the eight times the rated current. To protect the network and connected gear, as well as to avoid
the trip upstream circuit fuses, using special tempering process for induction motors. The most
commonly used is the star-delta circuit. During start-up in a star circuit power and torque are
reduced to about one third. After the run- time of the contactor is switched to delta mode by
reversing. Frequency induction motors can ramp up gently and load adjusted if configured or
programming. With more powerful engines, the respective annealing process with the network
operator needs to be tuned.
In cage motors of skin effect has a favorable effect when starting. At high slip, the current at the
edge of the short-circuit rods concentrated, whereby the resistance increases. About the profile of
the shorting bars, the characteristic line of power and torque vs. speed influence.
It used to be used ( including among rides ) starting resistors, especially water resistance to boot.
The latter consist of a water tank, in the gradually electrodes are immersed.
In the refrigeration technique of the part -winding is an established standard methods for the
reduction of the starting current.
Speed control
Asynchronous machines can
With pole-changing
With the Dahlander the number of poles of the induction machine can ( pole-changing
motors ) increases in the ratio 1:2, and thus their speed can be changed in a 2:1 ratio. Typical
applications are: Lathes with two basic speeds: slow or fast running.
Two-speed blower drive housing for ventilation.
The Dahlander circuit offers the possibility of pole-changing and thus the switching speed for
asynchronous machines in cage rotor design.
Pole-changing motors
It is possible to arrange on a shaft two completely separate engines. It is elegant if these motors
are in an enclosure. Then both motors can have a common rotor ( cage). The stator windings are,
however, carried out in duplicate. One stator is designed for low speed. Two stator is designed
for a four or six times speed. A speed ratio of one to two is usually implemented with Dahlander
circuit described above.
Pole-changing motors have almost the same characteristics as the Dahlander motors, with the
difference that Dahlander motors called " tapped windings " have ( the coils have three terminals:
beginning, end and a tap in the middle of the winding). So you have the stator core only three
windings offset by 120 degrees. Two-speed motors are equipped with separate windings. This
means that you have at least six windings in the stator core, not a pair of poles, as the Dahlander
motor ( three windings ) but from two pole pairs upstream ( six or more windings).
KUSA - circuit
Not always it comes to reduce the inrush current. In some cases, it is also important that an
excessive torque, interferes with direct involvement on the plant. The so-called KUSA - circuit
( short-circuit armature soft-start ) is a circuit for starting of three-phase motors with squirrelcage rotor, in about half of the nominal torque.
When KUSA - circuit resistor is connected in the load circuit of the induction motor in an outer
conductor, which is bridged after a set time or manually by means of contact. It is often
convenient to tap the series resistor to set different amounts of starting torque can. This type of
startup is only at idle or low resistive torque into consideration.
Briefly strong overload capacity (up to greater than 2 the rated torque )
Starting against high counter moments without tools (also depending on rotor design)
Disadvantages
Speed variation only in special designs with pole-changing or with additional frequency
Particularly with small models 20 to 30 % more volume at the same torque with respect
to a permanent - magnetic synchronous motors,
Three outer conductor to supply required (alternatively, the drive or run capacitor
( capacitor motor ) for single-phase available)
Step or servo motors have advantages in positioning and are compared more easily
Linear motor with stator in tubular form for the promotion of liquid metals
Induction
In the generator mode, the rotor rotates faster than the magnetic field and it supplies energy to
the grid.
There are three different asynchronous motors, which are used as a generator.
The equivalent value of the output of the machine active power; This value changes with
the change in the torque or load on the engine. He is very tall in the machine is idle.
Which according to the square of the step-up Statorwindungszahl ohmic resistance of the
squirrel cage; the short-circuit cage consists of individual, embedded in the iron turns, usually
made of aluminum.
At idle, the equivalent circuit of the induction motor is essentially therefore consists of Rs and
Xs, which is why such a machine receives almost only reactive power. The recorded idle power
is often similar to or higher than the rated current, the machine due to the copper and core losses
at idle often already more than half the power loss at rated load. As the load increases, the active
current increases by Rr and thus in the squirrel cage. The phase angle between current and
voltage is reduced from almost 90 to smaller values . In hochmagnetisierten induction motors
associated with increasing torque even at first often a decrease of the total current place, which
then rises again later with increasing torque up to nominal current.
Of the induction machine that is a reactive current is added with Xs, which provides for the
magnetization of the machine. In contrast to the three-phase synchronous machine, the magnetic
flux in the induction motor must be built only by the reactive current in the stator winding.
The load-dependent active current produces a voltage drop in the cage component of Rr, but only
a slightly higher voltage drop in Rs Consequently, the losses increase with increasing load in the
rotor more quickly than in the stator. The copper resistor R and the " copper " resistance of the
cage rotor portion Rr cause the square of the power consumption increasing losses, therefore
increases the efficiency of the engine with increasing load. On top of their temperature
dependence, which is why the efficiency of the machine warm drops something.
In the inverter reactance Xs is also getting smaller with ever smaller frequency. In compliance
with the rated current so the voltage supplied by the inverter must fall. Thus the ratio of the
voltage divider Rs Xs is always unfavorable and Rs leads to rising relative to the available
engine power losses. In continuous operation, can only approximate the nominal torque can be
generated, since the cooling of the rotor and stator is not given sufficient. At higher than the rated
speed or rated frequency induction may, however, - in consideration of the insulation - working
on higher voltages and is more effective.
Modern frequency can measure even Rs / Rr and are thus able to configure itself automatically
for any connected motor and so protect it from overload. A holding torque or speed close to zero
can be achieved with a vector control. Again, missing cooling since the fan on the rotor then this
itself, no longer cools the outstanding stator windings and the air gap.
Winding arrangement
Coil group
To smooth all of the exciter field winding of a coil in a groove to be concentrated in the nonnormally, but distributed in a plurality of adjacent grooves.
This distribution is the voltage amplitude of the fundamental wave, which is accounted for by the
zone factor decreased.
Sehnungsfaktor
As chording the displacement of the winding layers is referred to in a multi- layer winding. This
displacement causes a smoothing of the excitation curve, and thus a reduction of the harmonic of
the induced voltage.
By chording the induced voltage amplitude, which is taken into account by the Sehnungsfaktor
reduced. It is calculated as
With the pole number, number of grooves and the winding step. Here, the winding pitch is the
ratio of coil width to slot pitch.
Winding factor
The product of Sehnungs and zone factor is called the winding factor.
Characteristics / characteristics
The terms rated power, rated speed and rated torque arising from the information on the technical
data of the motor and the associated label. In this context, reference is also made to the design
values.
The nominal torque is not indicated generally on the nameplate. It can be calculated from the
following formula. See also performance in technical applications.
Characteristic example
The picture shows the typical torque curve as a function of the speed. In delta mode, the motor
has about three times the torque compared to the star operation. The operating points B1 or B2
are beyond the tipping moment K1 or K2.
P ( as pump) is shown as an example of the curve of the required torque of a centrifugal pump.
It depends on that the speed range of zero is passed through as quickly as possible to the tipping
point, because in this area the motor has a poor efficiency and heated accordingly. The (critical )
start-up time depends on the inertia of the machine and on the ratio of starting torque.
The example shows that the pump is also apparent in a star connection runs smoothly, because
the operating points B1 and B2 are close together. Nevertheless, it is possible that the motor
under constant load in star connection refers to a high current to deposit as required by the driven
machine moment. The engine thus heats up, because in the calculation of heat losses of the
absorbed current is a square. A heated above the manufacturer's specified allowable temperature
will shorten the life of the engine greatly. Often the required design moment for the operation is
in a delta connection but so great that the engine can not muster in a star configuration. The startup and switching to delta connection must therefore be carried out without load or to load
torques, the motor can still cope with star connection, without inadmissible to warm up.
In the example, the driving torque (asterisk) in the starting range is about two to four times
greater than the required torque of the pump. The difference is the accelerating portion.
Therefore could be here a restart of the pump with open spool. Technical standard is the start of a
pump with the slide closed. Then, the required torque is considerably smaller and the critical
start-up range is passed through as quickly as possible.
Fan with long wings (eg in a cooling tower ) have a large moment of inertia. Furthermore, the
start-up is possible only under load. This long lead times and planning engine result - fan
requires regular, careful interpretation.
Application Examples
Small power motors
Extruder drives
Rope / Kettenzugantrieb
EN 60 034 Part 8 Terminal markings and direction of rotation for electrical machines