Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Reinforced Concrete
Eric Steinberg, Ph.D., P.E.
Department of Civil Engineering
Ohio University
steinber@ohio.edu
AASHTO LRFD
This material is copyrighted by Ohio University
and Dr. Eric Steinberg. It may not be
reproduced, distributed, sold or stored by any
means, electrical or mechanical, without the
expressed written consent of Ohio University.
Topics
Day 1
Introduction
Flexure
Shear
Columns
Decks
Topics
Day 2
Strut and Tie
Retaining walls
Footings
Development (if time permits)
Day 3 (1/2 day)
Review
Quiz
Topics
Course covering
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,
3rd Edition, 2004
including 2005 and 2006 interim revisions
4th edition, 2007 presented where applicable
ODOT exemptions also presented
Topics
Sections within AASHTO LRFD
5. Concrete (R/C & P/C)
3. Loads and Load Factors
4. Structural Analysis and Evaluation
9. Decks and Deck Systems
11. Abutments, Piers and Walls
13. Railings
Properties - Concrete
Compressive Strength (5.4.2.1)
Properties - Concrete
Modulus of Elasticity (5.4.2.4)
For unit weights, wc = 0.090 to 0.155 kcf and fc < 15 ksi
Ec = 33,000 K1 wc1.5 fc
(5.4.2.4-1)
where
K1 = correction factor for source of aggregate, taken as
1.0 unless determined by test.
fc = compressive strength (ksi)
For normal weight concrete (wc = 0.145 kcf)
Ec = 1,820 fc
(C5.4.2.4-1)
Properties - Concrete
Modulus of Rupture, fr, (5.4.2.6)
Used in cracking moment
Determined by tests
or
Normal weight concrete (w/ fc < 15 ksi):
Crack control by distribution of reinforcement (5.7.3.4) &
deflection / camber (5.7.3.6.2)
fr = 0.24 fc
Minimum reinforcement (5.7.3.3.2)
fr = 0.37 fc
Shear Capacity, Vci
fr = 0.20 fc
Ohio University (July 2007)
Properties - Concrete
Modulus of Rupture (5.4.2.6)
For lightweight concrete:
Sand-lightweight concrete
fr = 0.20 fc
All-lightweight concrete
fr = 0.17 fc
Note: fc is in ksi for all of LRFD including fc
10
General (5.4.3.1)
11
Limit States
Cracking (5.7.3.4)
Deformations (5.7.3.6)
12
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Distribution of Reinforcement to Control Cracking (5.7.3.4)
Does not apply to deck slabs designed per 9.7.2 Emperical Design
(Note: ODOT does not allow Emperical Design)
13
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Distribution of Reinforcement to Control Cracking (5.7.3.4)
Spacing, s, of mild steel reinforcement in layer closest to tension face
shall satisfy:
700
e 2d
(5.7.3.4-1)
s
c
f
s ss
where:
e = exposure factor (0.75 for Class 2, 1.00 for Class 1)
fss = tensile stress in steel reinforcement at service limit state (ksi)
dc = concrete cover from center of flexural reinforcement located
closest to extreme tension fiber (in.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
14
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Distribution of Reinforcement to Control Cracking (5.7.3.4)
dc
in which:
= 1+
d
c
0.7 h d
where:
h = overall thickness / depth of component (in.)
15
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Class 2 exposure condition (e = 0.75) - increased concern of
appearance and/or corrosion (ODOT - concrete bridge decks.
Also 1 monolithic wearing surface not considered in dc and
h)
Class 1 exposure condition (e = 1.0) - cracks tolerated due to
reduced concerns of appearance and/or corrosion (ODOT
all other applications unless noted)
For fss, axial tension considered; axial compression may be
considered
Effects of bonded prestressing steel may be considered. For the
bonded prestressing steel, fs = stress beyond decompression
calculated on basis of cracked section or strain compatibility
Ohio University (July 2007)
16
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Min and max reinforcement spacing shall comply w/ 5.10.3.1 &
5.10.3.2, respectively
Minimum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars (5.10.3.1)
Cast-in-Place Concrete (5.10.3.1.1) - Clear distance between
parallel bars in a layer shall not be less than:
1.5 * nominal bar diameter
1.5 * maximum coarse aggregate size
1.5 in.
Multilayers (5.10.3.1.3)
Bars in upper layers placed directly above those in bottom layer
Clear distance between layers 1.0 in. or nominal bar diameter
Exception: Decks w/ parallel reinforcing in two or more layers
w/ clear distance between layers 6.0 in.
Ohio University (July 2007)
17
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
Maximum Spacing of Reinforcing Bars (5.10.3.2)
Unless otherwise specified, reinforcement spacing in walls
and slabs 1.5 * member thickness or 18.0 in.
Max spacing of spirals, ties, and temperature shrinkage
reinforcement per 5.10.6, 5.10.7, and 5.10.8
18
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking
T & S Steel: (5.10.8)
A
1.30 b h
2 (b + h) f
y
0.11 A 0.60
s
5.10.8 - 1
5.10.8 - 2
where
As = area of reinforcement in each direction and
each face (in2/ft)
b = least width of component (in)
h = least thickness of component (in)
Ohio University (July 2007)
19
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking (5.7.3.4)
For flanges of R/C T-girders and box girders in tension at service
limit state, flexural reinforcement distributed over lesser of:
Effective flange width, per 4.6.2.6
Interior beams (4.6.2.6) - least of:
o effective span (span for simply supported or
distance between permanent load inflection points
for continuous spans)
o 12* avg. slab depth + greater of (web thickness or
of girder top flange width
o Avg. spacing of adjacent beams
20
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking (5.7.3.4)
Exterior beams (4.6.2.6) - of adjacent interior beam
effective flange width + least of:
o 1/8 effective span
o 6* avg. slab depth + greater of (1/2 web thickness
or 1/4 of girder top flange width)
o Width of overhang
width = 1/10 of the average of adjacent spans between
bearings
If effective flange width > 1/10 span, additional longitudinal
reinforcement shall be provided in the outer portions of the
flange with area 0.4% of excess slab area
21
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking (5.7.3.4)
If de > 3.0 ft. for nonprestressed or partially P/C members:
longitudinal skin reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed
along both side faces for distance de/2 nearest flexural
tension reinforcement
area of skin reinforcement Ask (in.2/ft. of height) on each side
face shall satisfy:
A +A
s
ps
A
= 0.012 d 30
e
sk
4
(5.7.3.4-2)
where:
de = effective depth from extreme compression fiber to
centroid of tension steel (in.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
22
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Cracking (5.7.3.4)
Max spacing of skin reinforcement de/6 or 12.0 in.
Skin reinforcement may be included in strength computations
if strain compatibility analysis used to determine stresses in
individual bars / wires
23
Limit States
Example - Skin Reinforcement
de = 44.5
48
7 #9s
36
24
Limit States
As = 7(# 9s) = 7 in2
ASK = 0.012 (de 30) = 0.012 (44.5 30) = 0.174 in2/ft
st = 7 = 1.75 in2
4
4
Spacing:
de/6 or 12
(44.5)/6 = 7.42 or 12
(7.42 controls)
# 3 @ 6 (0.22 in /ft)
Say 6
25
Limit States
44.5 = de
Ask = #3s @ 6
36
26
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Deformations (5.7.3.6)
General (5.7.3.6.1)
27
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Criteria for Deflection (2.5.2.6.2)
28
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Criteria for Deflection (2.5.2.6.2)
(cont)
For composite design, stiffness of design cross-section used
for the determination of deflection should include the entire
width of the roadway and the structurally continuous portions
of the railings, sidewalks, and median barriers
ODOT Do not include stiffness contribution of railings,
sidewalks, and median barriers
For straight girder systems, the composite bending stiffness
of an individual girder may be taken as the stiffness
determined as specified above, divided by the number of
girders
29
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Criteria for Deflection (2.5.2.6.2)
(cont)
30
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Criteria for Deflection (2.5.2.6.2)
Required by ODOT
31
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Optional Criteria for Span-to-Depth Ratios (2.5.2.6.3)
Required by ODOT
Table 2.5.2.6.3-1 Traditional Minimum Depths for Constant Depth Superstructures
Superstructure
Material
Reinforced
Concrete
Type
Simple Spans
Continuous Spans
1.2(S + 10)
30
S + 10
0.54ft
30
T-Beams
0.070 L
0.065 L
Box Beams
0.060 L
0.055 L
0.035 L
0.033 L
32
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Optional Criteria for Span-to-Depth Ratios (2.5.2.6.3)
where
S = slab span length (ft.)
L = span length (ft.)
limits in Table 1 taken to apply to overall depth unless noted
33
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2)
Deflection and Camber (5.7.3.6.2)
34
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Deformations (5.7.3.6)
In absence of comprehensive analysis, instantaneous
deflections computed using the modulus of elasticity for
concrete as specified in Article 5.4.2.4 and taking moment of
inertia as either the gross moment of inertia, Ig, or an effective
moment of inertia, Ie, given by Eq. 1:
3
3
M
M
I = cr I + 1 cr I I
g
e M g
M cr
a
a
(5.7.3.6.2-1)
35
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Deformations (5.7.3.6)
in which:
I
g
M =f
cr r y
t
(5.7.3.6.2-2)
where:
Mcr = cracking moment (kip-in.)
fr = concrete modulus of rupture per 5.4.2.6 - fr = 0.24 fc
(ksi)
yt =distance from the neutral axis to the extreme tension
fiber (in.)
Ma = maximum moment in a component at the stage for
which deformation is computed (kip-in.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
36
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Deformations (5.7.3.6)
37
Limit States
Service Limit State (5.5.2) - Deformations (5.7.3.6)
Axial Deformation (5.7.3.6.3)
38
Limit States
Fatigue Limit State (5.5.3)
General (5.5.3.1)
39
Limit States
Fatigue Limit State (5.5.3)
Reinforcing Bars (5.5.3.2)
(5.5.3.2-1)
where
ff = stress range (ksi)
fmin = min live load stress combined w/ more severe
stress from either permanent loads or permanent loads,
shrinkage and creep-induced external loads (tension +
and compressive -) (ksi)
Ohio University (July 2007)
40
Limit States
Fatigue Limit State (5.5.3)
Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement (5.5.3.4)
Stress range in welded or mechanical splices shall not exceed
values below
Type of Splice
ff for
> 1,000,000 cycles
18 ksi
12 ksi
4 ksi
41
Limit States
Fatigue Limit State (5.5.3)
Welded or Mechanical Splices of Reinforcement (5.5.3.4)
where Ncyc < 1E6, ff may be increased to 24 (6 log Ncyc) ksi but
not to exceed the value found in 5.5.3.2
Higher values up to value found in 5.5.3.2 if verified by fatigue
test data
42
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
Resistance Factors (5.5.4.2)
0.90
Tension-controlled section in PC
1.00
0.90
Lightweight concrete
0.70
Compression-controlled w/ spirals/ties
0.75
Bearing
0.70
0.70
43
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
Resistance Factors (5.5.4.2) (cont.)
0.80
Lightweight concrete
0.65
1.00
1.00
44
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
Resistance Factors (5.5.4.2)
Tension-controlled:
extreme tension steel strain 0.005 w/ extreme compression fiber
strain = 0.003 ( = 0.9 R/C)
Compression-controlled
extreme tension steel strain its compression controlled strain limit
as extreme compression fiber strain = 0.003. For Grade 60
reinforcement and all prestressing steel, compression controlled
strain limit can be taken as 0.002 ( = 0.75)
Transition region
60
=
= 0.002069 0.002
y 29,000
45
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
0.003
0.003
0.003
c
dt
0.002
Compression controlled
Ohio University (July 2007)
0.005
Tension -controlled
46
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
0.003
c
0.003
= 0.375 Tension
d 0.003 + 0.005
controlled
t
( = 0.9)
c
0.003
= 0.6
d 0.003 + 0.002
t
s
Compression
controlled
( = 0.75)
0.003
c
0.375 <
< 0.6
d
t
Transition
47
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
de
dt
48
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
Resistance Factors, (5.5.4.2)
t
1 0.9
0.75 = 0.65 + 0.15
c
(5.5.4.2.1-2)
t
1 1.0
0.75 = 0.583 + 0.25
c
(5.5.4.2.1-1)
49
Limit States
1.05
Prestressed
1
0.95
Reinforced
F acto r
0.9
0.85
R/C:
Strain = 0.004
= 0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
Compression
Controlled
0.65
Tension
Controlled
Transition
0.6
0
0.001
0.002
Grade 60
Ohio University (July 2007)
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
50
Limit States
Strength Limit State (5.5.4)
Stability (5.5.4.3)
51
Limit States
Extreme Event Limit State (5.5.5)
52
Flexure
53
Flexure
Assumptions for Service & Fatigue Limit States (5.7.1)
Concrete strains vary linearly, except where conventional strength
of materials does not apply
Modular ratio, n, is
Es/Ec for reinforcing bars
Ep/Ec for prestressing tendons
54
Flexure
Assumptions for Strength & Extreme Event Limit
States (5.7.2)
General (5.7.2.1)
55
Flexure
Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit
States (5.7.2)
General (5.7.2.1)
56
Flexure
Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit
States (5.7.2)
Rectangular Stress Distribution (5.7.2.2)
0.003
0.85fc
c
NA
s
Ohio University (July 2007)
de
fs
57
Flexure
Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event Limit
States (5.7.2)
Rectangular Stress Distribution (5.7.2.2)
58
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Components w/ Bonded Tendons (5.7.3.1.1)
A
c =
(5.7.3.1.1-3)
59
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Components w/ Bonded Tendons (5.7.3.1.1)
f + A f A' f '
ps pu
ss
ss
c=
f
pu
0.85 f' b + k A
1 c w
ps d
p
A
(5.7.3.1.1-4)
60
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
where
Aps = area of prestressing steel
fpu = tensile strength of prestressing steel
As = area of mild tension reinforcement
As = area of compression reinforcement
fs = stress in mild tension reinforcement at nominal resistance
fs = stress in mild compression reinforcement at nominal resistance
b = width of compression flange
bw = width of web
hf = height of compression flange
dp = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of
the prestressing steel
61
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Flexural Resistance (5.7.3.2)
(5.7.3.2.1-1)
where
Mn = nominal resistance
= resistance factor 0.9 Tension Controlled
Transition
0.75 Compression controlled
62
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Flexural Resistance (5.7.3.2)
a
a
a
+ 0.85f' b - b h f
(5.7.3.2.2-1)
c
w f 2 2
where
63
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
General (5.7.2.1)
64
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Flexural Resistance (5.7.3.2)
65
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Limits for Reinforcement (5.7.3.3)
c
0.75
0.45
b
d
e
c
0.42
d
e
Std. Spec
Requirement eliminated because reduced ductility of overreinforced sections accounted for in lower factors
66
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Limits for Reinforcement (5.7.3.3)
67
Flexure
Flexural Members (5.7.3)
Limits for Reinforcement (5.7.3.3)
c
M = S f + f
1
S f
cr
c r cpe
dnc S
c r
nc
(5.7.3.3.2-1)
where
fcpe = concrete compressive stress due to effective
prestress forces at extreme fiber of section
Mdnc = total unfactored dead load acting on monolithic or
noncomposite section
Sc = composite section modulus
Snc = monolithic or noncomposite section modulus
Note: fcpe, Sc, and Snc found where tensile stress caused by
externally applied loads
Ohio University (July 2007)
68
69
de
24
dt
18
Ohio University (July 2007)
70
c=
a 7.84"
=
= 9.23"
0.85
1
0.003
0.003
=
c
0.003 +
d
dt
t
s
71
20.5"
=
(0.003) 0.003 = 0.0037 < 0.005 0.9
s 9.23"
> 0.002 Transition
or
c 9.23
=
= 0.45 > 0.375 0.9
d 20.5
< 0.6 0.75
Therefore, transition
Ohio University (July 2007)
72
d
= 0.65 + 0.15 t 1 0.9 but 0.75
20.5"
= 0.65 + 0.15
1 = 0.83
9.23"
73
Shear
74
Shear
Design Procedures (5.8.1)
Flexural Regions (5.8.1.1)
Shear design for plane sections that remain plane done using either:
75
Shear
Design Procedures (5.8.1)
Regions Near Discontinuities (5.8.1.2)
76
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
General (5.8.2.1)
V =V
r
n
(5.8.2.1-2)
where:
Vn = nominal shear resistance per 5.8.3.3 (kip)
= resistance factor (0.9)
77
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Nominal Shear Resistance (5.8.3.3)
V = V +V +V
n
c
s
p
(5.8.3.3-1)
and
V = 0.25 f' b d + V
n
c v v
p
(5.8.3.3-2)
78
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Nominal Shear Resistance (5.8.3.3)
in which:
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c
c v v
(5.8.3.3 - 3)
(5.8.3.3 - 4)
79
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Nominal Shear Resistance (5.8.3.3)
where:
80
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Nominal Shear Resistance (5.8.3.3)
where:
Av = area of shear reinforcement within s (in.2)
Vp = component in direction of applied shear of effective
prestressing force; positive if resisting the applied shear (kip)
= angle of transverse reinforcement to longitudinal axis ()
= factor indicating ability of diagonally cracked concrete to
transmit tension as specified in 5.8.3.4
= inclination angle of diagonal compressive stresses per 5.8.3.4 ()
81
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Determination of and (5.8.3.4)
Simplified Procedure for Nonprestressed Sections (5.8.3.4.1)
For:
= 2.0
= 45o
82
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Nominal Shear Resistance (5.8.3.3)
becomes:
(5.8.3.3-3)
A f d
v y v
V =
s
s
(5.8.3.3-4)
83
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
General (5.8.3.1)
In lieu of methods discussed, resistance of members in shear may
be determined by satisfying:
equilibrium
strain compatibility
using experimentally verified stress-strain relationships for
reinforcement and diagonally cracked concrete
where consideration of simultaneous shear in a second direction is
warranted, investigation based either on the principles outlined
above or on 3-D strut-and-tie model
84
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Sections Near Supports (5.8.3.2)
85
x
dv
=
Shear
h
0.72h
0.90de
0.5dv cot()
Mn
For top bars
dv = (Aps)(fps)+(Asfy)
(Varies)
Mn
dv = (Aps)(fps)+(Asfy)
(Varies)
86
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Sections Near Supports (5.8.3.2)
87
Shear
Sectional Design Model (5.8.3)
Sections Near Supports (5.8.3.2)
Minimal Av
dv
88
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
Regions Requiring Transverse Reinforcement (5.8.2.4)
(5.8.2.4-1)
where:
Vu = factored shear force (kip)
Vc = nominal concrete shear resistance (kip)
Vp = prestressing component in direction of shear (kip)
= resistance factor (0.9)
Ohio University (July 2007)
89
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
Minimum Transverse Reinforcement (5.8.2.5)
b s
v
A 0.0316 f'
v
c f
y
(5.8.2.5-1)
where:
Av = transverse reinforcement area within distance s (in.2)
bv = width of web (adjusted for ducts per 5.8.2.9) (in.)
s = transverse reinforcement spacing (in.)
fy = transverse reinforcement yield strength (ksi)
Ohio University (July 2007)
90
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
Maximum Spacing of Transverse Reinforcement (5.8.2.7)
where
vu = shear stress per 5.8.2.9 (ksi)
dv = effective shear depth (in.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
91
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
Shear Stress on Concrete (5.8.2.9)
V V
u
p
v =
u
b d
v v
(5.8.2.9-1)
where:
= resistance factor (0.9)
bv = effective web width (in.)
dv = effective shear depth (in.)
92
Shear
General Requirements (5.8.2)
Design and Detailing Requirements (5.8.2.8)
93
Shear
Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
Single leg, simple or multiple U stirrups (5.11.2.6.2)
0.44 d f
b y
l
e
f'
c
Ohio University (July 2007)
94
Shear
Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
Closed stirrups (5.11.2.6.4)
95
Columns
96
97
98
f
s + ps pu 0.08
A f
A
gy
g
A
(5.7.4.2-1)
and
f
ps pe
0.30
A f'
g c
(5.7.4.2-2)
99
A f
A f
sy
ps pu
+
0.135
A f'
A f'
g c
g c
(5.7.4.2-3)
100
101
102
103
104
(4.5.3.2.2b-1)
105
C
m
=
1.0
P
b
u
1
P
K e
1
P
u
1
P
K
e
(4.5.3.2.2b-3)
(4.5.3.2.2b-4)
106
M
0.6 + 0.4 1b
M
2b
(4.5.3.2.2b-6)
Note: M1b / M2b + for single curvature and - for double curvature
Ohio University (July 2007)
107
(4.5.3.2.2b-5)
K L
108
109
End
Conditions
FixedFixed
Theoretical K
0.50
0.7
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
Design K
0.65
0.8
1.2
1.0
2.1
2.0
Fixed- Pinned-Lat.
Free
Translation
110
G G 36
a b K
K
=
6 G + G
tan
a
b
K
111
E I
cc
L
G = c
E I
gg
L
g
112
G = 1.5
G = 5.0
G = 1.0
Friction
G = 1.5
G = 1.0
refined analysis reqd.
113
114
E I
c g
+E I
s s
EI = 5
1+
d
EI =
E I
c g
2.5
1+
d
(5.7.4.3-1)
(5.7.4.3-2)
115
116
(5.7.4.4-1)
in which:
Pn= e [ 0.85 fc (Ag-Ast-Aps) + fyAst Aps (fpe-Epcu) ]
(5.7.4.4-2&3)
with e
= 0.85 for members w/ spiral reinforcement
= 0.80 for members w/ tie reinforcement
Ohio University (July 2007)
117
118
1
P
rxy
1
1
1
+
P
P
P
rx
ry
o
(5.7.4.5-1)
in which: (5.7.4.5-2)
P = 0.85 f' A A A + f A A f E
o
c g
st
ps y st
ps pe
p cu
Ohio University (July 2007)
119
M
M
ux + uy 1.0
M
M
rx
ry
(5.7.4.5-3)
120
where:
Prxy = factored axial resistance in biaxial flexure (kip)
Prx = factored axial resistance based on only ey is present (kip)
Pry = factored axial resistance based on only ex is present (kip)
Pu = factored applied axial force (kip)
Mux = factored applied moment about X-axis (kip-in.)
Muy = factored applied moment about Y-axis (kip-in.)
ex = eccentricity in X direction, (Muy/Pu) (in.)
ey = eccentricity in Y direction, (Mux/Pu) (in.)
Po = nominal axial resistance of section at 0.0 eccentricity
121
122
A
f'
g c
1
0.45
s
A
f
c yh
(5.7.4.6-1)
where:
Ag = gross area of concrete section (in.2)
Ac = area of core measured to the outside diameter of spiral (in.2)
fc = 28 day strength, unless another age is specified (ksi)
fyh = specified yield strength of reinforcement (ksi)
Other details of spiral and tie reinforcement shall conform to Articles
5.10.6 and 5.10.11
Ohio University (July 2007)
123
A
r
=
Steel Volume
Concrete Volume
A 2r
b
=
r 2 pitch
Pitch
125
MPermanent y = 83 k-ft
fc = 4ksi
2
36in
2
2
Diameter of column = 36 in (3 ft) A =
= 1,018in (7.07ft )
g
2
126
Load Factor
2
Self weight of column = 7.07 ft 17.65 ft 0.15 kcf 1.25 = 23.4 k
2
s = 12 in
= 0.012 < 0.08
2
A
g 1,018 in
A f
12 in2 (60 ksi)
sy
=
= 0.177
2
A f'
g c 1,018 in (4 ksi)
Ohio University (July 2007)
O.K (5.7.4.2-1)
0.135
O.K.. (5.7.4.2-3)
127
L =Length of column
k = Effective length factor
r = Radius of gyration of cross-section of the column
L = 17.65 ft = 212 in
128
GB
GA
Ohio University (July 2007)
129
130
r = 0.25(d) . (C5.7.4.3)
where d = column diameter
r = 0.25(36 in) = 9 in
Plane of Bent
kL 1.2 (212in)
=
r
9in
Consider slenderness
Ohio University (July 2007)
131
Plane to Bent
kL 2.1(212in)
=
= 49.5 < 100
r
9in
Consider slenderness
Moment Magnification
Plane to Bent:
= M + M
M
C
b 2b
s 2s
Ohio University (July 2007)
132
where
the s are moment magnifying factors
b = braced magnifier
s = sway magnifier
C
m
=
P
b
1 u
P
K e
Ohio University (July 2007)
1
=
P
s
u
1
P
K
e
133
where:
Cm = Equivalent moment correction factor
Cm = 1.0 (for all other cases)
Pu = 950 k
K = 0.75
2EI
P =
e (kL )2
u
Ohio University (July 2007)
134
EI max of:
E I
cg
+E I
ss
EI = 5
1+
d
where:
and
E I
cg
EI = 2.5
1+
135
E = 1,820 f'
c
c
r4
I =
g
4
(18 in)4
=
= 82,448 in4
4
where
r = radius of column
Es = 29,000ksi
Is difficult to find and depends on position of bars
relative to axis of concern
Ohio University (July 2007)
136
3
2
r
1
2
2
3
D = 36 in 3 in 3 in = 30 in r = 15 in
137
r = 15
30o
138
r
60o
139
d
Ohio University (July 2007)
&
E I
cg
EI = 2.5
1+
d
140
= 86,261,864 k - in2
&
3,640 ksi (82,448 in4 )
2.5
EI =
1.15
Ohio University (July 2007)
= 104,386,33 7 k - in2
(Controls)
141
=
b
1
1
= 1.32
950 k
0.75 (5,198 k)
= = 1.32
s
b
142
Plane of Bent:
Mc// = bM2b + sM2s
C
m
=
P
b
1 u
P
e
2EI
P =
e (k L )2
u
143
83
=
= 0.32
d 260
144
2 (90,942,64 2 k - in2 )
(1.2 (212 in))2
= 13,869 k
=
b
1
1
= 1.10
950 k
0.75 (13,869 k)
M =
u
M 2 +M 2 =
//
145
Pn(kips))
Mn(k-ft)
Pu(k)
Mu(k-ft)
0.75
2,603
950
1030
0.75
2,603
324
0.75
2,443
610
0.75
2,060
859
0.75
1,617
1,030
0.763
1,142
1,131
0.832
799
1,159
0.9
416
1,032
0.9
-23
690
146
2,500
Pn (k)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
-500
Mn (k-ft)
147
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c
c v v
where
Vc = nominal concrete shear strength
bv = web width (the same as bw in the ACI Code)
dv = effective depth in shear (taken as flexural lever arm)
Not subject to axial tension and will include minimum transverse steel
= 2.0
By C5.8.2.9
bv = 36 in.
Ohio University (July 2007)
148
Note: Apsfps = 0
where:
Aps = Area of prestressed reinforcement
fps = Stress in prestressed reinforcement
Also assuming of the steel is actually in tension (6 in2 instead
of 12 in2)
Ohio University (July 2007)
149
Alternatively:
dv = 0.9de
de = (D/2) + (Dr/)
D = 36 in
Dr = 36 in -3 in -3 in - 2( in) - 1.128 in = 27.872 in
where in is from #4 tie/spiral and 1.128 is from # 9 rebar
d =
e
36 in
27.872 in
+
= 26.87 in
2
(Use this)
150
b s
v
A
= 0.0316 f'
v
c f
Min
y
= 0.0316 4 ksi
36 in(4 in)
= 0.15 in2
60 ksi
O.K.
152
Decks
153
Decks
Limit States: (9.5)
Concrete appurtenances (curb, parapets, railing, barriers,
dividers) to the deck can be considered for service and
fatigue, but not for strength or extreme event limit states
ODOT - Designers shall ignore the structural contribution of
concrete appurtenances for all limit states
154
Decks
Service Limit States (9.5.2)
Deflection (local dishing, not overall superstructure
deformation) caused by live load plus dynamic load
allowance shall not exceed:
L/800 for decks w/o pedestrian traffic
L/1000 for decks w/ limited pedestrian traffic
L/1200 for decks w/ significant pedestrian traffic
where L = span length from center-center of supports
155
Decks
Fatigue and Fracture (9.5.3)
Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete decks in multi-girder
systems. For other decks see 5.5.3.
Strength (9.5.4)
Decks and deck systems analyzed as either elastic or inelastic
structures and designed and detailed in accordance w/ Section 5.
156
Decks
Analysis Methods (9.6)
Following methods may be used for various limit states as
permitted in 9.5
Approximate elastic method (4.6.2.1)
Refined methods (4.6.3.2)
Empirical design (9.7)
ODOT - Approximate elastic method of analysis specified in
Article 4.6.2.1 shall be used
157
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
General (4.6.2.1.1)
For slab bridges and concrete spans spanning > 15 feet and
primarily parallel to traffic, provisions of 4.6.2.3 shall apply
158
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Width of Equivalent Interior Strips (4.6.2.1.3)
159
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Width of Equivalent Interior Strips (4.6.2.1.3)
Table 4.6.2.1.3 - 1
Type of Deck
Direction of
Primary Strip
Relative to Traffic
Width of Primary
Strip (in.)
Concrete:
Cast-in-place
Overhang
Either Parallel or
Perpendicular
45.0 + 10.0 X
+M: 26.0 + 6.6 S
-M: 48.0 + 3.0 S
160
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Width of Equivalent Strips at Edges of Slabs (4.6.2.1.4)
For design, notional load edge beam taken as a reduced deck strip
width specified herein. Any additional integral local thickening or
similar protrusion that is located within the reduced deck strip width
can be assumed to act w/ the reduced deck strip width.
161
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Width of Equivalent Strips at Edges of Slabs (4.6.2.1.4)
Longitudinal Edges (4.6.2.1.4b)
162
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Width of Equivalent Strips at Slab Edges (4.6.2.1.4) Transverse
Edges (4.6.2.1.4c)
163
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Distribution of Wheel Loads 4.6.2.1.5
164
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Distribution of Wheel Loads 4.6.2.1.5
If spacing of supporting components in secondary direction:
165
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Calculation of Force Effects 4.6.2.1.6
166
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Calculation of Force Effects 4.6.2.1.6
167
Decks
A4 DECK SLAB DESIGN TABLE 1 (Equivalent strip method)
Assumptions and limitations:
Concrete slabs supported on parallel girders
Multiple presence factors and dynamic load allowance included
For negative moment design sections, interpolate for distances not
listed
Decks supported on 3 girders and having a width of 14.0 ft
between centerlines of exterior girders
Moments represent upper bound for moments in the interior
regions of the slab
168
Decks
Table A4-1 Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width, kip-ft./ft.
-M
S
+M
4- 0
3 in
6 in
9 in
12 in
18 in
24 in
4.68
2.68
2.07
1.74
1.60
1.50
1.34
1.25
4- 3
4.66
2.73
2.25
1.95
1.74
1.57
1.33
1.20
4- 6
4.63
3.00
2.58
2.17
1.90
1.65
1.32
1.18
14-6
9.25
9.21
7.57
6.72
14-9
9.36
9.44
7.76
6.86
15-0
9.47
9.65
7.94
7.02
169
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Equivalent Strip Widths for Slab-Type Bridges 4.6.2.3
E = 10.0 + 5.0 L W
1 1
(4.6.2.3-1)
E = 84.0 + 1.44 L W
1 1
12.0 W
N
L
(4.6.2.3-2)
170
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Equivalent Strip Widths for Slab-Type Bridges 4.6.2.3
where:
E = equivalent width (in.)
L1 = modified span length = lesser of actual span or 60.0(ft.)
W1 = modified edge-to-edge width = to lesser of actual width or
60.0 for multilane loading, 30.0 for single-lane loading (ft.)
W = physical edge-to-edge width of bridge (ft.)
NL = number of design lanes per 3.6.1.1.1
Ohio University (July 2007)
171
Decks
Approximate Methods of Analysis (4.6.2)
Equivalent Strip Widths for Slab-Type Bridges 4.6.2.3
(4.6.2.3-3)
where:
= Skew angle ( o )
172
Decks
General (9.7.1)
Depth of deck 7 excluding provisions for
grinding
grooving
sacrificial surface
ODOT
173
Decks
General (9.7.1)
If deck skew 25o
primary reinforcement may be placed in direction of skew
Otherwise, primary reinforcement placed perpendicular to
main supporting elements.
ODOT
BDM Section 302.2.4.2 covers this
For steel beam/girder bridges w/ skew < 15, transverse
steel may be shown placed to abutments. For skew > 15
or where reinforcing would interfere w/ shear studs,
transverse steel placed to centerline of bridge.
For P/C I beams, transverse steel placed to centerline of
bridge
For composite box beam decks, transverse steel placed to
abutment
Ohio University (July 2007)
174
Decks
General (9.7.1)
Overhanging portion of deck designed:
for railing impact loads
and
in accordance with 3.6.1.3.4 (ODOT 3.6.1.3.4 does not
apply)
Punching shear effects of outside toe of railing post or
barrier due to vehicle collision loads shall be investigated
175
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Design Cases
Case 1: Extreme Event Load Combination II - transverse and
longitudinal forces
Case 2: Extreme Event Load Combination II - vertical forces
Case 3: Strength I Load Combination loads that occupy
overhang
ODOT - For Design Cases 1 and 2:
176
Decks
Rail Section w/ Loads
Sidewalk
Deck
Ohio University (July 2007)
177
Decks
Longitudinal View of Rail w/ Loads
178
Decks
Plan View of Rail w/ Loads
179
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Concrete Parapet (A13.4.2)
For Design Case 1, deck overhang designed to provide
flexural resistance, Ms in kip-ft/ft acting coincident with the
tensile force, T, > Mc of the parapet at its base
Lc
T=
where:
w
L + 2H
c
180
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Concrete Parapet (A13.4.2)
ODOT Exception
RH
M
=
CT L + 2 H + 2X
c
where
X
Ohio University (July 2007)
181
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Concrete Parapet (A13.4.2)
ODOT Exception
182
Decks
Barrier
LC
System
(ft.)
(kip)
(ft.)
SBR-1-99
12.7
165.0
3.5
42 BR-1
12.4
165.0
3.5
36 BR-1
8.8
72.0
3.0
BR-2-98
10.0
72.0
2.5 (1)
183
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings (A13.4.3.1)
For Design Case 1, moment per ft., Md, and thrust per ft., T
taken as
M
Post
M =
d W + D
b
P
p
T =
W + D
b
where:
MPost = flex. resistance of railing post (ft. - kips)
Pp = shear corresponding to Mpost (kips)
Wb = width of base plate (ft.)
D = dist from outer edge of base plate to innermost row of
bolts (ft.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
184
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings (A13.4.3.1)
For Design Case 2, punching shear, Pv, and overhang moment, Md,
taken as
F L
P = v
v
L
v
where:
P X
M = v
d
b
b = 2X+ W L
b
185
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings (A13.4.3.1)
ODOT exception
Y = 1.79 ft.
Pp = 44.2 kip
Wb = 2.0 ft.
D = 0.0 ft.
186
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings - Punching Shear Resistance (A13.4.3.2)
For Design Case 1, factored shear taken as:
V = A F
u
f y
Factored resistance to punching shear taken as
B h
V = V = V W + h + 2 E + + h
r
n
c b
2 2
187
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings - Punching Shear Resistance (A13.4.3.2)
0.1265
V = 0.0633 +
f' 0.1265 f'
c
c
c
where
B
h
+
B
2
2
W
= b
c
D
188
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings - Punching Shear Resistance (A13.4.3.2)
where
189
Decks
Deck Overhang Design (A13.4)
Post and Beam Railings - Punching Shear Resistance (A13.4.3.2)
where
B = dist. between centroids of compression and tensile stress
resultants in post (in.)
190
Decks
Wb
E + B/2 + h/2
h/2
Deck
edge
Ohio University (July 2007)
h/2
h/2
B
B/2
Punching shear
critical section
191
Decks
Reinforcement Distribution (9.7.3.2)
Reinforcement in secondary direction placed in bottom of slabs
as a % of primary reinforcement for positive moment as follows:
Primary parallel to traffic
100 / S 50 %
Primary perpendicular to traffic
220 / S 67 %
where S = effective span length by 9.7.2.3 (ft)
ODOT (BDM 302.2.4.1) - Distribution reinforcement in topreinforcing layer of reinforced concrete deck on steel / concrete
stringers shall be approximately 1/3 of main reinforcement,
uniformly spaced
Ohio University (July 2007)
192
Decks
Effective span length (9.7.2.3)
Face-to-face distance for slabs monolithic with beams or walls
Distances between flange tips + flange overhang
For nonuniform spacing (see Fig 9.7.2.3-1)
193
Decks
Slab Bridge Example:
22
36
36
194
Decks
Minimum thickness (Table 2.5.2.6.3-1)
=
h
min
1.2 (S + 10)
30
Say 15.5
195
Decks
Equivalent Strips: (4.6.2.3)
Interior:
1-Lane
E = 10 + 5 L W
1 1
where L1 = Span 60
= 22 60
and
W1 = width 30
= 36 30 Controls
E = 10 + 5 22 (30) = 138.5"
Note: Loads on this strip do not have to include multiple
presence factor, m = 1.2 for single lane loading since already
included
Ohio University (July 2007)
196
Decks
> 1 Lane:
W
E = 84 + 1.44 L W 12
1 1
N
L
where:
W = Width = 36
W
36
=
=3
NL = # of Lanes =
12
12
W1 = Width 60
= 36 60
36
22 (36) 12
3
= 124.5" < 144" O.K
E = 84 + 1.44
Controls
Ohio University (July 2007)
197
Decks
Exterior:
Edge Strip
Edge of Deck to inside face of barrier
+ 12
+ strip width per 4.6.2.3
strip width or 72
124.5
= 62.25
0 + 12 + (124.5) = 43.125 <
2
controls
or 72
198
Deck - Example
199
Deck - Example
NOTES/ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Design Specifications:
2. Material Strengths:
Reinforcing Steel:
fy = 60 ksi
Concrete:
fc = 4.5 KSI
60 PSF
200
Deck - Example
NOTES/ASSUMPTIONS:
4. Overhang barrier designs valid for:
BR-1
BR-2-98
SBR-1-99
201
Deck - Example
NOTES/ASSUMPTIONS:
5.
Design Controls:
Integral wearing surface = 1
Minimum transverse steel spacing = 5
Crack control factor, e = 0.75 (Class 2)
Minimum overhang deck thickness = interior deck
thickness + 2 (overhang deck thickness shall be clearly
shown on plans, i.e. on typical section).
increments for bar spacing
Primary reinforcement to traffic
2 top cover
1 bottom cover
202
Deck - Example
NOTES/ASSUMPTIONS:
6. Decks supported on 4 or more beam lines
203
Deck - Example
Typical Section
204
Deck - Example
Design Information:
References
205
Deck - Example
Deck Thickness:
References
bf
bw
[BDM 302.2.1]
206
Deck - Example
Equivalent Strip Width:
References
S = 10.0
[LRFD 3.6.1.3.1])
207
Deck - Example
Load Effects:
Dead Loads:
Deck slab self-weight (interior bay 9)
= 0.75 ft (1.0 ft) (0.150 k/ft3) = 0.113 k/ft
Deck Slab Self-weight (overhang 11)
= 0.92 ft (1.0 ft) (0.150 k/ft3) = 0.138 k/ft
Barrier
area
208
Deck - Example
Live Load:
HL-93..[LRFD 3.6.1.2]
No design lane load (beam spacing < 15) [LRFD 3.6.1.3.3]
Dynamic Load Allowance = 1.33.[LRFD 3.6.2]
Multiple Presence Factor (m):.[LRFD 3.6.1.1.2]
m = 1.2 (Single lane loaded)
m = 1.0 (Two lanes loaded)
-M critical section:
Located 1/4 of flange width from support
centerline[LRFD 4.6.2.1.6]
bf
209
Deck - Example
Moments:
Designer has option of generating moments based on:
Continuity analysis
Closed formed formula such as the 4-span continuous
moments equations presented below
Table A4-1 for live loads
If continuity analysis is performed, consideration shall be
given to part width construction or other project specific
design cases.
210
Deck - Example
Positive Moment (based on 4-span continuous):
MDC = 0.0772 * wDC * SEFF2
= 0.0772 * 0.113 k/ft * 9.472 = 0.78 k-ft/ft
MDW = 0.0772 * wDW * SEFF2
= 0.0772 * 0.06 k/ft * 9.472 = 0.42 k-ft/ft
MLL+I (from LRFD Table A4-1) = 6.89 k-ft/ft
Strength I Design Moment (+MU)
= 1.25(0.78) + 1.50(0.42) + 1.75(6.89) = 13.65 kip-ft/ft
Service I Design Moment (+MW)
= 0.78 + 0.42 + 6.89 = 8.08 kip-ft/ft
Ohio University (July 2007)
211
Deck Example
Table A4-1 Maximum Live Load Moments Per Unit Width, kip-ft./ft.
+M
-M
Distance from Girder CL to Design Section for -M
0 in
3 in
6 in
9 in
12 in
18 in
24 in
4- 0
4.68
2.68
2.07
1.74
1.60
1.50
1.34
1.25
4- 3
4.66
2.73
2.25
1.95
1.74
1.57
1.33
1.20
4- 6
4.63
3.00
2.58
2.17
1.90
1.65
1.32
1.18
10-0
6.89
7.85
6.99
6.13
5.26
4.41
4.09
3.77
10-3
7.03
8.19
7.32
6.45
5.58
4.71
4.29
3.96
212
Deck - Example
Negative Moment (based on 4-span continuous):
MDC = -0.1071 * wDC * SEFF2
= -0.1071 * 0.113 k/ft * 9.472 = -1.08 k-ft/ft
MDW = -0.1071 * wDW * SEFF2
= -0.1071 * 0.06 k/ft * 9.472 = -0.58 k-ft/ft
MLL+I (from LRFD Table A4-1) = -6.99 k-ft/ft
Strength I Design Moment (MU)
= 1.25(-1.08) + 1.50(-0.58) + 1.75(-6.99) = -14.44 kip-ft/ft
Service I Design Moment (MW)
= -1.08 0.58 6.99 = -8.64 kip-ft/ft
Ohio University (July 2007)
213
Deck - Example
214
Deck - Example
Reinforced Concrete Design:
T = 9.0
db = 6.1875
Needs to be checked
dt = 5.6875
14.44 (12)
0.9 (12) (5.6875)2
= 0.496 ksi
215
Deck - Example
f'
c
2R
= 0.85 1 1
req
0.85 f'
fy
c
M
A = u
s f jd
y
2 (0.496)
4.5
= 0.85
1 1
= 0.00889
60
0.85
(4.5)
216
Deck - Example
f'
c
2R
2 (0.496)
4.5
= 0.85 1 1
= 0.85
1
1
= 0.00889
req
f
0.85
f'
0.85 (4.5)
60
y
c
M
14.44(12)
u =
A =
= 0.5939in 2 /ft
s
f jd
0.9(60 )(0.95 )5.6875
y
217
Deck - Example
Check minimum reinforcement.[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
1.2 M = 1.2 S f
cr
c r
218
Deck - Example
Check for cracking under Service I limit state[LRFD 5.7.3.4]
Check if stress at extreme fiber is less than 0.8* fr:
8.64 (12)
f
=
= 0.640 ksi > 0.407 NG, check spacing limit
2
act 12 (9)
6
700
e 2d
c
f
s s
219
Deck - Example
e = 0.75[BDM 1005]
d
c
=1 +
S
0.7 h d
w
f =
s A j d
s
t
1 1 5
1
= 2 - 1 + + = 2.3125"
2 28
2
= 1+
2.3125
= 1.5808
0.7 (8 2.3125 )
9-1 (MWS)
j = 1
k
3
k = 2 n + ( n )2 n
= 2 (0.00948 ) 8 + (0.00948 8 )2 (0.00948 ) 8 = 0.3209
Ohio University (July 2007)
220
Deck - Example
j = 1
0.3209
= 0.893
3
8.64 12
f =
= 31.57 ksi
s 0.647 (0.893 ) 5.6875
700 (0.75 )
s
=
2 (2.313 ) = 5.89" > 5.75" O.K.
max 1.5808 (31.57 )
221
Deck - Example
12
nAs = 8(0.647) = 5.176
X
dt= 5.6875
My
f = n
s
I
222
Deck - Example
Check tension controlled ( = 0.9)[LRFD 5.7.2.1]
0.32 f ' b d
0.32 (4.5) 0.825 (12) 5.6875
c
1
=
= 1.351 in2 /ft
Max. A =
60
s
f
y
A f
sy
c
0.375
0.375
0.85 f' b d
d
1
c
t
t
0.375 (0.85) f' b d
0.32 f' b d
1
c
t
1 c
t
A
=
s
f
f
y
y
223
Deck - Example
Positive Moment:
Strength I:
+M
u
R=
b d2
b
13.65
0.9 (1.0 ) (6.1875 )2
= 0. 396 ksi
c
2R
= 0.85 1 1
req
0.85 f
fy
c
2 (0.396 )
4.5
1
1
= 0.00699
= 0.85
0.85 (4.5 )
60
224
Deck - Example
A bd
s
b
0.31
(12) = 7.17"
0.519
225
Deck - Example
Check minimum reinforcement.[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
.846
M = 0.9 (60) .647 (6.1875 ) / 12
n
2
= 16.78 k - ft/ft > 12.71 O.K.
(If fails, provide reinforcement for 1.33 Mu)
226
Deck - Example
Check cracking under Service I limit state[LRFD 5.7.3.4]
Check if stress at extreme fiber is less than 0.8 * fr:
700
e 2d
c
f
s s
227
Deck - Example
e = 0.75...[BDM 1005]
= 1+
1 1 5
= 1 + = 1.813"
2 28
d
c
1.813
= 1+
= 1.4185
(
)
0.7
8
1.813
0.7 h d
+M
w
f =
s
A jd
s b
k=
j =1
k
3
2n + (n)2 n
228
Deck - Example
0.310
j= 1
= 0.897
3
8.08 12
f =
= 27.03 ksi
s 0.647 (0.897 ) 6.1875
700 (0.75 )
s
=
2 (1.813 ) = 10.07" > 5.75" O.K.
max 1.4185 (27.03 )
Check if tension controlled ( = 0.9)......[LRFD 5.7.2.1]
0.32 f ' b d
0.32 (4.5) 0.825 (12) 6.1875
c 1
Max. A =
=
= 1.470 in2 /ft
s
f
60
y
Actual As = 0.647 in2/ft < 1.470 OK
Use #5s at 5 3/4" c/c spacing in bottom transverse layer
Ohio University (July 2007)
229
Deck - Example
Distributional Reinforcement:
Top:.[BDM 302.2.4.1]
AS Dist As Primary = (0.647 in2/ft) = 0.216 in2/ft
0.20
12 = 11.13"
0.216
Say 11 spacing
Use #4s @ 11" c/c spacing (AS = 0.218 in2/ft) in top longitudinal mat
Bottom:[LRFD 9.7.3.2]
2.20
S A s Primary
Lesser of
A
s Dist
0.67 A
s Primary
Deck - Example
Seff = 9.47[LRFD 9.7.2.3]
s Dist
Lesser of
2.20
2 ft
(
)
0.519
=
0.371
in
9.47
0.31
Max. Bar Spacing
12 = 10.69"
0.348
231
Deck - Example
Interior Bay Reinforcement Summary
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT: Use #5 bars @ 5 c/c
spacing Top and Bottom
LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT: Use #4 bars at 11 c/c
spacing Top and #5 bars at 10 c/c spacing Bottom
Note: Negative moment (over pier) reinforcement designed in
accordance with LRFD 6.10.1.7 (Steel) or 5.7.3.2 (Prestressed).
See 6.10.1.7 for cutoff points.
232
Deck - Example
Overhang Load Effects
For simplicity, assume critical sections occur at CL of exterior
beam and @ barrier toe
Note: Barrier centroid is approx. 5 11/16 (0.474) from deck edge
Load Effects at CL Exterior Beam:
MDC = MSLAB + MBARRIER
233
Deck - Example
IM
wheel load
multi presence
16 kip (3.5 1.5 1.0) (1.33 ) (1.2) 12
M
=
= 5.571 k ft/ft
LL + I
55
strip width
M
=
CT
L
H
C
RH
..[BDM 1013]
+ 2H+ 2 X
R = 165.0 kip
LC = 12.4
H = 3.5
X = 3.5 1.5 = 2.0
Ohio University (July 2007)
234
Deck - Example
165.0 (3.5 )
M
=
= 24.679 k ft
CT
12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (2.0 )
H
T
=
CT L
R
165.0
=
= 7.051 kip
+ 2H+ 2 X
12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (2.0 )
Deck - Example
RH
M
=
CT
L + 2H+ 2 X
H
C
R = 165.0 kip
LC = 12.4
H = 3.5
X = 0.0
165.0 (3.5 )
M
=
= 29.768 k ft/ft
CT
12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (0.0 )
H
T
=
CT L
R
+ 2H+ 2 X
165.0
=
= 8.505 kip/ft
12.4 + 2 (3.5 ) + 2 (0.0 )
236
Deck - Example
Design Case 1: Transverse and longitudinal vehicle impact forces for
Extreme Event II limit state
Determine controlling location:
At CL Exterior Beam:
M = 1.0 M
+ 1.0 M
+ M
u
DC
DW
CT
237
Deck - Example
At Toe of Barrier:
M = 1.0 M
+ 1.0 M
+ M
u
DC
DW
CT
238
Deck - Example
239
Deck - Example
Reinforced Concrete Design, Overhang:
T = 11.0
dt = 7.6875 (Assume #5 bars)
= 1.0.[LRFD 1.3.2.1 (Extreme Event)]
n=8
Design options for top transverse overhang reinforcement:
1. Check if interior bay top transverse reinforcement is
sufficient
2. Bundle a #4, #5, or #6 bar w/ top interior transverse
reinforcement
3. Upsize all top transverse reinforcement w/ same spacing as
interior bay
Ohio University (July 2007)
240
Deck - Example
By inspection Option 1 will not work. Calcs for Option 2 shown below:
M
30.46
=
= 0.515 ksi
u
R=
2
1.0 (1.0 ) (7.6875 )
b d2
t
c
2 R = 0.85 4.5 1 1 2 (0.515 ) = 0.00926
= 0.85 1 1
(
)
60
0.85
4.5
0.85
f
f
y
c
241
Deck - Example
Verify that reinforcement can carry additional tension force, Tu:
M M 1.0 u
u
n
P
M = A f d
n
s y
2
A f
s y
a=
0.85 f b
c
1.064 (60 )
= 1.391"
0.85 (4.5 ) 12
1.391
242
Deck - Example
Pu = Tu = 8.505 kip/ft
Pn = Asfy (Use top overhang & bottom trans. reinforcement for As)
= (1.064 + 0.647) (60) = 102.66 kip/ft
8.505
O.K.
n
Ohio University (July 2007)
O.K.
243
Deck - Example
Check concrete assumptions.......[LRFD 5.7.2.1]
0.32 f ' b d
0.32(4.5)0 .825(12)7. 6875
c 1
=
= 1.827in 2 /ft
Max. A =
60
s
f
y
Actual As = 1.064 in2/ft < 1.827 OK ( = 0.9)
Check development length at toe of barrier
(Check #5 bar of bundle): [LRFD 5.11.2.1]
1.25 A f
1.25 (0.31) 60
b y
=
= 11.0"
4.5
f'
Ldb= Greater of
c
or
0.4d f
by
Ohio University (July 2007)
Deck - Example
Modification Factors:
3*db cover = 1.0
6*db clear = 1.0
Asreqd / Asprov = 30.63 / 34.12 = 0.898 (based on moments)
Epoxy-coated = 1.2
lh = 15 * 0.898 * 1.2 = 16.16 < (18 2) = 16 SAY OK
245
Deck - Example
Design Case 2:
M = 1.25 M
+ 1.50 M
+ 1.75 M
u
DC
DW
LL + I
OK
246
Deck - Example
Check minimum reinforcement .[LRFD 5.7.3.3.2]
(12) (11)2 (.37) 4.5
1.2 M = 1.2 S f = 1.2
= 18.99 k - ft/ft
cr
c r
6
12
Mn = 33.48 k-ft/ft > 18.99 OK
(If fails, provide reinforcement for 1.33*Mu)
Check cracking under Service I @ CL Exterior Beam[LRFD 5.7.3.4]
Calculate stress at extreme fiber:
247
Deck - Example
Calculate cutoff point for top overhang reinforcement beyond CL
Exterior Beam:
Use 49 beyond CL Exterior Beam. Distance calculated by
finding point in first interior bay where typical top interior
transverse reinforcement sufficient and extending additional
overhang reinforcement a development length beyond that
point
248
Deck - Example
OVERHANG REINFORCEMENT SUMMARY
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT:
Use bundled #4 and #5 bars @ 5 3/4 c/c spacing
Extend #4 overhang bars 49 beyond CL Exterior Beam
Straight bars sufficient for this example, but standard 180
hooks on the fascia bar end may be necessary for other
overhang designs
TOP LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT:
Use #4 bars at 11 c/c spacing (same as interior bay)
BOTTOM REINFORCEMENT:
Use same as interior bay in both directions
Ohio University (July 2007)
249
Piers
250
Piers
Loads/Design (11.7.1)
251
Piers
Protection (11.7.2)
Collision (11.7.2.1)
Risk analysis made for possible traffic collision from
highway or waterway to determine degree of impact
resistance and/or appropriate protection system
Collision loads per 3.6.5 (vehicle) and 3.14 (vessel)
ODOT - 3.6.5 applies only to nonredundant piers. Clear zone
requirements and roadside barrier warrants specified in
ODOT Location and Design Manual, Section 600 provide
adequate protection for redundant piers. BDM Section 204.5
specifies design considerations and restrictions for cap and
column piers for highway grade separation bridges and
railway overpass bridges.
Ohio University (July 2007)
252
Piers
Vessel Collision: CV (3.14)
In navigable waterways (2 water depth) where vessel
collision is anticipated, structures shall be:
Designed to resist vessel collision forces and/or
Adequately protected by fenders, dolphins, berms,
islands or sacrificial devices
ODOT Apply only if specified in scope
(Vessel forces skipped due to infrequency and time
limitations)
253
Piers
Collision Walls (11.7.2.2)
Railroads may be require collision walls for piers close to rail
ODOT (BDM 209.8) - Piers < 25-0 from track centerline require a
crash wall unless T-type or wall type pier used. Crash wall height
10 feet above top of rail. If pier located < 12 track centerline,
height 12 feet above the top of rail. Crash wall at least 2-6
thick. For cap and column pier, face of wall shall extend 12
beyond column faces on track side. Crash wall anchored to
footings and columns.
Scour (11.7.2.3)
Scour potential be determined and designed for per 2.6.4.4.2
Facing (11.7.2.4)
Pier nose designed to break-up or deflect floating ice or drift
254
255
http://cee.uiuc.edu/kuchma/strut_and_tie/STM/E
XAMPLES/DBeam/dbeam(1).htm
http://www.ce.udel.edu/cibe/news%20and%20e
vents/Strut_and_tie.pdf
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
1 = s + (s + 0.002) cot2 s
where
s = tensile strain in the concrete in direction of tension tie
s = smallest angle between compressive strut and
adjoining tension ties
s
Ohio University (July 2007)
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
2 .5 '
9'
9'
9'
9'
9'
2 .5 '
3'
4'
30'
270
271
Cap thickness = 36
36 dia. Columns
fy =60 ksi
Bearing plates 27 x 21
9'
2'
9'
481 k
446 k
9'
481 k
446 k
4'
CL
4'
3'
272
9'
2'
9'
446 k
481 k
9'
481 k
446 k
3.33'
CL
1' 6"
2.72'
4.78'
273
0.72
446 k
481 k
274
481k
=
= 264 in2
0.65 (0.7) (4)
ok
275
276
P
A = u
st
f
y
364
= 6.7 in2
0.9 (60)
Say 7 #9s
326
= 6.0 in2
0.9 (60)
Say 6 #9s
Bottom (3-5)
P
A = u
st
f
y
277
st
Use #5 w/ 4 legs
0.31 (4)(12)
s =
= 11.4"
1.30
say s = 10"
278
481
326
364
34.9
841
Strain in 1-4
P
364
u
=
= 0.00179
=
(7)(29,000)
s
A E
st s
279
0.00179 + 0
= 0.0009
2
Therefore
34.9
= + ( + 0.002)cot 2
1 s
s
s
= 0.0009 + (0.0009 + 0.002)cot 2 (34.9)
= 0.0069
Ohio University (July 2007)
280
f '
c
f =
cu 0.8 + 170
1
4
0.8 + 170 (0.0069)
281
w
w = l sin ( ) + h cos( )
b
s
a
s
2 (6) (1.128) 4
= 54" > 36" width
282
P =f A
= 2.03 (22)(36) = 1,608 k
n cu cs
O.K.
283
Node 3:
34.9
364
326
481
Strain in 3-5
P
u
=
s
A E
st s
326
= 0.00187
(6)(29,000)
284
Therefore, as before
= 0.0069
1
&
f = 2.03 ksi
cu
285
841
364
ha
481
326
1.5
depth
d = Width of cap = 36
Ohio University (July 2007)
286
O.K.
287
841
326
364
481
P
f = u
c A
g
326
= 1.1 ksi
2 4 36
OK
288
OK
481
f =
= 0.945 ksi < 2.1 ksi
2
c 1.5 (12)
2
OK
364
f =
= 1.26 ksi < 2.1 ksi
c 8 (36)
OK
289
X
Available Distance, X = 2 + (27/2) 2
X = 35.5
plate
Cover
290
1.25A f
1.25(1)(60 )
by
l =
=
= 37.5"
db
f'
4
c
Factors:
1.4 for top reinforcement w/ > 12 concrete below
1.5 for epoxy coated bars w/ cover < 3db or spacing < 6db
1.4 (1.5) = 2.1 > 1.7
use 1.7
ld = ldb (1.7) = 37.5(1.7) = 63.75 > X
3(1.128)=3.4
hook bars
291
O.K.
35.5
292
s 0.003
A
g
As = 0.003 (12) (36) = 1.3 in2 / 1
Vertical:
Covered w/ stirrups
293
294
295
6 # 6s
6 # 6s
# 5s @ 10
6 # 9s
Ohio University (July 2007)
296
RETAINING WALLS
297
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS (11.5)
General 11.5.1
298
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS (11.5)
General 11.5.1
299
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS (11.5)
General 11.5.1
300
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS (11.5)
Service Limit States 11.5.2
301
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS (11.5)
Strength Limit State 11.5.3
Lateral Sliding
Structural failure
302
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 11.5
Resistance Requirement 11.5.4
Abutments, piers and retaining structures and their
foundations shall be proportioned by 11.6 - 11.11 so that their
resistance satisfies 11.5.5
303
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 11.5
Resistance Factors 11.5.6
Vertical elements, such as soldier piles, tangent-piles and
slurry trench concrete walls shall be treated as either
shallow or deep foundations, as appropriate, for purposes of
estimating bearing resistance, using procedures described
in Articles 10.6, 10.7, and 10.8.
304
RETAINING WALLS
Table: 11.5.6-1 Resistance Factors for Permanent Retaining Walls.
WALL-TYPE & CONDITION
RESISTANCE
FACTOR
0.75
Pullout resistance
of anchors(2)
Pullout resistance
of anchors(2)
0.65(1)
Cohesive Soils
0.70(1)
Rocks
0.50(1)
1.0(2)
0.90
305
RETAINING WALLS
LIMIT STATES AND RESISTANCE FACTORS 11.5
Extreme Event Limit State 11.5.7
306
RETAINING WALLS
ABUTMENT AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING
WALLS 11.6
General 11.6.1.1
307
RETAINING WALLS
ABUTMENT AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING
WALLS 11.6
Loading 11.6.1.2
Abutment and retaining walls shall be investigated for:
-Lateral earth and water pressures, including live and
dead load surcharge
-Abutment/wall self weight
-Temperature and shrinkage deformation effects
-Loads applied to bridge superstructure
308
RETAINING WALLS
ABUTMENT AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING
WALLS 11.6
Loading 11.6.1.2
Provisions of 3.11.5 (earth pressure) and 11.5.5 shall apply
309
RETAINING WALLS
ABUTMENT AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING
WALLS 11.6
Loading 11.6.1.2
For computing load effects in abutments, weight of fill material over
inclined or stepped rear face, or over the base of a reinforced
concrete spread footing may be considered part of the effective
weight of the abutment
310
RETAINING WALLS
ABUTMENT AND CONVENTIONAL RETAINING
WALLS 11.6
Reinforcement 11.6.1.5
Conventional Walls and Abutments 11.6.1.5.1
Reinforcement to resist formation of temperature and shrinkage
cracks shall be as specified in 5.10.8
Safety Against Structural Failure 11.6.4
Structural design of individual wall elements and wall foundations
shall comply with provisions of sections 5 - 8
311
86.25 psf
fc = 4 ksi
P1
14
P2
26
16
621 psf
3
10
312
313
f'
b d
c v v
where:
= 2.0
bv = 12
dv 0.72 h = 0.72 (18) = 12.96
or
0.9 de = (18 - 2 ) 0.9 = 13.95
Say 13.95
314
16.5
16.5
M =P
= 11.72 k - ft
= 1.42
1 1 2
2
16.5
16.5
M =P
= 5.12
= 28.16 k - ft
2
2 3
3
a
M = A f (d ) = A f jd = M
n
sy
sy
u
2
Mu = 1.50 (11.72 + 28.16) = 59.82 k-ft/ft
315
59.82 (12)
= 0.95 in2
0.9 (60) (0.9) 15.5
316
A
n =
0.95
s(Required)
=
= 1.21 Bars
A
0.79
Bar
or
12"
spacing =
= 9.9"
1.21
Say #8s @ 9
317
a 1.54
=
= 1.82"
c=
0.85
1
d
0.003
Ohio University (July 2007)
318
s = 0.003
dc
c
0.003
=
(18 2 1/2 1.82) = 0.0225 > 0.005
s
1.82
Tensioned Controlled = 0.9
a
M = A f (d ) = 0.9(1.05)(60)(15.5 1.54 ) 12 = 69.6 k - ft
n
sy
2
2
Mn = 69.6 > Mu = 59.8 O.K
1.54
a
= 14.73 could have been used in Vc calc
d = d = 15.5
v
2
2
Ohio University (July 2007)
319
RETAINING WALLS-EXAMPLE
Check Mn > 1.2 Mcr
12 (18)2
0.37 4 = 47.95 k - ft / ft
1.2 M = 1.2
cr
6
12
OK
M = 69.6 > 1.2 M
n
cr
check spacing
700
e 2d
c
f
ss
= 1.0
e
320
RETAINING WALLS-EXAMPLE
= 1.0
e
1
d = 2 + = 2.5
c
2
12
x
15.5
1.05(8) = 8.4 in2
2
12(4.01)3
4.01
2
I=
+ 12(4.01)
+ 8.4(15.5 4.01)
12
2
= 1,367in 4
Ohio University (July 2007)
321
700(1.0)
2(2.5) = 12.7"
1.23(32.18 )
OK ( > 9" )
322
1.3 b h
A
s 2 (b + h) f
=
y
323
#8s @ 9
#4s @ 12 T&S
324
Footings
325
Footings
General (5.13.3.1)
326
Footings
Loads and Reactions (5.13.3.2)
For pile bents, the contract documents may require a 2.0 in.
tolerance for pile position, in which case that value should be
accounted for in the design.
327
Footings
Resistance Factors (5.13.3.3)
Critical section for flexure at the face of the column, pier, or wall.
For non-rectangular columns, the critical section taken at side of
concentric rectangle w/ = area
328
Footings
Distribution of Moment Reinforcement (5.13.3.5)
As BW
Ohio University (July 2007)
329
Footings
Distribution of Moment Reinforcement (5.13.3.5)
A s- BW = A s-SD
(5.13.3.5-1)
where:
= ratio of the long side to the short side of footing
As-BW = area of steel in the band width (in.2)
As-SD = total area of steel in short direction (in.2)
330
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Critical Sections for Shear (5.13.3.6.1)
331
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Critical Sections for Shear (5.13.3.6.1)
to slab plane
located so perimeter, bo, is minimum
but 0.5dv to perimeter of concentrated load/reaction area
dv/2
bo
332
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Critical Sections for Shear (5.13.3.6.1)
For non-constant slab thickness, critical section located 0.5dv
from face of change and such that perimeter, bo, minimized
333
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Critical Sections for Shear (5.13.3.6.1)
For cantilever retaining wall where the downward load on the heel >
upward reaction of soil under the heel, the critical section for V taken
at back face of the stem (dv is the effective depth for V)
334
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Critical Sections for Shear (5.13.3.6.1)
335
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
One-Way Action (5.13.3.6.2)
For one-way action, footing or slab shear resistance shall satisfy
requirements of 5.8.3
Except culverts under 2.0 ft. of fill, for which 5.14.5.3 applies
336
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Two-Way Action (5.13.3.6.3)
0.126
Vn = 0.063 +
f c bo d v 0.126
where:
f c bo d v
(5.13.3.6.3-1)
ksi
337
Footings
Shear in Slabs and Footings (5.13.3.6)
Two-Way Action (5.13.3.6.3)
Vn = Vc + Vs 0.192 f c bo d v
(5.13.3.6.3-2)
in which:
Av f y d v
s
(5.13.3.6.3-4)
338
Footings
Development of Reinforcement (5.13.3.7)
339
Footings
Transfer of Force at Base of Column (5.13.3.8)
340
Footings
Transfer of Force at Base of Column (5.13.3.8)
341
Footings
Transfer of Force at Base of Column (5.13.3.8)
342
Bearing
Pr = Pn
(5.7.5-1)
in which:
343
Bearing
m=
A2
2.0
A1
(5.7.5-3)
m = 0.75
A2
1.50
A1
(5.7.5-4)
344
Bearing
where A2 = a notional area (in.2) defined by:
A2
A2
Post-Tensioning
A1
345
Footing Example
W1
12
86.25 psf
W3
Soil = 115 pcf
Conc. = 150 pcf
14
W2
W5
26
P2
W4
W7
W6
16
16
P1
7
10
621
psf
346
Footing Example
Load
Load Factor
Factored Load
W1 = 0.115(6)(2.5) = 1.725k
1.75(LS)
3.02k
68
W = 0.115 (16.5) = 10.75k
2
12
1.35(EV)
14.51k
1 4
W = 0.115 (16.5) = 0.32k
3
2 12
1.35(EV)
0.43k
1 68
W = 0.15 (16.5) = 0.41k
4
2 12
1.25(DC)
0.51k
W5 = 0.15(1)(16.5) = 2.475k
1.25(DC)
3.09k
W6 = 0.15(10)(1.5) = 2.25k
1.25(DC)
2.81k
W7 = 0.115(2.5)(3) = 0.86k
1.35(EV)
1.16k
1.50(EH)
2.33k
1.50(EH)
8.38k
347
Footing Example
Moment Arms from Heel
Moment
d1 = 3
3 x 3.02k = 9.06k
68 1
d = = 2.83'
12 2
4 1
d = 68 + = 5.78'
3 12
2(4) 1
d = 68 +
= 5.89'
3 12
d5 = 6.5
d6 = 5
5 x 2.81k = 14.05k
d7 = 8.5
dp1 = 9
9 x 2.33k = 20.97k
dp2 = 6
6 x 8.38k = 50.28k
Total
170.86k
348
Footing Example
Location of Resultant from Heel
x =
M
R
170.86k'
= 6.69'
25.53k
e = 6.69 5 = 1.69
P Pey
=
A
I
10(1)
(1)(10)3
12
= 2.55 2.59
= 5.14 & 0
349
Footing Example
1 6
5.14 ksf
dv
68
= 5.67
12
350
Footing Example
Check Shear at Critical Sections
5.67
5.14
(5.67) = 2.91 ksf
10
2.91
V = 0.0316 f' b d
c
c v v
where: = 2.0
bv = 12
db
351
Footing Example
V = 0.0316 (2) 4 (12) (13.05) = 19.79 k
c
13.05"
d =
= 1.09'
v
12
0.281
5.14
352
Footing Example
Vu = 4.16 (1.91) + (5.14 4.16) ( 1.91)
( 0.388 + 0.281 ) 1.91 = 7.6 k
Vc = 17.8 > Vu = 7.6 O.K
5.67
Flexure Design
Critical Sections at face of the Wall
Back of Wall:
(2.795 + 0.281)(5.67)2
M =
U
2
1
1
(2.91)(5.67)2
2
3
= 33.85 k - ft = 406 k - in
Ohio University (July 2007)
2.795
0.281
2.91
(Tension on top)
353
Footing Example
Front of Wall:
3
0.388
0.281
5.14 0.514 (3)
= 3.6
5.14
32 (5.14 3.6)(3) 2
3
(3)
(0.281
0.388)
(3)
M = 3.6 +
+
2
U
2
3
2
(Tension On Bottom)
= 17.8 k - ft = 213.7k - in
Therefore back of wall controls
Ohio University (July 2007)
354
Footing Example
a
M = A f (d ) = A f jd = M
n
sy
sy
U
2
M
U
A =
s
f j d
y
d = 18 3 = 14.5
406
= 0.58 in2 /ft
0.9 (60) 0.9 (14.5)
Say 9
355
Footing Example
12
A f
0.44
(60)
sy
9
a =
=
= 0.86"
0.85 f' b
0.85 (4) (12)
c
c=
=
s
0.003
c
d
0.86
=
= 1.01"
0.85
0.003
(d c)
c
0.003
0.75
18
3
1
.
01
(Tension Controlled)
a
M = A f (d ) = 0.9(0.44) 12 60 14.625 0.86
n
sy
2
2
9
Mn = 450 k > Mu = 406 k
Ohio University (July 2007)
356
Footing Example
12 (18)2
0.37 4 = 575 " k
= 1.2
1.2M
CR
6
M < 1.2 M
No Good
n
CR
1.33M = 1.33(406) = 540" k
u
540
A =
= 0.766in 2 /ft
s 0.9(60)(0.9)14.5
12
(0.44) = 6.9"
0.766
Try # 6 @ 7
Ohio University (July 2007)
357
Footing Example
a=
0.44(60)(12/7)
= 1.11"
0.85(4)(12)
c=
1.11
= 1.31"
0.85
1.31
0.003
=
(14.625
) = 0.032 >> 0.005
s 1.31
2
= 0.9
1.11
M = 0.9(0.44)( 12/7)(60)14.625
n
2
358
Footing Example
T & S Steel: (5.10.8)
1.30 b h
A
s
2 (b + h) f
y
1.30 (120) 18
= 0.17 in2 /ft on each face
2 (120 + 18) 60
0.11 A 0.60
s
OK
Try # 4s
S = 12/0.17 (0.2) = 14.1 Say 12
Use # 4s @ 12 in longitudinal direction top & bottom
359
Footing Example
# 6s @ 7
# 4s @ 12
360
Footing Example
Note: This was for one case. Other cases w/ various
combinations of max and min load factors as shown should
be considered
Cases w/ Load Factors max - min
Cases
Load
DC
1.25
1.25
0.9
1.25
0.9
1.25
0.9
0.9
EH
1.50
1.50
1.50
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.50
EV
1.35
1.0
1.35
1.35
1.0
1.0
1.35
1.0
361
Development Length
362
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
Tension Development Length (5.11.2.1.1)
d Min = 12.0 in., except for lap splices (5.11.5.3.1) and development
of shear reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
363
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
Tension Development Length (5.11.2.1.1)
1.25 A f
b y
For No. 11 bar.......................
f'
c
but not less than..
No. 14 bars.........
No. 18 bars..
0.4 d f
b y
2.70 f
f'
c
3.5 f
y
f'
c
364
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
Tension Development Length (5.11.2.1.1)
where:
Ab = area of bar (in.2)
fy = specified yield strength of reinforcing bars (ksi)
fc = specified compressive strength of concrete (ksi)
db = diameter of bar (in.)
365
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
0.22 f'
c 1.0
Lightweight aggregate concrete w/ fct (ksi) specified..
f
ct
All-lightweight concrete w/ fct not specified. 1.3
Sand-lightweight concrete w/ fct not specified 1.2
(Linearly interpolate between all-lightweight and sand-lightweight when
partial sand replacement used)
Ohio University (July 2007)
366
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
For epoxy-coated bars with cover less than 3db or with clear spacing
between bars less than 6db.. 1.5
For epoxy-coated bars not covered above..... 1.2
(The factor for top reinforcement multiplied by the applicable epoxy-coated
bar factor 1.7)
367
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Tension (5.11.2.1)
368
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Compression (5.11.2.2)
Compressive Development Length (5.11.2.2.1)
Compression development length, d, shall be > than basic
development length, db, * modification factor(s) or 8.0 in.
db determined from:
0.63 d f
b y
l
db
f'
c
or
0.3 d f
db
b y
where:
fy = specified yield strength (ksi)
fc = compressive strength (ksi)
db = diameter of bar (in.)
Ohio University (July 2007)
369
Development Length
Deformed Bars in Compression (5.11.2.2)
370
Development Length
Bundled Bars (5.11.2.3)
Tension or compression of individual bars within a bundle shall
be:
1.20 * d three-bar bundle
1.33 * d four-bar bundle
Modifications factors for bars in tension determined by assuming
bundled bars as a single bar w/ diameter determined from an
equivalent total area
371
Development Length
Standard Hooks in Tension (5.11.2.4)
Basic Hook Development Length (5.11.2.4.1)
372
Development Length
Standard Hooks in Tension (5.11.2.4)
Basic Hook Development Length (5.11.2.4.1)
l =
hb
38 d
f'
where:
db = diameter of bar (in.)
fc = compressive strength (ksi)
373
Development Length
374
Development Length
Standard Hooks in Tension (5.11.2.4)
Modification Factors (5.11.2.4.2)
f
Reinforcement w/ fy > 60.0 ksi.. y
60.0
For No. 11 bar w/ side cover normal to plane of hook
2.5 in., and for 90o hook, cover on bar extension beyond
hook 2.0 in. .... 0.7
For No. 11 bar enclosed vertically or horizontally within
ties or stirrup ties spaced 3db along the development
length, dh .... 0.8
375
Development Length
Standard Hooks in Tension (5.11.2.4)
Modification Factors (5.11.2.4.2)
Where reinforcement provided exceeds that required or
anchorage or development of full yield strength is not
required (A required)
s
(A provided)
s
1.3
Epoxy-coated reinforcement ..
1.2
376
Development Length
Standard Hooks in Tension (5.11.2.4)
Hooked-Bar Tie Requirements (5.11.2.4.3)
377
Development Length
378
Development Length
Shear Reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
General (5.11.2.6.1)
379
Development Length
Shear Reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
Anchorage of Deformed Reinforcement (5.11.2.6.2)
le
Ohio University (July 2007)
0.44d b f y
f 'c
380
Development Length
Shear Reinforcement (5.11.2.6)
Closed Stirrups (5.11.2.6.4)
Pairs of U-stirrups / ties that are placed to form a closed unit shall
have length of laps 1.7 d, where d is tension development length
In members 18.0 in. deep, closed stirrup splices with tension
force from factored loads, Abfy, 9.0 kip per leg, may be
considered adequate if the stirrup legs extend full available depth
of member
Transverse torsion reinforcement shall be fully continuous w/ 135
standard hooks around longitudinal reinforcement for anchorage
381
Development Length
Development by Mechanical Anchorages (5.11.3)
Mechanical devices capable of developing strength of
reinforcement w/o damage to concrete may be used.
Performance shall be verified by laboratory tests.
Development of reinforcement may consist of a combination of
mechanical anchorage and additional embedment length of
reinforcement.
382