The Harvard Family of Bibliography Styles

Peter Williams
(peterw@archsci.arch.su.edu.au)
Thorsten Schnier
(thorsten@archsci.arch.su.edu.au)
November 25, 2008

Contents
1 Introduction

2 Citations
2.1 Complete Citations . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Citation Modes . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Partial Citations . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Exceptions for Individual Citations

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3 Styles
3.1 Bibliography Styles
3.2 Citation Styles . .
3.3 Parenthesis Style .
3.4 Conjunction Style .

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4 World Wide Web (WWW) References

5 Doing It By Hand

6 Acknowledgement

Introduction

This document describes the harvard family of bibliographic styles which are provided in addition to those described in Lamport (1986) and Patashnik (1988).
This style is primarily intended for use with the BibTEX bibliographic database
management system. However, provision is also made for hand coding of bibliographies.

2
2.1

Citations
Complete Citations

There are two primary forms of citation in the harvard style dependent upon
whether the reference is used as a noun or parenthetically. Additionally, where
there are more than two authors, all authors are listed in the rst citation and
in subsequent citations just the rst authors name followed by et al. is used.
The following example from Pitson (1978) illustrates these points.
The major improvement concerns the structure of the interview (Ulrich & Trumbo 1965, p. 112) . . . . Later reports (Carlson, Thayer,
Mayeld & Peterson 1971) record greatly increased interviewer reliability for structured interviews. Wright (1969, p. 408) comments
that undoubtedly interviewer skill is directly related to the validity,
quantity and quality of the interview output, and this would suggest some sort of interviewer training is called for. Rowe (1960), for
example, found that trained interviewers are better able to evaluate applicants with some measure of reliability. In addition Wexley,
Sanders & Yukl (1973) showed that by extensive interviewer training all signicant contrast eects could be eliminated. The results
of the 1971 study (Carlson et al. 1971) are still relevant, but eorts
to . . . .
To facilitate using a citation as a noun a new command \citeasnoun has
been created which has the same syntax as the \cite command except that
multiple citations are not permitted. The eect of this command is that
As \citeasnoun{btxdoc} and \citeasnoun[Annex~B]{latex} describe \ldots
produces
As Patashnik (1988) and Lamport (1986, Annex B) describe . . .
whereas
The \BibTeX\ \cite{btxdoc} and \LaTeX\ \cite[Annex~B]{latex} manuals \ldots
produces
The BibTEX (Patashnik 1988) and LATEX (Lamport 1986, Annex B)
manuals . . .
A second new command \possessivecite is provided for those instances where
it is desired to use the citation as a possessive noun phrase. This is a variation
on the \citeasnoun command and multiple citations are not permitted. As an
example of its use
\possessivecite{latex} description of this feature is \ldots
produces
Lamports (1986) description of this feature is . . .

A third new command \citeaxed allows text to be axed inside the beginning
of the parenthesis of a parenthetical citation. This command is like the the \cite
command except that it takes a second argument the text to be axed after
the opening parenthesis. For example
\BibTeX\ manuals \citeaffixed{latex,btxdoc}{e.g.} describe \ldots
produces
BibTEX manuals (e.g. Lamport 1986, Patashnik 1988) describe . . .

2.2

Citation Modes

By default, where appropriate, citations are abbreviated automatically after the

rst reference when bibliographies are produced by BibTEX. Provision is also
made for this feature to be accessed during manual coding. This feature may
be overridden by using the \citationmode command which takes full, abbr
or default as its single argument. The command \citationmode{full} makes
the system use full citations, \citationmode{abbr} makes the system use abbreviated citations and \citationmode{default} causes the default behaviour
of using full citations for the rst instance and abbreviated citations thereafter.
Alternatively, the citation mode may be selected as an full, abbr or default
option to the \usepackage command that invokes the harvard package. Use of
the default option is redundant in that, if no citation mode option is used, that
mode will be selected automatically.

2.3

Partial Citations

In addition to the primary forms of citation, the citation commands \citeyear

and \citename are provided as building blocks for more complex citations that
authors may (from time to time) require. \citeyear behaves like the \cite
command except that only the year portion of the citation label is used. For
example,
\citeyear{btxdoc,latex}
produces (1988, 1986). The parenthesis around the year list may be omitted by
modifying the command name with a single asterisk (e.g. \citeyear*{btxdoc}).
\citename behaves like the \citeasnoun command except that only the author
name(s) portion of the citation label is used. For example,
\citename{btxdoc}
produces
Patashnik.
The use of these commands does not trigger the use of abbreviated citations for
subsequent \citeasnoun and \cite references.

2.4

Exceptions for Individual Citations

Occasions arise where an author wishes to override the default behaviour for an
individual citation (e.g. she may wish the citation to use the full list of authors
where the default would use the abbreviated form). All commands that introduce authors names into a document (i.e. \cite, \citeasnoun, \citeaxed,
\possesivcite and \citename) may be modied with the addition of a single
asterisk in order to force them to use the full list of authors names and by a
double asterisk to force them to use the abbreviated form.

Styles

3.1

Bibliography Styles

There are six bibliography styles currently available within the harvard family,
agsm (used in this document) which is based on Pitson (1978, pp. 9598), dcu
which is based upon the conventions in use in the Design Computing Unit,
Department of Architectural and Design Science, University of Sydney, jmr for
the Journal of Management Research, jphysicsB for the Journal of Physics
B, kluwer which aspires to conform to the requirements of Kluwer Academic
Publishers and nederlands which conforms to Dutch conventions. They are
invoked by the \bibliographystyle as described in Lamport (1986, p. 74) and
eect the layout of the entries in the bibliography.
Provided there is no name clash with other harvard options the bibliography
style may be selected by passing it as an option to the \usepackage command
that invokes the harvard package.

3.2

Citation Styles

There are two citation styles currently available within the harvard family, agsm
(used in this document) and dcu which for the previous example would produce:
The BibTEX (Patashnik, 1988) and LATEX (Lamport, 1986, Annex B)
manuals . . .
and for multiple citations such as
The original documentation \cite{btxdoc,latex} say \ldots
the agsm citation style produces
The original documentation (Patashnik 1988, Lamport 1986) say . . .
and the dcu citation style produces
The original documentation (Patashnik, 1988; Lamport, 1986) say
...
The default citation style is agsm and both styles have no eect on the appearance of the \citeasnoun citation format.
These styles are invoked by the \citationstyle command, for example:
\citationstyle{agsm}.
4

Because these styles aect the format of parenthetical citations, this command
should appear before any \cite commands. Additionally the citation style may
be selected by passing an option to the \usepackage command that invokes the
harvard package. In order to avoid name clashes with the agsm and dcu bibliography styles the options agsmcite and dcucite are used with the \usepackage
command in order to select agsm and dcu citation modes respectively.

3.3

Parenthesis Style

The type of parenthesis used in citations may be set using the \harvardparenthesis
command which takes one argument. The argument to this command must be
one of round, curly, angle, square or none. The default value is round.
If it is a requirement that dierent parenthesis types are required for parenthetical cites that for the year portion for a \citeasnoun citation then the
command \harvardyearparenthesis may be used to set the year parenthesis seperately. This command must be issued after any \harvardparenthesis
command as that command sets both parenthetical and year parenthesis. If
the bibliographic style chosen is agsm or dcu then the parenthesis style chosen
using \harvardyearparenthesis is used with the year portion of the entries in
the bibliographic listing. The options round, curly, angle, square and none
may also be used with the the \usepackage command that invokes the harvard
package.
Authors of style les for use with the harvard family who wish to make use of
this feature should use the strings " \harvardleft " and " \harvardright "
instead of the respective parenthesis characters where they wish them to be
eected by the selection made with \harvardparenthesis.

3.4

Conjunction Style

In the previous examples for the agsm bibliographic style a & character
is used to signify conjunction between a pair of names or between the last
two names of a list of names. Similarly the word and is used for the dcu
style. With these two styles this convention may be overwritten by using
\renewcommand to redene the command \harvardand. This should be
done after the \citationstyle command (if used) as this command resets it to
the default for the style selected.

World Wide Web (WWW) References

The agsm, dcu, jmr, jphysicsB and kluwer bibliographic styles support
a new bibliographic entry eld URL for specifying the URL of documents
that are available via the World Wide Web. An example of this is the reference to Drakoss (1994) documentation for his LATEX2html package in the le
harvard.bib that is enclosed with the source for this document. When processed by LATEX2html documents using the harvard bibliographic package will
have hypertext links created from the citation within the text to the reference
list. If an entry in the reference list has an URL eld then a hypertext link to
the document will be created using the data in that eld.

Doing It By Hand

Hand coding is accomplished much the same as described in Lamport (1986,

p. 73) except that the new command \harvarditem is used in place of \bibitem.
The syntax of this command is
\harvarditem [abbr-citation]{full-citation}{citation-year}{cite-key}
where
abbr-citation is the (optional) abbreviated citation (minus the year) to be
used in the text subsequent to the rst mention of a particular reference,
full-citation is the full citation (minus the year) to be used in the text on the
rst mention of a particular reference,
citation-year the year portion of the citation including any suces required
to disambiguate citations, and
cite-key is the key used in the \cite and \citeasnoun commands.

Acknowledgement

The motivation for this style came from Fay Sudweeks of the Design Computing
Unit who also originated the formats for the dcu style and proofread their
implementation.
The nederlands bibliographic style was implemented by Werenfried Spit
(spit@vm.ci.uv.es).
The idea for \citeyear came from Renate Schmidt (Renate.Schmidt@mpisb.mpg.de).
The solution to the mysterious \enddocument problem came from Berwin
A. Turlach (berwin@core.ucl.ac.be) as did the identication of a subtle problem
with sorting entries in the reference list.

References
Drakos, N. (1994), The LATEX2html translator. Documentation accompanying
the LATEX to html translator.
http://cbl.leeds.ac.uk/nikos/tex2html/doc/latex2html/latex2html.html
Lamport, L. (1986), LATEX: A Document Preparation System, Addison-Wesley.
Patashnik, O. (1988), BibTEXing. Documentation for general BibTEX users.
Pitson, J. (1978), Style Manual for authors editors and printers of Australian
government publications, 3rd edn, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.