(Embryology) Chapter 4: approaches to developmental:

experimental embryology
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1.

Anterior or
cranial end

Front end

22.

Mosaic (old)

If experimentally isolated parts develop strictly

according to the fate map

2.

Appositional
induction

Induction between tissues in contact

23.

Nodals

3.

Clonal
analysis

Form of fate mapping, single cells is labelled

and the position and cell types of its progeny
identified a later stage

Xenopus, signaling molecules, upregulates

transcription factors that degine mesodermal
state

24.

Normal
development

Compartment

Region in an embryo whose boundaries are

boundaries of clonal restriction

Course of development that a typical embryo

follows in standard laboratory conditions when
it is free from experimental disturbances

25.

Orthotropic
graft

Same position of grafting, usual method for

fate mapping

26.

Parasagittal

One side of the midline

27.

Permissive

Signal is necessary but canot influence the

development pathway selected

28.

Posterior or
caudal end

Rear end

29.

Potency

The range of cell types or strctures into which

a particular cell population can develop

30.

Regulative
(old)

If experimentally isolated parts forms more

structure than expected from the fate map

31.

Sagittal

Vertical longitudinal

32.

Specification
map

Map showing that Specification is the same to

the fate in normal development

33.

Specification
or specified
cells

Become a particular structure if it will develop

autonomously into that structure after isolation

34.

Stage series

Describes the course of development as a

number of stages which can be identified by
external features under the dissecting
microscope

35.

Threshold
response

Series of territories are formed because of

difference responses to different concentratio

36.

Transverse

Across the long axis

37.

Ventral

Lower surface

38.

Zygotic

Development due to components newly

synthesized by the embryo after fertilization

4.

5.

Competence

Ability to respond to inducing factors

6.

Cytonemes

Alternative routes for diffusion, fine

intercellular processes

7.

Determinant

A substance in the egg which guarantees

assumption of a particular state of
commitment by the cells that inherit it during
cleavage

Determination
or determined
cells

Develop autonomously in isolation but differs

in that the commitment is irreversible, loss of
competence

9.

Dorsal

Upper end

10.

Epigenetic

Understanding of gene expression in terms of

chromatin structure

11.

Fate

Commitment to form particular structures or

cell types is usually through a series of
intercellular interaction

12.

Fate map

Diagram that shows what will become of each

region of the embryo in the course of normal
development; where is will move, how it will
change shape and what strcturesit will turn
into

13.

Frontal or
coronal

Horizontal longitudal section, dorsal and

ventral sides

14.

Genetic
mosaic

Organisms consisting of cells of different

genotypes

15.

Heterotropic
graft

Grafting to different position, test for

determination

16.

Inducing
factors

Extracellular signals controls regional

specificatio

17.

Instructive
induction

Responding tissue has a choice before

specification, increases complexity

18.

Lateral
inhibition

Notch delta system, one population of cells

follow on pathway of development while the
surrounding follows another, neurogenesis

19.

Longitudinal

Parallel to the long axis

20.

Maternal

Development is due to the components that

exist in the egg

21.

Morphogen

Signal substance with more than one positive

outcome

8.