LCCP

23.2.
2016
Chief Patrons
Message for Multicon-2016
In modern times technology has simplified the way of living, influencing diverse sectors
like health, agriculture, communication, environment, education, manufacturing, defense
bio-technology etc. However, human existence today, faces many challenges like environmental pollution, decreasing productivity of soil, poverty, unemployment, etc. which need to
be solved. Moreover, though technology has permeated almost every aspect of our lives,
there are still millions who are deprived of benefits of technology. It is rightly believed that
the ever evolving and dynamic nature of engineering and technology has the potential to
solve these problems and also reach and benefit people at the grassroots. Against this
backdrop, conduct of international conferences provides a platform to researchers, academicians, and other stakeholders to mull over global problems and find solutions for the
same. Also these conferences become the means to disseminate innovative ideas and
thoughts discussed in the conference.
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology is holding its seventh conference, MULTICON-W 2016 on February 26-27, 2016 and I am confident that deliberations in this conference will turn fruitful by giving real life solutions to problems that plague the world today.
I express my gratitude to all for contributing their research work in MULTICON -W 2016.
I assure all the delegates that they will get the best academic ambience, hospitality and
state-of-the art infrastructural facilities of international standards. I am sure that TCET stay
will be worth remembering!
23.2.2016
Message from
Program Chair
It is a great honor and privilege to write the message for MULTICON-W 2016!
In all our previous years international multiple conferences has brought together a tremendous and
rich diversity of researchers, authors and speakers from universities, government organizations
and industry from across the country to share ideas and new perspectives on a wide range of
technologies. MULTICON-W has become a prominent forum, where researchers and practitioners
openly exchange ideas and report progress in the evolving and promising areas of Communication,
Computing & Virtualization, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Design Manufacturing
and Automation and Advances in Civil Engineering, etc.
Recent advances in wired and wireless communications, networking and other technologies have
created unprecedented new possibilities, across the spectrum of human endeavors, and will
continue to offer great opportunities for economic growth and social prosperity. As our reliance on
these technology continues to grow, so is our need to deal with a host of issues and challenges,
some of which were known and became critical as these systems evolved and others arose
recently as a result of the increase in their scale, heterogeneity and complexity. MULTICON-W
2016 focuses on a broad range of these issues and challenges and addresses them through
keynote speakers, distinguished professors, and workshop coordinators. This year, the response
to the conferences call for papers has been outstanding, and we expect that the attendance will be
equally impressive. I sincerely hope that the two days of deliberation, discussion, interaction and
proactive exchange of ideas will prove to be fruitful and contribute immensely to our mutual growth.
I express my sincere gratitude with great humility to all the government authorities, Vice-Chancellors,
our sponsors and other dignitaries from various universities, premier institutes and corporate
houses, and our participants for being a part of our conference .The excellence and success of
the present endeavor would not have been possible without moral support and motivation from the
management of Thakur Educational Group and I humbly acknowledge them for the same. I also
express my thanks to all the members of the organizing and editorial committee for supporting the
event and extending their cooperation to make it a grand success. I also express my thanks to those
who directly or indirectly encouraged and supported us to make this conference unforgettable.
Committees
Chief Patron
Mr. V. K. Singh, Chairman TEG
Patrons
Mr. Jitendra R. Singh, Trustee TEG
Mr. Rajesh V. Singh, CEO, TPoly, TIAT
Mr. Karan V. Singh, CEO, TCET, TIMSR, TIMSCDR & TSAP
Program Chair
Dr. B. K. Mishra, Principal, TCET
Program Co-Chair
Dr. R. R. Sedamkar, Dean Academics, TCET
Technical Chair
Dr. Kamal Shah, Dean R & D, TCET
Dr. Lochan Jolly, Dean SSW, TCET
Convener
Mr. Devidas G. Kalwale, Librarian TCET
Co-Convener
Mr. Somnath G. Chinchkar, Asst. Librarian TCET
Organizing Committee:
Mr. Devidas G. Kalwale, Librarian, TCET
Mr. Somnath G. Chinchkar, Asst. Librarian, TCET
Mr. Sahadeo Taware, Librarian, TCSC
Mr. Navnath Pawar, Librarian, TIMSR
Mrs. Kiran Dubey, Librarian, TIMSDR
Mr. Mukund Harne, Asst. Librarian, TIMSR
Mr. Tukaram Waghmare, Asst. Librarian, TSAP
Mr. Sunil Patil, Librarian, TPoly
Mr. S. P. Wankhade, Librarian, TSCER
Editorial & Technical Committee

Mr. Devidas G. Kalwale Librarian, TCET
Mr. Somnath G. Chinchkar Asst. Librarian, TCET
Mr. Tukaram Waghmare, Asst. Librarian, TSAP
Publicity Committee
Mr. Ajitkumar A. Singh, Library Assistant, TCET
Ms. Savita B. Bhalerao, Library Attendant, TCET
National Advisory Committee

Dr. H. S. Waydande Librarian, IIT Bombay
Dr. Balaji Dhakane Principal, S. Mundhe College, Gangakhed
Dr. B. K. Ahire, Librarian, University of Mumbai
Dr. Dharmraj Veer Librarian, BAMU, Aurangabad
Dr. Shashank Sonawane Associate Prof. BAMU, Aurangabad
Dr. Uddhav Aghav, Librarian, Sant Janabai College, Gangakhed
Dr. Jagdish Kulkarni I/c. Librarian, SRTMU Nanded
Dr. Sandeep Bhavsar Librarian, Welingkar Institute of Management, Mumbai
Dr. Anjali Chaure, Librarian, Uma College of Sc. & Com, Pandharpur
Dr. Ganesh Kulkarni Librarian, Savtamali College, Phulambri, Aurangabad
Dr. Subhash Chavan, Librarian, Asaramji Bhandvaldar College, Aurangabad
Dr. Ravi Bagul Librarian, BITCO, Nashik
Mr. Santosh Patil- Librarian, R. A. Podar College, Mumbai
Dr. Bhupendra Bansod Librarian, B-Ed college, SNDT
Mr. Ramesh Salve Reference Officer, Mantralaya, Maharashtra State.
Mr. Vinay Haware Librarian, Shri MD Shah Mahila College, Malad, Mumbai
Mr. Ajay Kamble Librarian, A. Vartak College of Sc & Arts, Vasai
Mr. Amar Dixit-Librarian,Mahila College,Solapur
Mr. Kaushal Giri Manager, Knowledge Centre, EXIM Bank
Mr. Prafulla Dhawane, Librarian, Mokhada College, Mokhada
Mr. Rajesh Gore, Librarian, Sant Gadgemaharaj College, Loha
Ms. Neha Joshi, Librarian, Durgadevi Saraf College of Sc. & Com, Mumbai
Mr. Sunil Rathod Librarian, Vasantrao Naik Social Work College, Nanded
Mr. Milind Dhage I/c. Librarian, VJTI, Mumbai
Mr. Mangesh Ghodke Librarian, Acharya Marathe College, Chembur, Mumbai
Ms. Mangala Patil, Librarian, Bombay Stock Exchange, Mumbai
Mr. Parmeshwar Ingle, Librarian, Mahatma Phule College, Ahmadpur
Mr. Sanjay More Librarian, Chetana College, Bandra, Mumbai
Mrs. Tanuja Deshmukh, Librarian, Atharva CoE, Mumbai
Mrs. Trupti Waghmare, Librarian, A.D. Kale College of Commerce, Mumbai
Review Committee
Dr. Jyoti Babhal Asst. Prof. LIS Dept., SNDT, Mumbai
Mr. Santosh Hulagabali Librarian, N. Khandwalla College, Mumbai
Mr. Shivaji V. Kalwale, Asst. Prof. S.N. College, Bhayandar
Preface
The phenomena of globalization and liberalization coupled with rapid technological changes,
which have changed many aspects of human lives, including the way one learns. The
challenge for teachers today is not only to impart skills but also to make the young learners fit
for the dynamic society where the knowledge, culture, technology, attitude, etc are changing
at an alarming rate. The learning society demands fast, flexible and need based education
with application of Information Communication Technologies (ICT). As we have approached
the millennium, there is a need to see the technological developments which can reshape and
redefine our notions of library as knowledge house. This is the idea behind organizing the
conference to begin shaping a strategy for the future of academic research libraries.
The Library rapidly evolves into something that looks quite different than it did just a few
decades ago. It is obvious that librarians not only become aware of this evolution, but that
they actively intervene to help reshape the institution in ways that are consistent with the core
mission of libraries. The objective of the Conference is to discuss the upcoming challenges of
digital library, and to discuss and design a facility that caters to the educational, cultural and
service needs of the community both the present and the future.
The theme of this conference "LIBRARIANSHIP IN 21ST CENTURY: CHALLENGES &
PROSPECTS" is timely and have contributed in large number. We invited some of the best
minds in the field and representatives from leading institutions to explore the future of the
research in library and new developments in this field. We have also got a large number of
contributions from Ph.D. students, teachers and practicing librarians. There is also an active
participation of library professionals from different streams who have shared their live
experiences and also integrated the theoretical aspects properly.
The editorial committee expresses heartfelt thanks to the scholars who presented their papers.
All possible efforts are made by the editorial committee to keep up the standard and quality
of the conference volume without changing the main views, thoughts and ideas of the
scholars.
Hope we are providing you a grand feast of knowledge.
CONTENTS
Managing Modern Libraries

1
BEST PRACTICES IN COLLEGE/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

Devidas Kalwale and Kiran K. Dubey
1-8
TQM: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MANAGING COLLECTION

DEVELOPMENT IN THE MODERN LIBRARIES
Shweta Ojha, Dr. Anil Kumar Jain, Dr. Deepak Meena and Tanuja
Deshmukh
9-14
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND

NEW GENERATION OF LIBRARIES INFORMATION SERVICES
Prafulla Dhavane
15-18
INFORMATION LITERACY IN COLLEGE LIBRARIES: A CASE

STUDY OF K.P.B. HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE
RustumTajane
19-23
INNOVATIVE PRACTICES IN DEVELOPING READING HABITS

AMONG STUDENTS
Santosh Patil
24-29
REFERENCE SERVICES
Dr. Anjali Choure
30-32
GREEN LIBRARIES
Jyoti Bhabal
33-42
Digital Libraries
8
DIGITAL LIBRARIES AN OVERVIEW

Dilip Jadhav and Rajesh Kamble
DIGITAL LIBRARY IN INTERNET ERA ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Brundaban Nahak and Dr. Satyajit Padhi
50-66
10
A ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN DIGITAL ERA.

Amar Dixit
67-70
11
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICE

Parmeshwar Ingle
71-73
43-49
Open Source Software
12
13
AN ANALYSIS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IN ADVANCED

LIBRARIES
Siddhi Jagdale
74-79
OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR LIBRARIES: AN OVERVIEW

Trupti Waghmare
80-85
Networking and Resource Sharing
14
15
16
EVALUATING THE AWARENESS AND USE OF INFLIBNET- N LIST

PROGRAME CONSORTUM BY THE FACULTY MEMBERS: CASE
STUDY OF BEED CITY COLLEGE LIBRARIES
Sanjay Bhedekar
86-91
USE OF E-JOURNALS CONSORTIUM IN MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

LIBRARY
Ravindra Bagul and Somnath Chinchkar
92-96
DIGITIZATION OF INSTITUTIONS INFORMATION USING DSPACE

Girish Tere
97-106
Librarianship in the Internet Age

17
INFORMATION LITERACY IN THE COLLEGE LIBRARY

S. B. Deshmukh and J. N. Kulkarni
107-109
18
INFORMATION LITERACY IN COLLEGE LIBRARY

Dhanaji Lavate
110-113
19
LIBRARIANSHIP IN 21ST CENTURY NEED OF SOFT SKILLS

Anupama Paranjpe
114-120
20
21
22
MARKETING SKILLS FOR LIBRARIANS IN THE 21ST CENTURY.

Rakhi Patekar
ROLE OF COLLEGE LIBRARIAN IN THE INFORMATION
LITERACY PROGRAMME IN ICT ENVIRONMENT
Prajakta Mhaprolkar
LIBRARIES ON INTERNET PLATFORM
Vaishali Dawar
121-130
131-138
139-146
Managing E - Resources
23
USE AND MANAGEMENT OF E- RESOURCES IN LIBRARIES: A

STUDY
Tanuja Deshmukh, Anil Kumar Jain, Deepak Meena and Shweta Ojha
147-153
Cloud Computing
CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ACADEMIC
LIBRARY SERVICES IN THE 21st CENTURY
S. A. Dhande , Dr. Uddhav Aghav and Jyoti Magar
154-161
25
CLOUD COMPUTING
Narendra Thakare
162-165
26
CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LIBRARIES

Tanaji Kamble
166-172
27
CLOUD COMPUTING IN LIBRARIES: ISSUES AND CONCERNS

Nandkishor Motewar
173-177
28
CLOUD COMPUTING AND ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: WINDS OF

CHANGE
Pankaj Chiplunkar and Rajesh Lule
178-187
24
RFID
29
USE OF RFID TECHNOLOGY IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

Tukaram Waghmare
188-195
30
RFID TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES : ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Bhagyashree Tamhane
196-200
QR CODE AND LIBRARIES

Sahadeo Taware and Dr. Balaji Dhakne
201-205
31
SOFT SKILLS
32
SKILLS REQUIRED FOR TODAYS LIBRARIAN

Rajesh Gore and Sangeeta Kalwale
206-209
BEST PRACTICES IN COLLEGE/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

Devidas Kalwale and Kiran K. Dubey
Librarian at Thakur Institute of Management Studies, Career Development and Research, Kandivali (E)Mumbai 400101
Email: kiran.dubey@thakureducation.org,
Librarian at Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Kandivali (E)Mumnbai400101
Email: devidas.kalwale@thakureducation.org,
Abstract:
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have great impact on the functioning of
academic libraries. UGC and NAAC are concerned about improving standards of education and
establishing best practices in universities and college libraries. In the process of institutional
accreditation, libraries play an essential role. Library supports the academic activities, learning,
teaching and research processes in institutions. This paper highlights on the best practices suggested
by NAAC and used by libraries such as Collection Development, Maintenance and Promotion,
Library Environment, Extent of the Use of Services etc.
Keywords: Practices, Academic, Library, NAAC, UGC, Digital, Services.
Introduction:
ICT have changed expectation of academic libraries from collection development (print and non
print materials, e-books journals, digital materials) and services to the end users. To meet the endusers demands effectively, academic libraries need to identify and adopt good practices and
benchmarks. As per education experts, academic institutions in India needs efforts to bring quality
in library services to provide best quality education.
Government of India, UGC and NAAC are trying to improve standards of education and establish
best practices in the universities and colleges and their libraries. The services of the libraries have
been expanding as they contribute significantly to the learning process, particularly e-learning
process. Library supports academic activities through high-tech learning environment. It takes more
Academic space and time in the life of a learner. All this play up the need for scientific evaluation of
a library so that its role as the centerpiece of academic development is protected and enhanced. It is
true that libraries largely support learning, teaching and research processes in institutions.
Several factors are forcing academic libraries to change. The drivers of change include social and
economical factors which affect higher education and libraries. The factors are: changes in literate
habits, changes in students, curriculum and technological infrastructure. Due to globalization
students are more focused and demanding resource crunch and concept of value for money in
education sector. In this scenario, only those libraries can excel and satisfy its users which can
develop best practices with the available resources.
LCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings
Best Practices:
Infrastructure plays an important role in Librarys learning resources. Continuous improvement of
infrastructure (building, space, furniture) and learning resource (print and non print) create a most
favorable learning ambience.
ODLIS (Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science) describes best practices as follows:
In the application of theory to real-life situations, procedures that, when properly applied,
consistently yield superior results and are therefore used as reference points in evaluating the
effectiveness of alternative methods of accomplishing the same task. Best practices are identified by
examining empirical evidence of success.
Concise Oxford English Dictionary describes Best practices as quality of most excellent or
desirable type or most appropriate, advantageous, highly improved, outstanding, par excellence
services or the customary or expected procedure or way of doing something that is usual or expected
way in a particular organization or situation, guidelines for good practices. In process of developing
best practices we take action rather than good ideas, and we improve our skills.
National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) which makes every effort for quality and
excellence in higher education and advocates for enhancing the role of library and Information
Services in improving academic environment. NAAC suggests Best Practices in Academic
Libraries may be innovative and be a philosophy, policy, strategy, program, process or practice that
solves a problem or create new opportunities and positively impact on organizations.
NAAC developed a set of best practices followed in academic libraries and presented under the
following four broad areas:
1. Management and Administration of Library.
2. Collection and Services.
3. Extent of User Services.
4. Use of Technology.
Libraries need to have facilities that promote effective and interactive access and use of information
resources for all users. In the area of physical facilities, libraries offer safe, comfortable, welllighted, clean space, with adequate and appropriate seating arrangements to ensure effective use of
the library's resources including digital resources. Also college libraries are required to consider
study space needs, while allocating the seating space with special attention being paid to reserve
collections and the hostel environment of the institution. The libraries need to prepare well-framed
rules and guidelines with regard to hours of access, circulation policies, and other regulations to
offer better services to the users.
Best Practices for College Libraries
A database of documented practices is available on NAAC website for college libraries NAAC
recommended following best practices to information environment and usability of libraries.
1. Computerization of library (standard digital software)

2. Inclusion of Library information in the college prospectus.
3. Compiling student / teacher attendance statistics on the notice board.
4. Display of newspaper clippings on the notice board periodically.
5. Career / Employment Information / Services.
6. Internet Facilities to different user groups.
7. Information literacy programs.
8. Suggestion box and timely response.
9. Display of new arrivals
10. Conducting book exhibitions / book talks.
11. Instituting Annual Best User award for students.
12. Organizing competitions annually.
13. Conducting user surveys periodically.
Best practices in Library Collection Development, Maintenance and Promotion
Library Collection is an essential asset of any library especially in an academic library. To improve
the existing condition of library collection, libraries have to find out different modes of collection
development, maintenance and promotion.
A. Collection Development:
Library collection is an essential asset of any institution. Systematic plan and policy required for
selection / recommendation, purchase and storage of collection. Stock verification policy is
mandatory every year so that one can find old books must be weeded out and new books added.
Developing portals for subjects or creating social bookmarks for reference service. Previous years
Question papers, access to e-books and e journals Internet and Wi-Fi facility reduces the demands
for the print versions.
1. Library Book Exhibition:
Library arranges book exhibition from time to time with the help of publishers and distributors. The
motive is to bring awareness among the students and faculty on the latest books available in their
subjects as well as to enable them in book selection process.
2. Collection Enhancement in Hybrid Library:
Library adds CD/DVD/VCD/Film/ Non-Book Material collection in ideal way. All this uploaded in
digital form on the server of library network. This collection is made available online with help of
intranet and WEBOPAC of the library network in digital library. Users are oriented towards the use
of collection by providing free Internet / intranet facility, collection browsed and downloaded free of
cost.
B. Collection Maintenance:
Library materials should be in good condition and shelved properly in respective place and handled
by both library staff and users. Training should be given to its users. To solve manpower problem
techniques like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) can be used for open access.
RFID improves the efficiency of services and saves time of library staff and users to a great extent.
On a long term basis the system is highly cost beneficial as it offers higher scale of security. Due to
high cost of the equipment, this application is used in few college libraries.
Software is available to simplify and speed up the document retrieval process such as Book Finder
Map, manual color coding systems, proper tags and nameplates etc. Lots of dead or less used
collection crowds the shelves which act as a barrier to users in locating the required document so
weed out of unused materials can be done on regular basis.
C. Collection Promotion:
1. Orientation Program
For the usage of collection it requires to aware users, by providing orientations of membership
detail, library timing, available library materials, stack area etc. Training should be given for
locating information using OPAC, different databases, e-resources and internet was included in
orientation program.
2. Display Area
Displays of newly acquired books list on notice board or books in display area are universal practice
by libraries Also display list of top ten books or favorite books of celebrities, Theme displays
(poems, pictures, newspaper clippings, and resources), quizzes and treasure hunts are some of the
interesting cost effective modes.
3. Bookmarks explaining about various databases, brochures giving one liners about 4-5 interesting
books were highly appreciated by library users. Detailed source guides giving all types of
information sources such as books, journals, electronic databases, dictionaries, encyclopedias,
statistical databases, indexes, reports, bibliographies, glossaries, list of other libraries and how to
access to assist students and faculty for their project work. This improves usage of library and
reduces unused collection.
D. Library Environment
1. Lighting / Ventilation
Library Environment has an in-depth effect on everyone who comes within its periphery and has a
large impact on an organizations performance. Appropriate location, lighting, ventilation,
arrangement of furniture is must to make the library user friendly. Lighting should vary as per the
task area such as stack area, open area reading rooms, reading carrels, computer area, and audioLCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings
visual section. Maintaining sufficient ventilation and suitable temperature by using Air conditioner
increased performance of the occupants.
2. Location / Maps/Website
User friendly environments make users more confident and efficient. Libraries improve access to
resources and services with the help of proper signage, maps and color codes. While designing the
library, one should keep in mind all types of users and their requirements. Care should be taken for
easy access of differently-abled users with the help of ramps, special gates, sufficient aisles, special
lift passes and special signage systems. Website performs the role of an effective help desk and
promotional tool for libraries. Website offering facilities like Ask a Librarian, provision of
bibliographies, new additions, maps of collection and online catalogues solve lots of users queries
from their homes.
3. Maintenance of silence
Maintenance of silence and appropriate library timings are the basic expectations of library users. A
number of factors such as location, building structure and interior design of the library and
discipline of library staff and users play an important role in maintenance of silence.
To develop soundproof, noise free library environment, one has to pay more attention towards both
librarys interior and student discipline. Offering carrels, library staff taking regular rounds is being
practiced and producing favorable results in many libraries.
4. Safety
Safety is a major issue of concern in developing a positive library environment. Libraries make
efforts at securing collection with the help of lock and key system, security staff, baggage counters,
grilled windows, under observation gates and vigilant library staff. The belongings of users to be
deposited are kept secured by the library attendants. More structured efforts by provision of training
and supervision; suitable equipment; safe systems of work improves the overall safety of the library.
5. Dedicated staff
Appropriate employment practices use of dedicated staff and clear-language text including safety
tips, charts, diagrams, checklists and illustrations simplify processes and reduce risk factors. For
internet users information given about threats, declaring clear cut policies about use of equipments,
site filters and firewalls.
6. College events for library promotion
College libraries have to create an image of being interesting and happening place to attract young
generation towards them. Various college events such as sports day, cultural day and special days
such as teachers day, environmental day etc. should be effectively used to promote library
resources and services. It advertises library collection and services on different subjects. Organizing
events like book talks, book displays, film reviews, etc. attract more users towards library. These
create awareness about library products and services.
Displaying useful information to users such as importance of various days, vocational guidance,
events happening in the local area or in a specific subject field, etc. interests many users and gives
them a reason to visit libraries. It gives the library an image of information treasury useful even for
its daily routine and helps to enhance users knowledge and skills.
E Extent of the Use of Services
New skills and approaches are required for assessing the users specific requirements. Continuous
user promotion and information literacy programs had been used to enhance the use of services.
Encouraging user participation in various library activities and user representation on various library
activities and committees develops a feeling of participation. Such articles, videos or talks of
achievers and alumni about sharing their experiences at library and tips to use it effectively can
attract users towards library.
1. Extended Library Timing:
A library remains open from 08.00 a.m to 06.00 p.m. Library can extend hours in examination or
remain open in holidays as per their users. For suitable timings, understanding user needs, being
flexible and sensitive to their timely needs is must. Offering extra library hour, services and space
during peak periods is essential. Offering extended hour reading rooms, converting available
classrooms or other places into reading rooms during the exam periods online services are some of
the measures taken by various libraries to deal with the user demands for extra seats.
2. Students Projects /Theses:
Project reports theses of previous students kept available for users. Users help in preparing their
assignments and projects. Instructions about literature search, compilation of bibliographies, citation
of reference etc available in the library. Library provides e-mail, browsing / downloading Internet,
accessing e-journals, databases, institutional repository, Web OPAC and accessing other libraries
etc. Library staff members help in searching relevant topics and also taking printouts.
3. Library Usage Statistics:
Library is captured Data through registers maintained at all services points. Main register is kept at
the entrance to capture data of visitors in the library. And internet service point separate register is
maintained to know the use of internet by hours/time. The data captured is analyzed periodically use
of internet and WEBOPAC periodical and theses etc.
4. Library best user award:
Library announce Best User Award to attract more students to visit the library and use the resources.
Data is gathered through visitor register maintained in the library. Usage data is compiled through
circulation of library items. Based on the above data and the observations of the library, one Best
User Award, in form of a Reference Book is given to the student who has made maximum use of the
library.
5. Book Bank Facility / books for Scholars:
Library implements promotional scheme of books for scholars. Library issued extra books for those
ranker students than they borrowed regular. This facility is carried out regularly. Users will be given
book bank facility to increase their result in exams.
6. Library homepage for Information dissemination:
Library display information about the latest additions and other current information like job
opportunities, fellowships, training, student placement, academic; research and scientific news are
displayed on the notice board as well as the library website. A good number of faculty and
researchers regularly use this service and make effective use of their academic and research
interests. Timely and wider dissemination made effective use and recognition of Library and
Information Services and number of logs to library website increased.
7. User Feedback through Different Formats:
User feedback is collected on all aspects of library services formally through suggestion box,
feedback forms and library services evaluation forms. Appropriate actions are initiated on the
suggestion received from the users. Book recommendations boxes are also kept at stack room,
reference and reading halls and users are encouraged to recommend books for additions to the
library. Necessary action is then initiated and user is kept informed.
Conclusion
To handle the present scenario timely challenges, every library has to identify and develop its own
tailor-made best practices to enhance the collection development process, services dissemination
and use of the library as a whole. Appropriate planning, fore thinking, a detailed analysis of user
base, objectives of institution and its future strategies should be taken into account while planning
any best practice. Many library stakeholders grumble that any best practice means involvement of a
lot of resources especially in terms of money and equipments. In fact it requires active participation,
willingness, creativity and problem solving attitude from the management. Developing best
practices, analyzing and revising them at a regular interval will lead to continuous improvement in
overall performance of the library and the whole institution.
References:
1. Concise Oxford English Dictionary. (2007) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson
2nd ed. New Delhi, Oxford University Press,
2. Mittal, R. L. (2007) Library Administration: Theory and Practice. 5th ed. New Delhi, Ess Ess
Publications.
3. NAAC. (2006) Best Practices in Library and Information Services. [online]
http://www.naac.gov.in/best_practices
4. NAAC. (2006) Library and Information Services: A Case Presentations. [online]
http://www.naac.gov.in/casepresentations
5 NAAC. (2006) Quality Indicators in Library and Information Services:
Affiliated/Constituent Colleges. [online] http://www.naac.gov.in/guidelines
6. Wadje Kailas N(2012) Best Practices in Library of Indira Gandhi Senior College (IGSC), Nanded
in Research archvistas.com Vol 1 Issue 2 March-April
7. Reitz, Joan M. Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science. [online]
http://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/searchODLIS.aspx
8. Vyas, S. D. (2009) Best Practices in Academic Libraries in India: A Study. In:
proceeding of International Conference on Academic Library. 2009, 5th-8th Oct..
India, New Delhi. Delhi University Library System, University of Delhi.
9. Tikam Madhuri Best practices in Academic Libraries
https://liscompendium.wordpress.com/article/best-practices-in-academic-libraries-35muq6i9t1aro-3/
TQM: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MANAGING COLLECTION

DEVELOPMENT IN THE MODERN LIBRARIES
Shweta Ojha | Ph.D. Student | S.S. in Library and Information Science, Vikram University, Ujjain.|
shweta.shrimali@gmail.com
Dr. Anil Kumar Jain | Associate Professor | S.S. in Library and Information Science, Vikram University, Ujjain.|
ajk201164@rediffmail.com
Dr. Deepak Meena | Technical Assistant (Library) | ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology,
Mumbai | meenadeepaklis@yahoo.co.in
Tanuja Deshmukh | Librarian | Atharva College of Engineering, Malad (W), Muimbai | tanujadeshmukh@yahoo.co.in
ABSTRACT
The main focus of this paper is application of the TQM processes in collection development, HRD
etc. in the libraries. Librarians these days are overloaded with advice to acquire the learning
resources and satisfy the increasing needs of the users which are very complex in nature. The
librarians can be benefitted in several ways by TQM. The overall collection, its services, staff and
faculty reflects the quality of academic library. Under these circumstances TQM becomes more
relevant in the management of the library as well as the information sector. Academic libraries with
the responsibility of satisfying the requirement of the users and low budget have stood against the
fast improvement of the technology. Because of this new strategy of renewal have developed rapidly
Keywords: Total Quality Management; Management; Modern Libraries Benefits of TQM
Introduction
The quality management concept was originated in Japan in 1960, which was originally used for
manufacturing sectors. As the theory of quality management was growing faster, UK and USA also
started using it. Quality control of the physical product through physical inspection was the main
concern, which has led to the origin of quality management. In order to prevent the occurrence of
error and problems, in 1970s W. Edward Deming and other have developed quality assurance
approach, during 1960s, to provide a structural approach preliminarily in the manufacturing sectors
as well as for some use in service sector, Total Quality Management methods were developed,
during that time major focus was on service best practice and competitive advantages.
Total quality management help in organization in doing the right thing in right time with the help of
effective leadership. The foundation of TQM is commitment to the communication of the quality
message, and analysis the need to change the culture of the organization to create the quality. These
foundations are supported by key management function of people, organizational process and the
system. It has become the management philosophy and is increasing applied in to the service sectors
including Libraries. Libraries are considered as service provider, hence the quality of service it
provides define the quality of library.TQM provide a very simple methodology that can be
implemented in the service organization. Most of the libraries have committed to develop its quality
of product and services by involving their users, their customers and clients.
Definition
Metreveli defines the TQM as "A process of satisfying the requirement of the customers in the most
effective way by utilizing the full potential of the employee in the most efficient way and thereby
making it cost efficient."
John Oakland defines; TQM is a way to managing to improve the effectiveness, flexibility and
competitiveness of a business.
Juran defines; TQM is defined as a structural system for creating organization-wide participation in
the planning and implementation of a continuous improvement process that meets or exceeds the
expectations of the organizations customers or clients.
Aim of TQM in libraries
The variance of expectation of library user and awareness about the service perceptions defines the
idea of service quality. Library is a service profession. From the point of view of the challenges
faced by the Library professional from Information technology and wish of the library professional
to acquire the digital information, the efforts were made to gauge the quality of service provided to
the users, effort were made to analysis the use of internet and efforts were made to gauge the
satisfaction level of users in India. The application of TQM gives the chance to library organization
to apprise and improve the capability and expertise of the staff to work meritoriously and work
effectually together. The one of the aims of TQM is to make the organization culture which values
the continuous improvement. To make sure that TQM is successfully incorporated in the library
management method, staff is required to know how to think logically, how to find the problems and
solve it and how to make use of measurement tools. More precisely, the Internet technology has
become essential part Library and Information service and act additional resource for the library
information.
Need of TQM in libraries
Library and information managers are overwhelmed by getting the advice on ways to acquire the
quality collection and other resource which help in learning so that the all the needs of the user are
satisfied. To achieve the goal of satisfaction of the user one must also keep in mind the constraint of
the resource but should not let go the users need. Therefore the services which are offered should
be effective and internally efficient. The services offered, accordingly, have to be internally efficient
and externally effective. In this regards the total quality has significance in the management of the
library and information services.TQM is the management system which providing valuable service
to library user as per their needs. Its mission is continuously to improve the operation of the
organization by recognizing that each and every one in the organization has their customers may be
within the organization or outside the organization. TQM aims to improve the performance of the
organization considering as single unit and not as the individual department of organization. How
the tasks are achieved is focused in TQM not what tasks are achieved. It highlights the co-operation
and involvement of all library employees.
Principles of TQM to Enhance Library Services
1. Continuous improvement
2. Customer satisfaction
10
3. TQM leadership from top management

4. Training and development of personal
5. Creating a culture of working through internal customer system
6. Fast response
7. Produce quality work at the first time
8. Focus on the customer
9. Have a strategic approach to improvement
10. Encourage mutual respect and teamwork.
Basic Tools of TQM
TQM tools help organization to indentify analysis and assess qualitative and quantitative data that is
relevant to their business. These tools can indentify procedures, ides.
1. Histograms
2. Tree decision diagram
3. Statistical process control
4. Pareto analysis
5. ISO 9000
6. Matrix diagrams
7. Critical path analysis
8. Financial analysis
Collection Development
It is an action adopted for developing the collection or stock in a library. It is a recommendation
which directs the choice, maintenance, and development of collection. It includes the aim and
purpose of collection, possibility and quantum of collection, type and rank of material, standards and
importance of selection and weeding the collection. The decision of what is to be included or what
is to be excluded is included in selection.
Collection development process
Collection development process helps in planning and procuring a balance collection of available
library material in various formats like book, periodicals, online resources etc. The collection
development process to acquire material is as follows;
1. To create the policies for helping in material selection.
2. To replace the old and worn out material or the lost material.
3. Removal of the material which is no longer required in the collection.
4. Planning for the new areas of collection.
5. Taking the decision in co-operation within the library or consortia of libraries.
TQM for Managing Collection Development
A well defined collection policy proposed will give the clarity on what is the aim collection and
will also help in co-coordinating and co-operating within the library itself or with the library system
and among other partner libraries if it is plan properly. Some of the important aspects of TQM for
collection development are mentioned below:
11
1. It gives inspiration to staff to thing about the objective of library and become committed to it. It
also helps them to find out present and future requirement of the library users and to create the
importance of the fund allocation.
2. It also helps in make sure that the library is committed to serve all the users both present and
future.
3. It helps in setting the guidelines for the material selection and weeding material.
4. It contributes to operational efficiency in terms of routine decisions.
5. It informs to users, administrators, and other libraries of collection scope and facilitates
coordination of collection development among institutions.
6. It minimizes personal bias by selectors and to highlight imbalances in selection criteria to the
users.
7. It supports to assure continuity in collections of any size and provides a pattern and framework to
ease transition from one librarian to the next.
8. It serves as an in-service training tool for new staff.
9. It gives a means of staff self-evaluation, or for evaluation by outsiders.
10. It demonstrates that the library is running a business like operation.
11. It gives information to assist in budget allocations.
12. It serves as a tool of complaint handling with regard to inclusions or exclusions.
13. It relates the goals of the library to the goals of the parent organization; it is an indicator that
both are moving in the same direction;
14. Institutional goals are translated into guidelines for scope and depth of collections in specific
disciplines;
15. It demonstrates that collections in the library are developed to support specific institutional
programs in education, research and administration.
TQM Models for Collection Development in Libraries
Lib QUAL
LibQUAL is a group of services that libraries use to ask, track, realize, and act upon users views of
service quality. Associations of Research Libraries (ARL) offer these services to the library
community. The main part of this pregame is thoroughly tested online survey combined with
teaching which will help libraries to evaluate and develop library services, change organizational
culture, and advertise the library. This survey tool gauges library users minimum perception, and
anticipated level of service and service quality across three extents (1)Effect of Service (2)Control
of Information (3)Library as Place. The aims of LibQUALare to;
1. Adopt the culture of quality in providing library service.
2. To understand the perception of the users on the quality of library service.
3. Assist the on-going collection and understand of library user feedback.
4. Offer similar information from peer institutions.
5. Find best practices in library service.
6. Improve the analytical skills of the library staff members and act accordingly.
12
SERVQUAL
SERVQUAL is the tool to gauge the service quality and it is used by the researchers of various
subjects and is also used in the library setting. It is used in public, academic and research libraries
constantly. Accordingly the modified version of SERVQUAL model was presented to academic
library managers by Hernon and Altman; they used the data collected from surveys and focus groups
to refine the SERVQUAL model in order to develop a robust survey instrument for use specifically
in library and information services. Two later research projects have tested the validity of the
standard instrument used in the SERVQUAL model.
Barriers to Implementation of TQM in Libraries
The past of TQM in industrial sector shows that there are some barriers in TQM its application.
Certain barriers are service sectors including libraries. The word total quality and management
themselves appear to send up red flags in educational and service environments. The application of
TQM fails mainly because of following barriers;
1 Vocabulary: Doubts about terms such as "total," "quality," and "management" which suggest
that high standards are already not being met.
2 Commitment: TQM takes several years to get implemented and therefore library manager
should have long make long term commitment.
3 Process: Our culture has a tendency to be edgy and we attempt to solve problems hastily, on the
other hand TQM require through study of process.
4 Professionalization: Professional staff can be resilient on changing over their way of working
and service to practices and services to what they see as the "uninformed whims of the
customer."
Conclusion
In the modern time the new face of the library has immerged where inviting ambience of the library
attract users and ensure optimum utilization of the resources and services of the library. It also
enables and brings new enthusiasm to the staff of the library, helping them work efficiently. Library
services are not simply supplying documents/books demanded by the users. Due to the immergence
of computerized and digitalized library services and materials, economic constraints due to
increasing costs of the inputs, also shortage of competent library professionals in the market and
component of competition all these together have taken a great toll on functioning of the library for
past 20 years. For that, Proper strategic plans should be charted out ensuring quality improvement
and up gradation the collection policy is designed to be flexible and responsive to a range of variable
factors, including changing research and teaching strategies at Department, School, Faculty, and
University level, funding levels and the availability of space.
The application of TQM gives the chance to library organization to apprise and improve the
capability and expertise of the staff to work meritoriously and work effectually together. The one of
the aim of TQM is to make the organization culture which values the continuous improvement. To
make sure that TQM is successfully incorporated in the library management method, staff is
required to know how to think logically, how to find the problems and solve it and how to make use
of measurement tools.
13
References:
1. Brophy, Peter (1993). Quality Management: A university approach. Aslib Information
21(6).p.246-248.
2. Frazer, M (1992). Quality Assurances and Higher Education. In A. Craft. (Ed.), Quality
assurance in Higher Education: Proceeding of an International Conference. Hong
Kong,1991,p.9-25
3. Bonita Bryant, The Organizational Structure of Collection Development, Library Resources
and Technical Services 31 (1987): 118.
4. Charles B. Osburn, Collection Development and Management, in Academic Libraries:
Research Perspectives, ed. Mary Jo Lynch, 137, ACRL Publications in Librarianship no. 47
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1990), 1.
5. Metreveli, M. (1998). Planning in Library Management. In Libraries - Access to Information,
South Caucasian Regional Library Conference, Conference Proceedings, Tbilisi.
www.ais.org.ge/conference98_texts/conference_e.pdf
6. Jurow, S. and Barnard, S.B. (1993), Introduction: TQM fundamentals and overview of
contents.
7. Bolton, R.N. and Drew, J.H. (1991b), "A multi stage model of customers' assessments of
service quality and value", Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 17, pp. 375-84.
8. Crosby, P. (1979), Quality is Free: The Art of Making Quality Certain, McGraw-Hill Book.
9. Boaden, R.J. (1997), What is total quality management . . . and does it matter?. Total Quality
Management, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 153-71.
10. Ondari-Okemwa, E. (2000), Training needs of practicing professional librarians in the Kenyan
public libraries: a critical analysis, Library Management, Vol. 21 No. 5, pp. 257-68.
14
Analytical Study of Knowledge Management and New Generation of Libraries

Information Services
Dhavane Prafulla Manohar
Librarian
Rayat Shikshan Sansthas
Arts, Science and Commerce College, Mokhada Dist. Palghar
Abstract:Knowledge management has rapidly moved beyond the stage of a trend and has established itself as
a key part of many libraries knowledge strategy. In the Modern era of networked information
system, library must be committed to cope with new educational approaches. Due to digital
revolution the intellectual function of traditional libraries has transformed. Utilizing man money and
material with knowledge and information resources effectively this problem can be overcome.
Libraries have to work with it professionals and other skilled workforce to develop excellent
operation at efficiency of libraries; libraries have to adopt modern technology and management
techniques with limited resources available.
Keywords:-
Knowledge, Libraries, Information
1. Introduction
Knowledge management has rapidly moved beyond the stage of a trend and has established itself as
a key part of many libraries knowledge strategy. Now-a-days, the concept of knowledge-based
economy has generated great interest. A librarys status is defined not only by the collection it
housed but is also extended to include online and seamless access to information resources. The
right amount of information at the right time has been a significant factor for all kinds of libraries.
The concept and name Knowledge Management was started and popularized in the business world
during of the 20th century. It was the business world that first recognizes the importance of
knowledge in the global economy of the knowledge age. The applications of knowledge
management have now spread to other organizations including government agencies, research and
development departments and universities.
The management of information has long been regarded as the domain of librarians and libraries.
Librarians and information professionals are trained to be experts in information searching,
selecting, acquiring, organizing, preserving, repackaging, disseminating and serving. However,
professionals in information technology and systems have also regarded information management as
15
their domain because of the recent advances in information technology and systems which drive and
under pin information management. One of the clearest evidences of this is that the positions of CIO
in many organizations are generally held by information technologists instead of librarians.
2. Objectives of the Study:1. To study the basic concepts in Knowledge Management and New Generation of Libraries
Information Services .
2.To analyze the need for Knowledge Management in Library-Information Centers .
3. To understand relationship between Information Science and Librarians.
3. Data, Information and Knowledge
a. Data are the simple, discrete, facts and Figures, such as names, characteristics and amounts. Data
might be a table of circulation statistics.
b. Information is data that has been organized and communicated .
c. knowledge is much more a process, a dynamic, or an ability to understand and to share
understanding. Know- ledge is classified into three types: i. Explicit knowledge
is formal and easy to communicate to others. It is the knowledge of
rationality like policies, rules, specifications and formulae. It is also known as declarative
knowledge.
ii. Tacit knowledge
It is complex form of knowledge. It has two dimensions namely technical and cognitive. This is
personal knowledge, which is in human mind and difficult to formalize and also difficult to
communicate.
iii. Cultural knowledge
B. B. Chand describes the cultural knowledge as knowledge which includes assumptions and
beliefs. It is used to understand, describe and explain the reality as well as conventions.
16
4. Information Science and Librarians

In the Modern era of networked information system, library must be committed to cope with new
educational approaches. It is required to have good partnership between the institutions library and
its computing services. In order to cope up with new technological world, the librarian needs to new
technological world, the librarian needs to know technology, computing, networking and other
technical knowledge . The core aim of the librarian should be to make known information resources
obtainable to all the members of the institution and define the role of library staff in accessing the
same to the beneficiaries.
Now a- days as users are accessing more and more resources available on the internet outside the
library, librarians have to connect to them in order to attract to words library. Librarians can make
correlation between their technological knowledge and users requirements skilled librarians are
possessing years of experience in facilitating users in the use of technology.
5. Need for Knowledge Management in Library-Information Centers
Librarians and library staff should search and select websites and other knowledge resources
regularly and include them in OPACs . In modern age the sources available on the web are growing
day by day. Educational bodies are the reservoirs of knowledge. These intellectual assets of
immense value should be uploaded and made access able in the digital form.
Librarians should use new methods and approaches like text mining data mining , content
management search engines semantic network, extracting knowledge, yellow pages concept etc..
According to knowing , LIS professional has to handle the responsibility of marketing such skills
which are useful for beneficiaries of library.
6. Knowledge M Management and Digital Libraries
Due to digital revolution the intellectual function of traditional libraries has transformed. Digital
libraries are facilitating different activities. Clients demand for digitalized libraries has been
increasing now a days libraries are providing references through the web. The main challenge for
information manager is to create knowledge sharing organization.
In knowledge world quality library services are must. In todays world, the role of information
managers role has been expanded. In todays technocratic world, the information managers are the
most eligible persons for chief information officers job due to the skills and attitude they possess.
7. Services in Knowledge Management Information Network in India
Many libraries are using internet facilities for users benefit. The development in the field of
teaching and research in the field of social sciences lead to the want of full-fledged libraries and
information centers with ultramodern library and information services and well qualified personnel
17
most of these libraries suffer from financial problems resulting in fundamental barrier in document
collection.
Modern day libraries have commenced using computers and CD- ROMS for their services, MIS
makes available information for decision making MIS refers to automating tasks for supporting
decision making at all management levels.
8. Conclusion
Since 1990s due to globalization the fundamental challenge of acquiring and managing vast bodies
of knowledge has arisen . It has made decision making very much difficult. Utilizing man money
and material with knowledge and information resources effectively this problem can be overcome.
Libraries have to work with it professionals and other skilled workforce to develop excellent
operation at efficiency of libraries; libraries have to adopt modern technology and management
techniques with limited resources available.
9. References:1. Bansal A (2000). Knowledge management: A Review. DESIDOC

Bulletin of Inf. Technol. 20(4):
2. Cheng G (2001). The shifting information landscape: re-inventing the wheel or a whole new
frontier for librarians. New library world 102(1160/1161.
3. Davis, Donald G. 1994. Social Libraries. Encyclopedia of Library History. (New York:
Garland).
4. Ghosh M (2003). Knowledge management in the digital age: challenges and opportunities in
India. In International Conference (Asia-Pacific): Challenges and Opportunities for Libraries and
Information Professionals in Knowledge Management, organized by Dept of Library Sciences,
Faculty of Humanities, Chaing Mai University, Thailand
5. Harris, Michael H. 1973. The Purpose of the American Public Library: A Revisionist
Interpretation. Library Journal 98: 2509-2514.
6. Peacock J, Middleton M (1999). Mixed mode education: Implication for library user services. New Library
World. 100(1146):
7. Ranganathan, S. R. 1967. Prolegomena to Library Classification 3rd ed. (Bangalore: Sarada Ranganathan
Endowment for Library Science, 1967).
8.Stratigos A (2001). Knowledge management meets future information users.
18
Information Literacy in college Libraries:

A case study of K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce
RustumTajane (Librarian SFC)
K.P.B.Hinduja College of Commerce
315, New Charni Road Mumbai 400004.
Email: rustumtajane@gmail.com
Abstract
Information Literacy is very important aspect for the point of view of college library users. Library
plays a very important role in the development of college education. In the college library there are
various types of users. They are students, professor, researcher; former students non-teaching staff
and other users. They dont know different types of service, types of information and types of
document. In this information age it is very necessary for all users. Information literacy is key
characteristics of lifelong learning and an essential element of higher education. Information literacy
for college student s is a mission to do that work and also due to information explosion in different
stages. Development in information and communication technologies is drastically changing the
information scenario. This necessitates the provision of information literacy programs in the
academic libraries. The importance of information literacy competencies for the students
community in the information age is un-debatable.
Keywords: Information literacy, Hinduja College Library Information Centre N-LIST,ICT
Introduction: Information communication technology (ICT) has made its presence felt in almost all
spheres of human life. Libraries and information centered are also not untouched by it impact. The
development in computer, microcomputers and telecommunication has radically changed the library
and information environment. The traditional manual ways of collection, processing, storage,
retrieval and communication of information in libraries have been replaced by library and
information networks available via internet; internet based services and networked data. The internet
particularly has emerged as a powerful tool as well a medium for information storage retrieval and
dissemination,. Standalone libraries dominated by print resources are being replaced by hybrid,
digital and virtual libraries.
Information available on the internet in the public domain as well as in pain dorm is abundant,we
have vast amounts of information at the touch of our fingertips in varied sources, formats and media.
Many sources on the web are filled with inaccurate, false, redundant data which necessitates the
need for users to be able to verify the accuracy and reliability of these sources. Academic librarians
are constantly concerned about how to make their library instruction more effective. With the wealth
of materials available, students need to be taught the ability to utilize these resources efficiently.
Thus we are facing a multifarious problem in the following manner
Information is abundant
19
The ability to pick up precise information given the constraints of time, effort and media is
crucial.
The user should be able to sieve the useful information but in the rejection of unwanted
information.
The vast information store is filled with useful as well as not so useful data.
The resources in the library as well as public domain should be optimally utilized.
The students to handle the challenges of Technological age by teaching information literacy (IL)
skills. The American Library Association defines IL as a set of ability requiring individual to
identify when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate and use effectively the
needed information. (American Library Association 2010) The role of Information literacy in
context of an academic library is intended to encourage the usage of resources and facilitate lifelong learning. The library professional aim to teach the students the skills of identifying, location,
accessing and evolution information there by them to become critical and independent learners.
a) Profile of K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce
Located at Charni road Mumbai, The College is affiliated to Mumbai University and is
approved by the UGC. The Institution offers Bachelors Programme in the commerce,
Management studies, Banking and Insurance, Finance Markets, Accounting Finance Mass
Media Journalism and advertising, Investment Management, and Transport Management as
well as postgraduate programme in M.Com in Accounting Finance, Management, MBA,
M.A. in Public Relation, and Electronic Media, M.C.J. and M.A. Hindi, English, Marathi.
b)
College is a Research center: M.Phil and Ph.D Programme affiliated to University of

Mumbai,following subject are offered:
Trade and Transport,
Business Policy and Administration,
Accountancy,
Business Economics
Management studies.
The Junior College is also housed in the same campus.
The College Library caters to all these entire programs.
the program wise students strength for 2015-16
Junior and Degree aided and unaided section
CLASS
COM.(JR.)
BCOM
XI
1275
-
XII
1315
-
I
808
II
720
III
575
TOTAL
2590
2103
20
BAF
BBI
BMS
BMM
BFM
BSCIT
BTM
BIM
MA (PR)
MCJ
MCOM
MPHIL
PHD
TOTAL
150
71
225
73
74
64
57
68
04
08
120
30
12
-
149
73
218
75
72
51
26
49
23
80
-
68
59
135
54
64
45
110
-
367
203
578
202
210
160
83
117
27
08
310
30
12
7000
C) The Library
The Library is the heart of an academic institution. Bearing this in mind, the college has well
developed library is which caters to the needs of the Junior College as well as UG and PG
Section. The library is located on the IInd floor and spread over the 2100 sq.ft. In the main
building. The library collection includes over 41000 books. 56 Print Journal, International
Journal 12, Online Journal 13, Magazine 21, Newspaper 25, CDDVD 892, Bond Volumes
750, The Library also Subscribes to the INFLIBNET N-LIST consortia. The record of the
library holding are computerized while services are partially automated using the VRIDDHI
Library Management Software. The library is serviced by team of 12 staff which includes
Library Professionals.
Since 2014, the library orientation was revamped and the content was modified to suit
different categories of students Junior college, under graduate and post graduate
respectively. For the postgraduate students information literacy was introduced along with
library orientation. The process was done in a four stage manner.
1. Planning:
Programme was initiated with the following precisely defined objectives in mind.
To Promote the use of online journal and E- resources
To acquaint the users with the Internet.
To demonstrate how open access resources could be useful in academics.
21
To familiarize the users with the N-LIST resources.

To develop the skillful use of library WEB OPAC
To impart the users various search techniques and strategies.
To orient the users with the ethical andlegal issues of use of information such as a copyrights
and plagiarism.
2. Presentation:
The actual presentation was conducted by the librarian starting with the library webopac, search
techniques using Boolean logic, broadening and narrowing the search etc from which the
presentation proceeded to N-LIST was followed by detailed demonstration on each of the resources.
Each resource was explained using basic and advanced search, limiting the search chronologically to
retrieve latest articles and so on. This was followed by orientation about open access scholarly
resources such as directory of open access journals open access journal search engine, Google
scholar, e-book, E-journal, Online Database etc, the difference between varied file formats such as
HTML and PDF was discussed. The concept of full text was explained. Seemingly simple things
such as downloading and saving files were also shoe to the students. For all the demonstrations the
examples from the students assignment were sought which helped in making the session an
interactive one. At the end a brief discussion was held on plagiarism, citing references and the
importance giving credit for the original work referred. Thus the students were introduced to the
concepts of fair use of information in a subtle manner.
3. Methodology:
With the preset objectives a series of discussions were held amongst the library staff, both
professional as well as support staff. It was decided segregate the student population into
three categories -Junior college, undergraduate and post graduate students respectively. To
begin with, the undergraduate and post graduate students categories were selected for the IL
program due to the following reasons.
They were well acquainted with the librarys resources hence come more focus could be laid
on electronic information resources.
The intense research assignments and project work required by the post graduate students as
a part of their curricular requirement necessitated the students to use more resources, or
online resources.
The post graduate students being a smaller group would lead to ,or interactive, information
and fruitful sessions.
The group would serve as pilot group. The findings could be scalable to other student groups
in due course of time
The next step was deciding about the venue. There were two options in this regard. The first
being organizing the program in the library and the other option was to go to the respective
departments and make the presentation in the classroom environment. The infrastructural issues
it was decided to conduct the program in the library. Besides this would also popularize the
22
library amongst the student community. The methodology was lecture cum demonstration.
Direct internet connectivity and LCD projector were the minimal requirements in the library,
which could be easily taken care of by the support staff. After these initialarrangements the
matter was discussed with the respectivein charge facultyand a suitable date and time was
finalized. It was also decided that faculty member would accompany the students to the library.
Conclusion:
Summing up, IL is not just about learning facts but about learning to learn a skill that lasts for a
lifetime. It is simply not library instruction but much more. Academic libraries, particularly
college libraries play great role for the development of educational, social and cultural activities
of a nation. The library is an integral part of the academic mission of the college. As campuses
move into the information age the mission and role of the library is being redefined.
Incorporating end user education in academic libraries by developing training programs for user
will hopefully improve learning attitudes and competence to use ICT for academic pursuit.
References:
1. American Library Association Presidential committee on Information Literacy final report.
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1989 )
2. BaljinderkaurandVerma, Rama (2009), Use of Electronic Information Resources: a case
study of Thapar University.
3. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology. 29(20. 67-73.
4. Macrum, J. W. (202). Rethinking Information Literacy. Library Quarterly 72(1)1-26.
5. Pattar, Vijay andKanamdiSatish (2010). Content and Delivery Methods of Information
Literacy Programes in Academic Libraries: a Pilot study. Informationstudies Vol.16 (2.)103111.
6. Ramesh Babu B. (2008). Information Literacy- Competency standards and performance
indicators and overview,DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology. 29(20.
56-65.
7. www.InformationLiteracy.org
23
Innovative Practices in Developing Reading Habits among Students

Santosh Patil
Librarian,
R.A. Podar College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai 400019
Abstract:
The study sought to focus on the reading habits among students. The study is based on the
secondary data available in print and electronic edition. For the study, survey of national and
international open source databases was conducted to find out research articles on reading habits
among students at college level. This study found out most of the student admit importance of
reading but the majority of them read for passing examination. And very few students read the
literature in the form of novel, fiction and non-fiction books. The study enumerates basic ideas to
develop reading habits among students. It also recommends that the college libraries should exercise
some innovative practices to boost up reading habits among students.
Keywords: Reading Habits, Reading Interest, Reading style, College Libraries, Students,
1. Introduction
Reading for attaining information and knowledge for awareness of every field is extremely essential
for everyone to sustain in the information age. So there is no exemption to the students as they are
integral part of teaching and learning process. Students are supposed to be the active reader not only
for his/her academic achievement and career but to understand human values and become a mature
person of the civil society. Reading, listening, observation, reflection, imagination, and creativity are
the process to be used for gaining the knowledge. Of them Reading and Listening are the vital
cognitive processes which help in acquisition of knowledge and awareness .In the competitive
environment, higher the knowledge and awareness an individual possesses greater are the chances of
his success. At the graduate level, hence, it is vital for students to read and listen a lot to gain vast
knowledge and awareness. Hence, the importance of reading needn't be overemphasized. Reading is
an important component of learning.
2. Meaning of Reading Habits:
Reading is the process of constructing meaning through the dynamic interaction among:
1) Reader's existing knowledge;
2) Information suggested by the text being read; and
3) Context of the reading situation (Wixson, Peters, Weber, and Roeber, 1987)
Even definitions of reading that emphasize meaning indicate that reading is activated by print. The
reader must be able to translate the written words into meaningful language. Virtually all four- and
five-year-old children can communicate with and learn from oral language, but very few can read,
because they lack the ability to identify printed words. While simply being able to recognize or
24
"say" the printed words of text without constructing the meaning of that text is not reading,
constructing meaning from written text is impossible without being able to identify the words.
3.
Importance of Reading Habits: A good reading habit is necessary for a healthy intellectual
growth and plays a very crucial role in enabling a person to achieve practical efficiency.
Furthermore, an individual's interests are determined to a considerable extent by the amount he will
read and the intensity with which he will pursue his reading activity. By reading books, one gets
confirmation or rejection of one's own ideas, which makes one think more critically about right and
wrong in the society. Reading provides people with a sense of values, which enable them gradually
to develop the greatest of all virtues, that is the ability to understand rather than condemn. Books can
also be very comforting, especially at times when one doubts one's self and one's beliefs. Pleasure
reading furthers the development of reading as life-long habit which strengthens both language skills
and fluency. Students improve their reading skill when they read for pleasure. Cunningham and
Stanovich (1998) reported that reading volume both inside and outside the school has a significant
impact on the development of reading speed and fluency, vocabulary, general knowledge overall
verbal ability and academic achievements.
4. Why to develop reading habits among students
a) Reading stimulates thoughts and cultivate natural curiosity
b) Develops speech and language
c) Acquires fresh knowledge and eliminates vagueness
d) Brings radical change in outlook of a person
e) Helps to develop listening ability of a person
f) Nurtures the concentration power
g) Enhances composure quality of a person who engage in reading
h) A person becomes more creative
i) Stimulates with new ideas and information
j) It improves your reasoning skills
k) It helps know more about different cultures and places
And above all it helps becoming a better human being
5. Identifying reading habits of students:
Number of studies on reading habits show that the pattern of reading styles of students differs from
country to country.
Shahnil Asmar Saaid and Zaliffah Abd Wahab showed in their studies on The Impact of DigitalBased Materials on Undergraduates Reading Habit that On average, students took less than one
hour to read in a day (46%), followed by 1-2 hours a day (42%) and very few students read more
than 3 hours a day (12%). This data supported Pandians [20] finding which stated 80% of
Malaysian university students are reluctant readers for both English and Malay materials
SohailMd and AlviAndleeb found in their study on Reading Habits Among The Users Of Delhi
Public Library, New Delhi, among the college students, 11.2% prefer to read fiction, 66.6% among
25
them like to read magazines, 11.1% prefer to read newspapers and another 11.1% are interested in
religious books.
The study on Reading Habits among Students and its Effect on Academic Performance: A Study of
Students of Koforidua Polytechnic by Micheal Owusu-Acheaw revealed that 62.5% of the
respondents acknowledge the importance of reading and said reading helps them to express
themselves better. However, 81.9% had not read a novel or fiction within the two preceding
semesters and only 18% said they had read a novel or fiction within the same period. The study
further confirmed that 75.0% respondents engage in reading just to pass an examination. It was also
confirmed in the study that 62.0% of the respondents visit the library to read lecture notes, 25.0% to
read textbooks and only 3.0% visit the library to read novels or fiction.
The above studies show that majority of students are reluctant of reading and a small number of
students read novels, fictions, biographies and religious books. Libraries need to develop reading
habits among these students.
6. How to develop reading habits among students:

Reading is not just an important professional skill. It is also a way to enjoy informative, creative,
and inspiring works of literature that enrich our life experiences. Like any skill worth mastering, a
reading habit requires time and dedication to develop. It is, however, a lifelong source of enjoyment
and entertainment and an affordable hobby for anyone who wants to pick up a book. Following are
some of the tips to develop reading habits among students.
I.
Enhance your reading skills. In order to build your reading habit you need to enjoy your
reading to the fullest. When you read, read for the main idea of each paragraph, along with
its supporting reasons. When building up lapsed reading skills, it can be helpful to read with
a pencil in hand to take notes or underline the key idea of each paragraph.
II.
Use dictionary for vocabulary Building: Look up unfamiliar words, simply underline or
make a list of unfamiliar words. When you reach a good stopping point, return to each word
and look it up, re-reading the sentence it appeared in. This helps contextualize the word and
its usage in case there are multiple meanings.
Become familiar with literary devices : If you are fond of reading novels and short stories,
becoming familiar with common literary tactics is an important part being a better reader.
Understanding common tools like symbol, exaggeration, parallel structure, personification,
and alliteration can enrich the reading experience significantly.
Don't haste: Reading for learning and enjoyment is never a race. Instead, take your time,
nurture your skills and their development at your own pace. Do not get discouraged if you
are a slow reader, especially at first. Each day, as you read, your mind will take the reading
tactics it learned before and apply them again, often with greater efficiency.
Keep reading materials handy: Always keep your reading material nearby so that you can
pick up as and when you with to read it. Do subscribe to periodicals or magazines which
provide you current information.
III.
IV.
V.
26
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Become member of a library: If there is library nearby your residence, never miss the
opportunity to become member of the library and see what this local libraries have to offer.
Borrow books of your interest
Consider an e-Reader: Barnes and Noble,Amazon have e-Readers and a collection
selective digital books for sale or loan. Libraries often offer free e-book loans too.Websites
of various university libraries often offer the full-texts of pre-copyright literary works online
like www.inflibnet.ac.in
Connect reading to your everyday life. It is easier to grow your reading skills if you make
reading a part of your daily schedule. Below are a few ways this can be accomplished.
Find a time and place to read. Do you have a favorite table in a coffee shop, or a quiet
corner of your own home where you like to curl up and relax? Find a place that is conducive
to your own reading habit. Set aside regular time to enjoy your spot and always bring along
your current reading.
Read Book review: Books reviews are published in magazines, newspapers etc. The
reviews are written in critical way. Books are critically evaluated by the subject experts. It
helps you getting information about a book without having to buy it. Reviews are a good
way to anticipate and reject prospective book purchases. They are also a good way of
learning how to articulate your own tastes as a reader.
Create a reading list. Its important to keep track of the books, magazines, and blogs that
incite our interest so that, when our current book is done, we know what to move on to.
Goodreads.com is a good place to keep track of this; however, even a page in a personal
journal is a good spot to keep track of what we hope to read in the future.
Visit book fares. If you want to learn about new authors and meet authors you already
know. Book festivals are a great opportunity for readers to know new releases kept for sale.
Publishers and book vendors come out to book festivals and often offer sales on books by
the authors appearing at the festival.Get a book signed. Especially if an author has just been
published, they are often asked to appear at book festivals to promote their work. Festivals
often have guest authors read passages from their more recent works or will host public
readings to incite interest in or memorialize talented authors.
7. Innovative practices and Role of library in developing reading habits among students
I.
Student centric library: College libraries should create such an environment where
students will feel comfortable and will not have any fear in their minds whenever they
wish to visit the library or to approach library authority. There must be welcoming
atmosphere for every student and he/ she should feel the college library is belonged to
him/her. Libraries need to change tobe student oriented and students centric.
II.
User Education: Most of the students do not know the functioning of the library, its
schedule, kind of resources present on its shelves, rules and regulation. The first and
foremost job of any library is to design a user education program and see to it that every
student gets educated about the library.
III.
Library promotion: Information technology is playing huge role in education. Use 2.0
web technology to promote your library. Create your own website or weblog through
which by uploading information about your resources, you can promote your library. Also
create library portal through which students can avail various library services. Also
provide online access to the library resources.
27
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.
Reaching out unreached:It is an observation of the librarians that students from

vernacular medium are found to be shy and nervous and because of that they do not come
forward. They are good readers but mostly express their opinion with their friends.
Libraries need to develop some mechanism to reach out those students. Library staff
should be trained enough to tap these students and speak with them to cater to the reading
needs of them. These students need more attention at the beginning of their library visits.
Reading list for beginners: The list of popular available in the library books in regional
and foreign languages should be prepared for the beginners and as and when there is a
request form such students you can produce the list so that they can select the book from
the list.
Reduce distance between books and students:The arrangement of books on the library
shelves should be maintained in such a way that the books are visible to students and it
should be surrounded by the reading space. The distance of readers form that of books
should be minimized and students need to have direct access to the books and other
materials of the library.
Anticipate students demand: A good library is the library which anticipate the demand of
the readers. Books which are famous and talked about by students community must be
purchased for the library. You should not wait for someone to recommend the book to
procure for the library. Students reading habits need to be taken care of while developing
collection for the library.
Encourage students suggestions: One of the most important aspects of developing
reading habits among students is to procure books suggested by the them. Involve more
and more students in collection development.
Save time of students: Time is very important for everyone and the students are no
exemption to it. Normally it is suggested that a book should be issued out to the borrower
in 3 to 5 minutes. Library staff should be efficient enough to deliver the document delivery
service on time. This will also help in motivating students to use library facilities.
Inputs from active readers: students who visit the library on regular basis know the
library strengths and weaknesses. Do take their inputs to improve library services.
Felicitate readers with award: To felicitate students who are spending quality time in the
library and availing library services as per the library norm, such students need to be
honored at the annual functions of the college at the hands of chief guest. It will, to some
extent, boost up reading habits among students.
Involve teachers in promoting reading habits: Communicate with teachers, the new
additions in the library, latest title on their subject etc. If possible, provide them with the
list of such books to be read out in the classroom. Teachers involvement is also very
important in promoting reading habits among students.
Periodical feedback from students: It is essential to evaluate and reform your library
services to meet out the reading needs of the students. Library must take feedback from
students once in a year or every alternate year.
8. Conclusion
Academic libraries are the soul of the institutions which should not remain silent when students are
not visiting and asking for reading materials. Let be it in print or electronic form, the first and
28
foremost role of academic library is to procure it and make it available to the students. We need to
anticipate the changing pattern of students reading. They will come to the library only when they
find the reading materials as per their interest. Many libraries do not involve students community in
collection development. Most of the librarians are also not allowed to select books for their libraries.
The collection is generally developed on the subjects taught in the institutions. But it should not be
the case. Libraries need to understand and think beyond the core subject. It should develop
collection on general, recreational, motivational or inspirational, personality development and
spiritual to some extent. It will boost overall development of students and attract students to the
library. Libraries should involve more students in selecting books or subscribing periodicals.
Libraries must be student centric and reach out to each and every students. The above cited
innovative practices are implemented in libraries, it will help to develop and enhance reading habits
among students.
References:
1.Adams Bodomo, M.-l. L. (2003). Some Students Still Read Books in the 21st Century : A Study.
The Reading Matrix.
2.Alvi, M. S. (2011). Reading habits among the users oF Delhi Public Library, New Delhi : A
Survey. Brazilian Jurnal of Information Science .
3.Bolong, R. M. (2014). Potential impengement factors of reading habits at rural library in Malaysia.
Journal of Applied Sciences.
4.Han-Chen Huang, Y.-H. T.-H. (2015). The Relevant Factors in Promoting Reading Activities in
Elementary Schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education.
5.http://school.familyeducation.com/.
6.http://www.wikihow.com/.
7.Ms. Kushmeeta Chettri, D. S. (2013, Sept- Oct). Reading Habits - An Overview . IOSR Journal Of
Humanities And Social Science, pp. PP 13-17.
8.Owusu-Acheaw, M. (2014). Reading Habits Among Students and its Effect on. Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal).
9.S.K., c. K. (2013). Reading habits : An Overview. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social
Science, 13-17.
10.Simpson, B. D. (2012). At Your Leisure: Establishing a Popular Reading Collection at UBC
Library. Evidence Based Library and Information Practice.
29
Reference Services
Dr. Anjali Choure
Librarian
Uma Mahavidyalya, Pandharpur
Email - badweanjali@gmail.com
Contact No. 9763025010
Abstract:
This paper discuss reference process purpose need and functions of reference service.
Keywords: Reference Service- Library

Introduction:
The primary aim of the library is to promote the use of reading material contained in it. Techniques
like classification of documents and their subject wise arrangement on the shelves in a helpful order
providing open access to the readers the readers, preparation of tools like the library catalogue and
similar others are all indirect forms of assistance to users to find their documents in the Library. The
more direct method that will promote the use of documents is to bring together documents and their
readers by personal efforts by the staff of the library. This method of providing personal attention to
readers in terms of meeting their specific needs of documents or for any information contained in
them, has been developed into a specialized activity and is given the name Reference service.
Reference Service:
The term Reference service has defined the sympathetic and informed personal aid in interpreting
library collection for study and research. The reference service is a personalized service offered to
users when they visit the library seeking information from books and other documents. Hence it is
considered the hall mark of library service. Dr.S.R. Ranganathan.
Reference Process:
According to Dennis Grogan it is a serious error to think that reference work is simply a matter of
answering questions experienced librarians can quote many examples of questions taken at their face
value and answered in a perfectly adequate manner. But which still left the reader far from satisfied
it is far better thought of as problem solving with the actual identification of the readers problem
being just as important as hunting for the solution. Dr. Ranganathan started this new Reference
30
service in Madras University library in 1926. He differentiated the old and new reference service by
the time factor. He called old reference service the Ready Reference and Long Range Reference
Service. This was around the 40s when the concept Ready Reference Service and new one Long
Range Reference service means searching for the documents necessary for the specialist reader
inside the library or outside the library or in the locality or country it also includes searching for
micro documents, articles in periodicals and sections in books.
Purpose and need of Reference Service
1. Increasing needs for information by the users.
2. Growth in library collection.
3. Use of special modern tools and techniques.
4. Increase in volume and variety of documents.
5. Use of computer and information technologies.
Functions of Reference Service
1. Answering the queries either in person or over the phone or through
2. correspondence.
3. Assisting readers in using library tools catalogues and other reference
4. tools.
5. Preparing reading lists and Ad hoc bibliographies on request or in
6. anticipation.
7. Providing selective dissemination of information to users.
8. Providing abstracting service.
9. Providing translation service.
10. Providing duplicating or copying service.
Stages in Reference Service

Stage one The Reference Interview
The first stage of the Reference process is determining the reader problem. The librarian must
ensure firstly that there is no misunderstanding over the meaning of the question secondly that this
question does in fact represent precisely what the reader wants will in fact solve the problem.
Stage two Analyzing the subject
Having determined precisely what the reader requires the librarian will then often find it necessary
to make a detailed analysis of the subject of the question. It is essential to place the topic in its
correct spot on the map of knowledge. A powerful weapon in reaching the heart of a problem and
one which falls particularly comfortably to the hand of the librarian is classification the analysis of a
subject.
31
Stage three The search Strategy

Time spend on deep analysis of multifaceted problems is usually well repaid at the third stage of the
reference process. The determination of a search strategy basically this means deciding on the order
in which each of the various sources available will be consolidated. A step by step check through all
of them will eventually produce the answer. The actual points of entry and the subsequent path are
determined by the analysis of the questions and previous knowledge of the sources. This is heart of
the reference process.
Stage four The search
Comprises the actual examination of the available sources of information as determined by the
search strategy obviously these sources will very considerably from library to library in same
industrial libraries correspondence files are a major source to be included in the routine of any
exhaustive search. There is no standard search method that can be followed if their knowledge of the
sources does not suggest a place to look and if the obvious starting point. The catalogue is either in
appropriate or has failed them. There are two courses open to them firstly. They can follow the old
reference librarians. Maxim, The encyclopedia is the place to look it you cant think of a place to
look. They will be pleasantly surprised how often the great general encyclopedias will prove helpful.
Conclusion:
In conclusion we can say that, razor cut line of demarcation between these services can be drawn
sometimes a service may be called information service but it may be nothing but reference service.
In fact the information service is relatively new term for reference service.
References:
1) C Lal, K Kumar, Descriptive questions in library & Information Science. ESS ESS publications,
New Delhi Ist Pub. 2007
2) George S.Boon, Literature of science and technology. Mcgraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and
technology New York Vol-7 P.612
3) Guha B. Documentation and information Calcotta: World press 1989
4) Krishnan Kumar, Reference Service Ed.4 Delhi:Vikas 1992.
5) Kumar P.S.G. Computerization of Indian Libraries. Delhi BRPC 1987
6) Kumar P.S.G. A students manual of library and information Science BRPC Delhi 3rd 2006.
32
Green Libraries
Jyoti Bhabal
Asst. Professor
SHPT School of Library Science
SNDT Womens University, Mumbai
jyotibhabal@gmail.com
Ph: 9869225905
ABSTRACT:
To measure excellence in the quality of services of organizations, ISO, ISI, NAAC, etc are the
bodies working at its levels. To measure excellence in building design Green Building concept was
developed. It is to maximize the utilization efficiency of the resources, and maximize the reuse,
recycling, and utilization of renewable resources. American Institute of Architects honors LEED
certified libraries with awards that further encourage other libraries to go green. Subsequently, other
countries also developed their LEED criteria for green buildings. These buildings include
companies, colleges, hospitals, libraries, etc. In India, green concept is yet to bloom. GRIHA
(National Green Rating)/ LEED India needs to promote green building certification in the country.
Various resources are available online to understand and implement green concepts in libraries.
The library is a backbone of any organization whether it is a public library, school library, college
library, university library or a research library. In spite of the fact that however rich the collection of
these libraries might be they would not fulfill their propose if their library buildings are not
attractive with beautiful elevation and equipped with comfortable furniture only then would they
attract readers and invite them to enter in these temples of knowledge and get enriched with mental
food without any tension. The time spent in these libraries by the readers should be considered as
the best utilized of their hours in these libraries. The two important components are Library Building
and Furniture. These are vital components with thermal comfort facilities. The bad design of library
buildings and uncomfortable library furniture can mar the very spirit of such libraries; therefore, the
full attention must be paid while planning a new library building apart from their rich holdings. Over
the period tremendous changes have taken place in library field and so in library buildings. Few of
the authors like Harrington, (2001), King, (2004) and Madziak, (2004) had taken a survey to find
recent trends in library designs. Their findings were somewhat similar. One of the six trends that
were found in current library facilities design was green/sustainable buildings that use the natural
environment (Harrington, 2001).
33
A green building depletes the natural resources to the minimum during its construction and
operation. The aim of a green building design is to minimize the demand on nonrenewable
resources, maximize the utilization efficiency of these resources, when in use, and maximize the
reuse, recycling, and utilization of renewable resources. It maximizes the use of efficient building
materials and construction practices; optimizes the use of onsite sources and sinks by bio-climatic
architectural practices; uses minimum energy to power itself; uses efficient equipment to meet its
lighting, air-conditioning, and other needs; maximizes the use of renewable sources of energy; uses
efficient waste and water management practices; and provides comfortable and hygienic indoor
working conditions. It is evolved through a design process that requires all concerned the architect
and landscape designer and the air conditioning, electrical, plumbing, and energy consultants to
work as a team to address all aspects of building and system planning, design, construction, and
operation. They critically evaluate the impacts of each design decision on the environment and
arrive at viable design solutions to minimize the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts
on the environment (The Energy and Resources Institute-Business Council for Sustainable
Development, India, 2008).
Definition of Green Building
According to US Environmental Protection Agency (2010), Green building is the practice of
creating structures and using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle from sittings to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design
concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable
or high performance building.
The California Integrated Waste Management Board defines a green or sustainable building as a
structure that is designed, built, renovated, operated, or reused in an ecological and resource
efficient manner
The goal of green building is not to squeeze energy-efficiency features into a tight development
budget. The goal, rather, is to analyze such interconnected issues as site and building design, energy
and water efficiency, resource efficient construction, lighting and mechanical design, and building
ecology, and optimize all these aspects in an integrated design (RMI/ ENSAR Built Environment
Team, 2005)
A green building may cost more up front, but saves through lower operating costs over the life of the
building. (California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle), 2010)
Some of the benefits could be gained in green building, such as improving occupant health, comfort,
productivity, reducing pollution and landfill waste (California Department of Resources Recycling
and Recovery (CalRecycle), 2010). Studies of workers in green buildings reported productivity
gains of up to 16%, including reductions in absenteeism and improved work quality, based on
34
people friendly green design. In other words, green building design has environmental, economic
and social elements that benefit all building stakeholders, including owners, occupants and the
general public. (Indian Green Building Council, 2008)
Initial efforts towards green library concept
Brodherson (2007) had traced the evolution of library building awards. He had mentioned that
American Institute of Architects was the sole sponsor of library building award in 1962. Then
National Book Committee showed interest in joint sponsorship of library design excellence. Though
many years have passed, the basic rule, eligibility was same.
The first honor award was given to the Alexander Crossett Library of Bennington College, designed
by Pietro Belluschi and Carl Koch and Associates. The library was established in 1959 with a
capacity to seat 175 students and 75000 volumes. Wood, brick, and glass dominated the exterior.
ALA holds conferences to see and celebrate the selection of the latest ideas about library design
excellence.
The American Institute of Architects is committed to the goal of reaching at least a 60 percent
carbon emission reduction by 2010 and carbon neutral buildings by 2030. Members of the American
Institute of Architects (AIA) had worked with each other and their communities to create more
valuable, healthy, secure, and sustainable buildings and cityscapes. By using sustainable design
practices, materials, and techniques, AIA architects were uniquely poised to provide the leadership
and guidance needed to provide solutions to address climate change. Biennially, representatives
from the AIA and the American Library Association (ALA) gather to celebrate the finest examples
of library design by architects licensed in the U.S.
LLAMA ALA/IIDA Library Interior Design Awards
The Library Administration and Management Association (LAMA) is a division of the American
Library Association and the International Interior Design Association (IIDA). It is a professional
networking and educational association of 13,000 members in nine specialty Forums in 30 Chapters
around the world. (www.iida.org) The ALA/IIDA Library Interior Design Awards are co-sponsored
by the American Library Association (ALA) and (IIDA). This biennial competition honors
excellence in library interior design and promotes examples of extraordinary design reflected
through innovative concepts.
LLAMA ALA/AIA Library Building Awards
The award was initiated to encourage excellence in the architectural design and planning of libraries.
Awards for distinguished accomplishment in library architecture by an architect licensed in the
United States will be made for any library in the United States or abroad. It is awarded by LAMA
and AIA. (Library Leadership & Management Association (LLAMA), 2009)
35
Green Library Building Certification

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is an internationally recognized
green building certification system, providing third-party verification that a building or
community was designed and built using strategies aimed at improving performance across all the
metrics that matter most: energy savings, water efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction, improved
indoor environmental quality, and stewardship of resources and sensitivity to their impacts.
LEED is developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) in 2000. It provides building
owners and operators a concise framework for identifying and implementing practical and
measurable green building design, construction, operations and maintenance solutions.
The Green Building Certification Institute (GBCI), established in January 2008. GBCI administers
project certification for commercial and institutional buildings and tenant spaces under the U.S.
Green Building Councils LEED. An integrated project team had the major stakeholders of the
project such as the developer/owner, architect, engineer, landscape architect, contractor, and asset
and property management staff. LEED believed that implementing an integrated, systems-oriented
approach to green project design, development and operations can yield synergies and improve the
overall performance of a building. (Green Building Certification Institute, 2008) (U. S. Green
Building Council, 2008)
LEED Certifies commercial buildings including (but are not limited to) offices, retail and service
establishments, institutional buildings (libraries, schools, museums, etc.,) hotels and buildings of
four or more habitable stories. (Indian Green Building Council, 2008)
LEED administer mainly six major areas that are:
Sustainable sites
Water efficiency
Energy and atmosphere
Materials and resources
Indoor environmental quality
Innovation and design process
LEED points are awarded on a 100-point scale, and credits are weighted to reflect their
potential environmental impacts. Additionally, 10 bonus credits are available, four of which
address regionally specific environmental issues. A project must satisfy all prerequisites and earn a
minimum number of points to be certified.
The LEED rating system offers four certification levels for new construction -- Certified, Silver,
Gold and Platinum. LEED standards cover new commercial construction and major renovation
projects, interiors projects and existing building operations. Standards are under development to
36
cover commercial "core & shell" construction, new home construction and neighborhood
developments.
In LEED 2009 there are 100 possible base points plus an additional 6 points for Innovation in
Design and 4 points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification
according to the points earned:
Certified - 40-49 points

Silver - 50-59 points
Gold - 60-79 points
Platinum - 80 points and above
Similar to US LEED, several countries worldwide have developed their own rating system of Green
buildings. All certification systems are designed for a general building, however library can pursue
for it. Some of the rating systems of green buildings are given in following table:
Australia: Nabers / Green Star
Brazil: AQUA / LEED Brasil
Canada: LEED Canada/ Green
Globes
China: GB Evaluation standard for
green building
Finland: PromisE
France: HQE and Carbon Site
Mexico: LEED Mexico

Netherlands: BREEAM
Netherlands
New Zealand: Green Star NZ
Portugal: Lider A
Singapore: Green Mark and
Construction Quality Assessment
System (CONQUAS )
South Africa: Green Star SA
Germany: DGNB
South Korea: Greening Building

System
Hong Kong: HKBEAM
Spain: VERDE
India: GRIHA (National Green

Rating)/ LEED India
Israel: SI-5281
United Arab Emirates: Estidama
Italy: Protocollo Itaca
United States: LEED/Green Globes
United Kingdom: BREEAM
Japan: CASBEE
37
Table 1: LEED Worldwide (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, 2009)

India: GRIHA (National Green Rating)/ LEED India
The Energy and Resources Institutes (TERI) green building rating system (TERIGRIHA) was
developed with the objective of a rating system, to help design green buildings and, in turn, help
evaluate the greenness of the buildings. The rating system follows best practices along with
national/international codes that are applicable to achieving the intent of green design. The rating
would be applied to new and existing building stock of varied functions commercial, institutional,
and residential.
All buildings, except for industrial complexes and housing colonies, which are in the design stage,
are eligible for certification under the TERI system. Buildings include offices, retail spaces,
institutional buildings, hotels, hospital buildings, healthcare facilities, residences, and multi-family
high-rise buildings. (GRIHA, 2011)
TERI-GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory to be
met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with the commitment of
the criterion for which the point is allocated
Points scored
Rating
5060
One star
61-70
Two star
71-80
Three star
81-90
Four star
91-100
Five star
(The Energy and Resources Institute-Business Council for Sustainable Development, India, 2008)
THE CESE building in IIT Kanpur became the first GRIHA rated building in India and it scored 5
stars, highest in GRIHA under the system.
How to go Green?
Thousands of architects, consultants, engineers, product marketers, environmentalists and other
building industry professionals have knowledge of green building and the LEED rating system and
process -- and can assist in meeting your LEED goal. These professionals can suggest ways to earn
38
LEED credits without extra cost, identify means of offsetting certain expenses with savings in other
areas and spot opportunities for synergies in library project.
Where to find more information?
Following section would help librarian to find resources and gather more information on green
libraries. The section suggests directories, blogs, sites, and reading material for those who would be
planning to go for green.
a) Website
Green Libraries available at http://www.greenlibraries.org
b) Journal
Electronic Green Journal (EGJ) is a peer-reviewed digital journal providing open access to
scholarly, international environmental information since 1994. It is published semiannually
by the University of California, Los Angeles Library (Electronic Green Journal, 2010).
c) Designing Green Libraries
Sustainable Library Design (Libris Design) available at
http://www.librisdesign.org/docs/SustainableLibDesign.pdf
d) Green Library Blogs
The green librarian: Earth and Library Advocacy from Bozeman, Montana
available
at
http://www.greenlibrarianbozeman.blogspot.com/
Going Green @your library: Discover ideas, practices, tools, and techniques to help green
libraries,
librarians,
and
the
communities
available
at
http://greeningyourlibrary.wordpress.com/.
The Green Library: A facebook organization webpage run by Gerry McKiernan available
at
http://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/group.php?gid=32308457042&ref=ts
Green Your Library: American Libraries green library blog written by Laura Bruzas
available at http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/greenlibrary.
e) Green Building Resources

CalRecycle website (http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Basics.htm)
IRRT International Sustainable Library Development Interest Group serves as a clearinghouse of
sustainable community-based library projects in developing areas of the world.
(http://www.ala.org/ala/irrt/irrtcommittees/isld/isld.htm)
39
Maria A. Jankowska, General Editor of the Electronic Green Journal

(http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index.php/egj/index)Building Green - Leed Certification Information
(NRDC)
(http://www.nrdc.org/buildinggreen/leed.asp)
GreenBuildIndiana (Carol Gulyas) (http://www.greenbuildindiana.com)
Green Building and Sustainable Design Resource Library (UC Davis Extension)
(http://extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/green_building_and_sustainable_design/resources.asp)
Green
Building
(US
Environmental
http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/index.htm
Protection
Agency)
available
at
Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment GRIHA, an acronym for Green Rating for
Integrated Habitat Assessment, is the National Rating System of India. It has been conceived by
TERI and developed jointly with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
It is a green building 'design evaluation system', and is suitable for all kinds of buildings in different
climatic zones of the country. (http://www.grihaindia.org/)
Indian Green Building Council
Aim of IGBC is to usher in a green building movement and facilitate in India emerging as one of the
world leaders in green buildings by 2015. (http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp VISION)
Links to Other Green Building Sites (CIWMB) (http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Links/)
Sustainable Building Sourcebook: Information on 50+ Green Building Topics
(http://www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20Efficiency/Programs/Green%
20Building/Sourcebook/)
Sustainable Building Tool Kit (CIWMB)
(http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/toolkit.htm)
The Texas Manual on Rain Harvesting (hosted by Tierra Designs)
http://www.tierradesign.org/files/RainwaterHarvestingManual_3rdedition.pdf
U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
(http://www.usgbc.org/)
What Makes a Building Green. (Santa Monica Green Building Program)
40
(http://greenbuildings.santa-monica.org/introduction/introwhatbuildingreen.html)
Writing the Green RFP: Sustainable Design Language for Consultant Requests
(http://www.aia.org/cote_rfps) (The Green Libraries, 2007)
The list of names of libraries who won AIA/ALA Library Building Award till the date is increasing
year by year. In 2011, 1)Arkansas Studies Institute, Little Rock, 2) KAUST Library, Thuwal,
Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 3) Mattapan Branch Library, Boston Public Library, Boston, 4)
Harmon Library, Phoenix Public Library, Phoenix and 5) William Oxley Thompson Memorial
Library, Ohio won AIA/ALA Library Building Award. (The American Institute of Architects, 2011)
In India most of the libraries are doing excellent to satisfy their users needs, but Indian libraries
lack the awareness of Green Library/Building Concept. And even if library wishes to go green,
budget constraint is their major hurdle. Whether public, academic, scientific, special or research
library, efforts from librarian, management as well as action plans from government are required to
have more and more green libraries in India. Considering the global warming, and scarcity of natural
resources, Green Libraries might give incite to its library user and the society on green issue.
References:
1. 1.The American Institute of Architects. (2011). 2011 AIA / ALA Library Building Awards.
Retrieved September 12, 2011, from http://www.aia.org/practicing/awards/2011/libraryawards/index.htm
2. 2.Broadherson, D. (2007). The fairest libraries of them all. American Libraries, 38(4), 54-55.
3. 3.California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery (CalRecycle). (2010). Green
Building Basics. Retrieved May 25, 2010, from
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/greenbuilding/basics.htm
4. 4.Electronic Green Journal. (2010). Retrieved July 25, 2010 from eScholarship, the
University of California website at http://escholarship.org/uc/search?entity=uclalib_egj
5. 5.The Energy and Resources Institute-Business Council for Sustainable Development, India.
(2008). Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment. Retrieved July 11, 2009 from
http://www.teriin.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=75&Itemid=32
6. 6.Green Building Certification Institute (2008) Retrieved July 11, 2009 from
http://www.gbci.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=19
7. 7.The Green Libraries. (2007). Retrieved July 11, 2009 from http://www.greenlibraries.org
8. 8.GRIHA. (2011). Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment: Basics. Retrieved
January 12, 2011 from
http://www.grihaindia.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14
9. 9.Harrington, D. (2001). Six trend in library design. Library Journal, supp Dec, 12-14.
41
10. 10.Indian Green Building Council. (2008). LEED India. Retrieved September 17, 2010 at
http://www.igbc.in/site/igbc/index.jsp
11. 11.King, H. (2004 October 4). Current trends in library building design Retrieved October
10, 2009 from www.caul.edu.au/best-practice/building-design2004king.doc
12. 12.Library Leadership & Management Association (LLAMA). (2009). Awards. Retrieved
July 10, 2009, from http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/llama/awards/index.cfm
13. 13.Madziak, A (2004 June). 22 recent and enduring design trends in Ontario public libraries.
Retrieved September, 12 2008 from
http://www.sols.org/links/clearinghouse/facilities/resources/librarydesigns.pdf
14. 14.RMI/ ENSAR Built Environment Team. (2005). Why build green?. Retrieved July 11,
2010 from http://www.rmi.org/cms/Download.aspx?id=1370&file=D0214_WhyBuildGreen.pdf&title=Why+Build+Green%3F
15. 15.U. S. Green Building Council. (2008). What LEED is. Retrieved July1, 2009 from
http://www.usgbc.org/DisplayPage.aspx?CMSPageID=1988
16. 16.US Environmental Protection Agency. (2010 April 03). Green Building. Retrieved
September 17, 2010 from http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/pubs/about.htm
42
Digital Libraries: An Overview

Dilip Jadhav,
Research Scholar (PhD)and Sr.Librarian
Anjuman I-Islams Institute of Hospitality Management
92,D.N.Road,CST,Mumbai-400001
Rajesh Kamble
Research Scholar (PhD)
Abstract
Information and Communication Technology has revolutionized the concept of libraries. A 'digital
library' comprises digital collections, services and infrastructure to support lifelong learning,
research, scholarly communication as well as preservation and conservation of our recorded
knowledge. It is also a process of democratization of information. This article will discuss the
factors that will necessitate the traditional libraries to get digitized, as well as the definition, need,
advantages and disadvantages of digital libraries, the requirement for building a digital library etc.
The emphasis is also put to describe the role of librarian in the new environment!
Key word: E-Resources, Digital library, Digital Resources, Digital Content, Digitization, Access,
Databases, Digital collection,
INTRDUCTION
The concept of Library environment has traditionally Changed during past 15 Years . A rapid and
dynamic revolution lead to new generation of libraries with an emphasis on Electronic resources.
The E-document in a digital library are accessible readily with multitude of user friendly, is a group
of distributed repositories that user see as a single repository in a digital form. In the Present
environment wealth of information resources being published and transmitted through electronic
media. Now-a-days users need not have to be concerned with the physical library hours of
operations and users need not have to go physically to the library to access resources.
Emergence of information Technology contribute to the ability to concretize the concept of Digital
Library with high resolution capture devices, sophisticated search engines and large storage of
digital content. Different terminologies such as electronic library, library without walls and virtual
library have been interchangeably used to describe this broad concept which provides collection and
services in electronic form such as CD-FORM, optical videodisk and the like.
Virtual library is that which does not exist physically and most denote a library with distributed
collections or services that appear.
In 1990s there has been a revolution in digital library system, Institutions, libraries and end user
population became increasingly usefulness of computer technology for education, research and
recreation. Digital library is the most currently and widely accepted term and appears to encompass
both electronic and virtual libraries.
43
DIGITAL LIBRARY CONCEPT

Digital Library is an assemble of digital computers, storage and communication machinery together
with the context and software , needed to produce , emulate and extend services by conventional
libraries based on paper and other materials means of collecting and disseminating information.
DEFINITION
Digital libraries are electronic libraries in which a large number of geographically , distributed users
can access the contents of large and diverse repositories of electronic object include networks text,
images, maps, sounds, videos, catalogues and scientific, business and government datasets.
According to Larson Digital libraries as not single, standalone and repositories of digital data.
Instead, they are a heterogeneous collection of network-based repositories using a variety of
protocols for users interaction, data encoding and transmission.
The U S Association of Research libraries (ARL) identified five elements common to all
definitions of the digital library
1.The digital library is not a single entity.
2. The digital library requires technology to link the resources.
3. Linkages between digital libraries and information services and transparent to users.
4. Universal access to digital libraries must be the goal.
5. Digital libraries collection are not restricted to document surrogates but include digital artifacts
that have no printed equivalent.
CHARACTERISTIC:
A digital library is an organized collection of digitized material or its holding in the digital form
which can be accessible by a computer on the network by using TCP/IP or other protocol. The main
characteristics of digital libraries are as follows
a) The function of acquisition, storage, preservation, retrieval is carried out through the use of digital
technology.
b) Organized collection of information objects may be a digital text or any other.
c) Resources are available in computer readable form.
d) Access to the entire collection is globally available directly or indirectly across network.
e) Support users in dealing with information objects.
WHY DIGITAL LIBRARIES
Digital libraries provide remote access to information resources to the users on their desktops. Also,
digitization presents opportunities for long term preservation of bodies of knowledge, if not of the
original carries of that knowledge. Some other reasons of building up digital library are :
44
1.To keep pace with Shifting of the environment of technology innovations. The new generation
user becomes only happy when they will be able to read from the computer screen that traditional
libraries should be build as a well equipped and interconnected DL to fulfill the slogan Burn a CDROM save a tree.
2. To save valuable shelf space.
3. To preserve the valuable and rare information.
4. To Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of library by providing better accessibility of their
resources round the clock, beyond the wall and on user desktop.
5. Multiple Function of Same Information to enable faster services and to provide multi user access.
6. Easy to Understand: The visual or graphical information system of digital libraries is more
popular as compared to text based information system.
7. Information Explosion: Digital library is expected to be able to handle the problem of information
explosion somehow. It will be able to handle and manage large amount of digital content by simply
providing link, without actually procuring the document.
8.Searching Problem in Traditional Libraries: By using digital library one will be able to retrieve
information specifically for e.g. a particular image, photo, a definition, etc.
9. Distance Learning: Time is a major factor for each modern user of the library which is otherwise
spent in coming and going to the library, but digitization will facilitate learning from home, office or
other places which are convenient to users.
10.To Provide Access to Online Publication: As more and more information are published over
internet, digital library needs to procure and provide link to the online publication and other
important sources of information.
11.Limited Buying Power of Libraries: The collection of every library is limited to only a fraction of
the total. Introduction of digital library will help to enhance the collection considerably.
TECHNOLOGY REQUIRED FOR DIGITAL LIBRARIES
1. Computer with high-speed processor, sufficient memory and hard disk space and multimedia
configuration
2.Storage Devices: Optical storage device, CD-ROM, juke box, etc. As in the digital environment it
is reasonable to say that a central back up or archive should be created at the national level which
will store information output of the region as well as information from outside the country. Back up
facility and device to take backup of all files.
3. Printer: Laser printer, Dot matrix, Barcode printer, Digital graphic printer, etc
4. Optical character Recognition (OCR) e.g. ABBY fine reader, Omni page
45
5. Scanner: Large flat bed high resolution scanner and digital camera H.P. Scan jet, flatbed, Sheet
feeder, Drum scanner, Slide scanner, Microfilming scanner, Digital camera, Barcode scanner etc
Image cleaning software e.g. scan fix etc.
6. High speed Internet connectivity.
7. Digital Library software for organizing digital resources e.g. Greenstone, D-space, E-pints, and
web server.
8.Other Audio Visual Aid: Color T.V., V.C.R., D.V.D., Sound box, Telephone, etc.
9.) Human ware : Well trained manpower.
DIGITAL COLLECTION
The digital library contains information in digital format and the information exchange takes place
electronically through network environment . 1.Search Engines 2. Library portals 3.Library
Resources 4.E-Book 5.E-Journals 6.E-Newspapers7.E-statistics8.E-Thesesand Dissertations
9.Datasets 10.video clippings 11.Online databases 12.Online journals 13.Online e-books 14.web
OPAC etc.15.conference proceedings on CD-ROM 16.CD-ROM standards Databases 17.Library
Networks.18.Subject Gate ways 19. FAQS 20.Digital Archives 15.Discussion Forums 16.Virtual
Conferences 17.Virtual Help Desks.
ADVANTGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES
A digital library is not confined to a particular location or so called building, it is virtually
distributed all over the world. The user can get his/ her information on his own computer screen by
using the internet. Actually it is a network of multimedia system which provides finger tip access.
a) No Physical Boundary: To manage large amount of digital contents such as thousands of
images, figures or hundred of audio clips. It allow learner to use electronic resource from anywhere
without even knowing where it is stored geographically.
b) Round the clock Availbility: Digital libraries can be accessed at any time, 24 hours a day and
365 days of the year.
c) Multiple Accesses: Resources sharing among libraries can be used at the same time by a number
of users. Promote Universal accessible. . It can be used for increasing course delivery for a large
number of clients at a particular point of time.
d) Structured Approach: Contains multimedia information. Digital library provides access to
much richer content in a more structured manner i.e. we can easily move from the catalog to the
particular book then to a particular chapter and so on.
e) Information Retrieval: The user is able to use any search term bellowing to the word or phrase
of the entire collection. Users can peruse them instantly. The E-books and E- journals provide
keywords, subject and various other searches. Digital library will provide very user friendly
interfaces, giving clickable access to its resources..
46
f) Preservation and Conservation: Archival of resources. It is a best tool for preservation of

heritage collection through digitization. An exact copy of the original can be made any number of
times without any degradation in quality. Protecting rare books that are rapidly deteriorating due to
over use and poor storage conditions.
g) Space: It saves the space that is required for physical documents. whereas traditional libraries are
limited by storage space, digital libraries have the potential to store much more information, simply
because digital information requires very little physical space to contain them.
h) Networking: A particular digital library can provide the link to any other resources of other
digital library very easily. Thus a seamlessly integrated resource sharing can be achieved.
i) Cost: It saves the cost and manpower required for publishing and bringing out new editions. The
cost of maintaining a digital library is much lower than that of a traditional library. A traditional
library must spend large sums of money paying for staff, book maintenance, rent, and additional
books. Digital libraries do away with these fees.
j) Sophisticated technologies: It is used in digital library demand dust free, centrally airconditioned atmosphere for perfect performance.
DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:

The computer viruses, lack of standardization for digitized information, quick degrading properties
of digitized material, different display standard of digital product and its associated problem, health
hazard nature of the radiation from monitor, etc. makes digital libraries at times a handicap.
a) Copyright: Digitization violates the copy right law as the thought content of one author can be
freely transferred by others without his acknowledgement
b) IPR : The first and importance problem of IPRs where the library authorities have to discuss
with publishers and authors on their aspect to evolve some mechanisms, which become beneficial
for library users, publishers and the authors,( Intellectual property Rights Issues)
c) Speed of Access: As more and more computer are connected to the internet its speed of access is
reasonably decreasing
d) Cost: Technological changes are also coming very fast in which everyone is expected to be the
shortcoming for implementing various programs. So it is not feasible to change all the resources into
digital forms by the common libraries. The infrastructure cost of digital library i.e. the cost of
hardware, software, leasing communication circuit is generally very high..
e) Band Width: Digital library will need high bandwidth for transfer of multimedia resources but
the band with is decreasing day by day.
f) Efficiency: With the much larger volume of digital information, finding the right material for a
specific task becomes increasingly difficult.
47
g) Environment: Digital libraries cannot reproduce the environment of a traditional library. Many
people also find reading printed material to be easier than reading material on a computer screen.
h) Preservation: Due to technological developments, a digital library can rapidly become out-ofdate and its data may become inaccessible.
i) Expertise: There is also a lack of expertise as only limited suppliers are there for digital libraries
over the whole world. Further as there is frequent technological change, there is a lack of experts to
handle and operate the latest technology.
j) Security: Libraries are vary of the new technology. Security is another problem, which include
the piracy of data bases virus invasion, and parallel satellite networking stress. The solution of these
is yet to be solved.
ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN DIGITAL ENVIRONMENT:
In ancient times, there was no definite place that could be called a library; records were scattered
and most of the time consumed by fire. A modern-day librarian in the Digital Age must be sound in
the storage, retrieval and dissemination of information with the aid of information communication
technology (ICT). This may be through computer, internet, E-mail, CD-ROM, slides, teaching aids,
telephones, including the global system of mobile telecommunications (GSM), fax machines, etc.
Archival materials could be stored on CD-ROMs for easy retrieval and dissemination to prospective
users. Librarians can now conveniently store archival materials on CD-ROMs which is highly
compatible with most computers; this means vital information can be preserved and retrieved easily
when needed. Information and communication are veritable tools in the development of cities and
rural areas. Information must be available to all; be it scientific, technical, economic, social,
institutional, administrative, legal, historical or cultural information.
CONCLUSION
Information Technology has drastically revolutionized the way of generating, processing, storing,
dissemination and regeneration of information and thereby brings new dimension to library and
information services. Though digital libraries give solutions to the main challenge of traditional
libraries to replace the physical existence of document completely doubt to meet the present
demand, to satisfy the non local user .so that at least libraries becomes of hybrid nature, such as
shortage of space, economic survival and management of materials, it has its own limitations. End
users who are not exposed to information Technology will have difficulty to access the information
which is stored inside the computer in digitized format. Training each user will be a tedious task.
Day by day the cost of digitization is also decreasing .Digital libraries are fast emerging and they are
now an important component and at the same time they also pose serious challenges for the library
professional. Digital libraries being accessible from anywhere, any time so it brings new 24x7
concept in the library to save readers valuable time. The need of users are shifting towards a
different environment so it is needless to say that in future coming years all library will shift over to
48
digital mode. So it is the pick time to all library and informational science professional to gear them
in building digital library and taking it as a challenge.
REFRENCES:
1.Eboka, B.E., 2000, Introduction to Library Science, Onitsha: Palma Publishing and Links, pp1-12.
2. Kumbhar, Baban. ( 2011). Selection and Acquistion of Digital Resources : (proceeding) ed by
Waghchoure, Shilpa S, Gokhale Education Societys College of Education and
Research,Numbai,2011,Pp 48-49.
3.Pandey, Prabhat. (2010).Recent Advances in Library Automation, New Delhi, Mahamaya
Publishing House, pp105-109.
4.Singh, Mahendra Pratap. ( 2004 )Use of Information Technology in Library and Information
Science, New Delhi, Abhijeet Publications, pp.428-435.
5.Digital Library Federation a Working Definition of Digital Library available on http://www.diglib.
org/about/dldefinition.htm.
49
DIGITAL LIBRARY IN INTERNET ERA: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Brundaban Nahak, Librarian
Radhakrushna Institute of Technology and Engineering
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, E-mail: bnahak@gmail.com
and
Dr. Satyajit Padhi, Sr.Library and Information Manager
Whistling Woods International Institute for Film, Fashion and Media, Mumbai
ABSTRACT:
The rapid growth and development of computer and communication technology has changed our
society. To meet the tremendous information explosion and high demand of information, libraries
are now taking the advantage of the digital technology, which is now termed as digital library. The
concept of digital library is growing fast from the beginning of the present century. Digital libraries
are new tools for achieving human goals by changing the way that information is used in the world.
There are two parts to a digital library system: the offline part, preparing a document collection for
presentation, and the online part, presenting the collection to the user through an appropriate
interface. This paper describes characteristics , types, difference between traditional library and
digital library, future, functions, services, definition, process of elements, distinguish features,
advantages and challenges, current trends of digital libraries, hardware and software requirements
for digital library, some major initiation taken for digital library in India, preservation of digital
library materials etc. Digital library offers new levels of access to broader and advances of users
and new opportunities for the library and information field to advance both theory and practice
.They contain information collections predominantly in digital or electronic form, electronic
publications have some special problems of management as compared to printed documents the
include infrastructure, accessibility, access restrictions, readability, standardization, authentication,
preservation, copy right ,user interface etc .But still the advantages are more and therefore ,the
importance of digital libraries has been recognized widely both in the developed and developing
countries as well.
Keywords: Digital Library, Traditional Library, Electronic Library, automated library, Planning,
Creating, Maintenance
INTRODUCTION:
The 21st century is said to be the Electronic Era. Todays world is digital world, which is concerned
with creation, sharing and using information in digital form. Modern society is based on
information. Information are floating in all directions and moving in the air around us. We have to
catch right information and make it available to right person at the right time, which is the aim of
any modern library. In the era of digital information, electronic technology, WWW growing
popularity and tremendous growth of CD Rom products, digital libraries offer a huge ranger of
multimedia information, everything from movies, speeches, images and photos to sounds, text and
50
beyond. The multimedia nature of digital libraries requires digital Librarians for the location of
relevant information efficiently and cost effectively and disseminating it in a wide variety of a
format of digital information. Digital library add value and can make library truly useful and user
friendly. The then President of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam forecasts that the future digital
Libraries would have speech interface so that the user could interact with the Information and will
be language independent. He further reiterated that the next generation of digital library
development and deployment will focus on standardization, usability, and product ionization providing greater usability for library patrons, increased interoperability among digital collections
and more cost-effective choices for institutions just beginning digitization programs. He said that the
digital libraries will be linked to the campus E-learning and administrative systems to provide one
stop virtual campus. The term digital libraries are the result of information proliferation and
technological advances. The revolution in the information technology has changed the basic concept
of traditional libraries, where the print and paper media are the main parts .Digital library is the
electronic library in which the access, storage and dissemination of information in the digitalized
form .Libraries are playing a very important role in the growth of information and knowledge from a
decade. Libraries have been considered as the repository of human knowledge , and hallmark of
human civilization . These are the product of culture maturation and information explosion .Digital
images are electronic snapshots taken a scene or scanned from documents, such as photographs
.manuscripts, printed text, and artwork. The digital images is sampled and mapped as a grid of dots
or picture elements (pixels). Each pixel is assigned a total value(black, white, shades of gray or
color) , which is represented in a binary code(zero and ones).The binary digits (bit) for each pixel
are stored in a sequence by a computer and often reduced to a mathematical presentation
(Compressed).The bits are then interpreted and read by the computer to produce an analog version
for display or printing .
WHAT IS DIGITAL LIBRARY?
A digital library is a collection of digital objects that is stored and accessed electronically .The
information stored in the library should have a topic common to all the data .For example , a digital
library can be designed for computer graphics, operating systems, or networks .The term digital
library has a variety of potential meanings ,ranging from a digital collection of material that one
might find in a tradition library through to the collection of all digital information along with the
services that makes information use full to all possible users.
The really important point is that a digital library has material stored in a computer system in a form
that allows it to be manipulated and delivered in ways that the conventional version of the material
cannot be .Digital libraries are a means to systematically collect, store, and organize information and
knowledge in digital form.
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DEFINING DIGITAL LIBRARY :

The term digital library escapes precise definition, often being used interchangeably with virtual
library, or Electronic library, or Cyber library, or Multilingual digital library, or Poly media
library .Different people have defined digital library in different ways.
i.
T. B. Rajashekhar defines the Digital Library as as a managed collection of information

with associated services, where the information is stores in digital format and assessable
over a network.
ii.
According to Wideherhold A digital library is a popularly viewed as an electronic of a

library where stores is in digital form, allowing direct communication to obtain material
and copying it from a master version.
iii.
According to Ian Whitten Digital Library is a Collection of digital object (text, video,
audio) along with method for access and retrieval and also for selection, organization
and maintenance.
In ODLIS (Online Dictionary of Library and Information Science) : Digital Library has
been defined as A library in which a significant proportion of the resources are
available in machine-Readable format ,as opposed to print or microform.
Edward Fox has defined the digital library as The new way of carrying out the
functions of libraries, encompassing new types of information resources, new approach
to acquisition, new methods of storage and preservation, new approaches to classification
and cataloguing, intensive use of electronic systems and networks and dramatic shifts in
intellectual , organizational and electronic process.[2]
iv.
v.
We can define a digital library as a collection of digital objects or a digital resource which provides
services in digital format to authorized users either through internet or intranet .To meet the
tremendous information explosion and high demand of information, libraries are now taking the
advantage of the digital technology, which is now termed as digital library.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES
Digitization has benefits beyond improved accessibility. Institutions can protect originals from
excessive handing and repeated; digitization can be a preservation strategy for the institutes. The
different characteristics of digital library as follows:
Collections: Digital library collections contain fixed, permanent documents. Not only thus current
libraries have more dynamic collections, but digital environment will enable of quick handling
and/or ephemeral information.
Technology: Digital libraries are based on digital technologies. The underlying assumption is that
the digital libraries will contain only digital materials, may be wrong. It is likely that both digital and
non-digital information material will have to coexist.
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Work: Digital libraries are to be used by individuals working alone. There is work oriented
perspective focusing on group of information analysis, work being done and documents and
technologies that support it.
Trans-bordering of Information: Breaking the physical boundaries of data transfers within and
outside the countries. It is viewed that the support for communications and collaboration is as
important as information seeking activities.
ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL LIBRARY:
Donald J .Waters of the U.S. Association of Research Libraries (ARL) indentified five elements
common to all definitions of digital library in 1995.
The digital library is not a single entity.

The digital library requires technology to link the resources.
Linkage between digital libraries and information services are transparent to users.
Universal access to digital libraries is a goal.
Digital library collections are not restricted to document surrogates but include digital
artifacts that have printed equivalent.
There are few more elements are also added here.
Handling of websites and databases

Web online public access catalogue(OPAC)
A private or public network.
Patron access through a browser or dedicated client.
Initial content from physical to digital form.
TRADITIONAL LIBRARIES :
With the development of new technologies the development is already taking place. The traditional
closed access libraries are shifting towards the open access library and the open access libraries are
shifting towards automated libraries, the automated one towards the electronics, the electronics to
digital and finally end in Digital library. Nobody knows what will be the future of libraries. On the
basis of technology used the libraries can be categorized as:
Traditional Library: The collection of the traditional libraries is mostly print media, manuscripts
etc and are not well organized. The documents are deteriorating at a rapid rate, the collection
information is not easy to locate and so does not easily reach to user. Again traditional libraries are
confined itself within a physical boundary.
Automated Library: A library with machine-readable catalogue, computerized acquisition,
circulation and OPAC are called as automated library. The holding of this type of libraries are same
as the traditional libraries.
53
Electronics Library: When automated library goes for LAN (Local Area Networking) and CDROM networking and started procuring E-Journals and other similar kind of publication then it is
known as electronic library. The resources of the electronic libraries are in both print and electronic
form. The electronic libraries are in both print and electronic form. The electronic media are used
for storage, retrieval and delivery of information.
Digital Library: It is later stage of electronic library. In digital library high speed optical fiber are
used for LAN and the access is over WAN and provide a wide range of internet based services i.e.
audio and video conferencing and like other. The majority of the holding of a digital library is in the
computer readable form and also acts as a point of access to other on line sources.
Hybrid Library: The libraries, which are working both in electronic or digital and print environment,
are known as hybrid library. Actually it is a transitional state between print and digital environment.
DIGITIZE, PROCESS AND PRESERVE SELECTED RESOURCES:
Digitization process is the key activity of a DL project. Digitizing technical specifications (file
output format and resolution etc.) would depend on the type of resource to be digitized (Please
refer table - 1 for some sample resources and file formats). It is needless to say that competent
staff will have to be identified and specific responsibilities to be assigned to handle at all stages
of the actual digitization process. The jobs include setting up equipments, locating and
inspecting resources, scanning / capturing, image processing, quality control and creating
metadata, content management etc. Maintaining quality control is a must in all stages of
digitizing process. All digital resources should be preserved in a scientific manner using specific
file / folder structures with adequate backup and security system in place.
Table 1: Sample Resource Types and Digital File Output Formats
Sl. no
Resource Type
File Output Formats
01
Text (eg. Manuscripts, Clippings, Articles, TXT, PDF, JPEG, TIFF
Books, Reports
02
Still Images (eg. Photographs, Artwork, GIF, JPEG, TIFF
Cartoons Ads, Brochures)
03
Audio / Sound eg. Music, Lectures,
MP3, AVI, WMA, WAW, RM
Speeches)
04
Moving Images (eg. Videos, Corporate
MPEG, WMV, MOV, RM, AVI
Films, Presentations, Documentaries)
COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL LIBRARIES and DIGITAL LIBRARIES:

According to Berkeley Digital Library Project, University of California, the digital library will be a
collection of distributed information sources. The contrast between traditional and digital libraries is
presented below
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Traditional Libraries
Digital or Electronic Library
Print collection
All resources in digital form.
Stable, with slow evolution
Dynamic and ephemeral
Individual objects not directly linked with

Multi-media and fractal objects
each other.
Flat structure with minimal contextual Scaffolding of data structures and richer contextual
metadata
metadata.
Scholarly content with validation process
Limited access
management
The physical
correlated.
points
and
and logical
More than scholarly content with various validation

processes
centralized Unlimited access points, distributed collections and

access control
organization
The physical and logical organization may be virtually
One way interactions
Dynamic realtime dialogue
Free and universal access.
Free as well as fee based.
TYPES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:

There are three types of digital libraries as per their standards:
Stand-alone Digital Library (SDL): This is the regular classical library implemented in a fully
computerized fashion. SDL is simply a library in which the holdings are digital (i.e. electronic
scanned or digitized). The SDL is self-contained-the material is localized and centralized. In fact, it
is a computerized instance of the classical library with the benefits of computerization.
Example of SDLs are the library of congress (LC) and its National Digital Library (NDL)
(http://www.loc.gov), and the Israeli K12 portal Snunit (http://www.snunit.k12.il).
Federated Digital Library(FDL): This is a federation of several independent SDLs in the network,
organized around a common theme, and coupled together on the network . A FDL composes several
autonomous SDLs that form networks. The major challenge in the construction and maintenance of
FDL is interoperability (since the different repositories use different metadata formats and
standards).
Examples of FDLs are the Networked ComputerScience Technical Reference Library (NCSTRL)
(http://www.ncstrl.org) and Networked digital Library of Theses and Dissertation (NDLTD)
(http:www.ndltd.org).
Harvested Digital Library (HDL): This is a virtual library providing summarized access to related
materials scattered over the network. A HDL holds only metadata with pointers to be the holdings
that are one click away in Cybersoace. The material held in the libraries is harvested (converted
into summaries) according to the definition of Information Specialist (IS). However, a HDL has
regular DL characteristics, it is finely grained and subject focused. It has rich library services, and
55
has high quality control preserved by the IS, who is also responsible for annotating the objects in the
library.
Example of HDLs is the Internet Public Library (IPL) (http://www.ipl.org/) and the www Virtual
Library (http://www.vlib.org/).
FUTURE ROLE OF LIBRARIES:
The future high power network scenario provides libraries an avenue to enhance their capabilities
and provide better services to act as a ubiquitous library, especially in the cyber infrastructure
environment. A repository in the cyber infrastructure environment would not only hold passive
information but also behavioral atiacts like software. It is important to know that, the line between
the passive and behavioral artifacts is blurring with software today capable of translating audio or
video to any standard representation for display of play back. Libraries therefore need to build on
services that save time and are built around user workflow. Libraries need to investigate and
implement new technologies that may enhance the library systems presence in this webby world.
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES:
The Digital library is a solution for storage of information in electronic form and proper distribution
of all types of digital contents stored in digitized bits. Digital libraries are not only to the size of
files, the format of contents which are available in a structured form of software on CD_ROM
including video clip, full length movies, but also extend their jurisdiction to rapid communication,
Boolean search, browsing of information on internet through WWW. The services extended in a
digital surroundings are multiple by nature. Digital library services provides a wide array of services
to assist members or the library with organizing collections of materials of making them more
widely available the following services offer by the digital libraries.
Current awareness bulletins

CD-ROM databases
Remote information services
Internally published newsletters, Reports and journals
Internet information sources
Email
Audio and video communications
Catalogue databases
E-Publishing
Electronic table of contents
Electronic document delivery services
Electronic thesis and dissertations
World wide web (WWW or W3)
File transfer protocol (FTP)
Reference services
56
Discussions groups and forums

Central storage facilities for hosting digital collections and indexes
Tools for loading, storing, searching and displaying digital objects
BASIC NEEDS OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:

For the development and operation of a digital library, the technological environment is provided by
the Internet and World Wide Web. The web provides tools and techniques for publishing the
information over Internet while the Internet provides the TCP/IP and or its associated protocol for
accessing the information . To store the information output of the region as well as information from
outside the country in the digital environment, there is a strong need to create a central back up or
archive at the national level. Some of the basic requirements for a digital library:
Computer: Server, P.C. with multimedia, U.PS. Etc
Software: Any suitable software, which is interconnected, and suitable LAN and WAN connection
(Liner Operating Systems, Digital Library Software, Greenstone/Fedora /D-space/Editing
Software/E-print)
Storage Devices: Optical storage device, CD-ROM, Jukebox etc
Scanner: H. P. Scan Jet, flatbed, Sheet feeder, Drum Scanner, Barcode Scanner etc.
Network: LAN, MAN WAN, Internet etc.
Audio Visual: Color T.V, V.C.R, D.V.D, Sound box, Telephone etc
Printer: Laser printer, Dot matrix, Barcode printer, Digital graphic printer etc.
RESOURCES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:
All materials either print or electronic/digital material which can be stored, organized, transmitted
and displayed by the computer without any intervening conversion process, are the resources of a
digital library. For a digital library there are two types of resources:
On line resources
E-books, v-books, electronic text, map, image, sound, video and multimedia etc.
E-journals, e-database
Local database of traditional books in machine-readable form
LAN, MAN, WAN for web browsing, e-mail etc.
Well trained manpower for online help
Off line Resources
CD-ROM etc
Audio visual aid etc.
57
DIGITAL LIBRARY ACCESS TOOLS and SOURCES OF DIGITAL INFORMATION FOR

THE DIGITAL LIBRARIAN:
There are various tools available to use digital information systems and they facilitate in accessing,
searching/browsing navigating, retrieving, storing, organizing and dissemination of digitized
information. The list given below is the digital information sources and tools and these are used in
digital access tools which ultimately aim to facilitate universal access to all:
Electronic publishing tools

Electronically fax/commercial vendors
Hypertext/hypermedia
Multimedia(high bandwidth computer network)
Cellular and pager network
Net-dwelling software agent
Mole apps and whats app
Multimedia networking protocols
FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGITAL LIBRARIES:

The basic functions of the digital libraries are:
Support all the library operations

To provide facilities for networking and resource sharing
Improve the cost of effectiveness of library operations
Creation , capture store manipulate information and private access to a large collection
Digital documents for preservation for a longer time
Maintain other routine office works and developing the house database
To provide extensive access control capabilities enabling content owners to capitalize on
their protected.
CURRENT TRENDS:
Before discussing on the new role of librarians and information professionals in the new era, lets
first look at the current trends discussed in most recent literature of library and information
management. These are current trends somehow or rather will have a bearing in shaping librarians
and information professionals in the new era. They are summarized as follows:
Meta data, User and utility

Architecture, system, tools, and technology
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Digital content and collections

Growth of electronic/internet resources
Globalization of information
Library functions in information and knowledge-based society
Knowledge-based economy information and knowledge as drivers to boost the economy
Information management recognized as an important discipline
Information recognized as power/strength/weapon
Knowledge management-leveraging organization
Role of digital /electronic/virtual library
Librarians is designated as cyber librarians
Librarians expanded and changes in digital environment
Librarians need new management knowledge and skills
Specialized knowledge and skills in library and information management
Trends to develop digital contents to facilitate access
Interoperability, standards, knowledge organization systems
Legal, organization , economic and social issues
CHANGING ROLE FOR THE LIBRARIAN :

Technical work in library like Classification and Cataloguing, Subject Indexing will have to be
reworked to cater to the Digital Environment. Electronic Automatic content management systems
have to be developed. Cataloguing Digital Collection: From the early 1990s many IT professionals
Information Brokers and Librarians have put their minds together to develop a web authoring
technique to improve the precision of information retrieval among the vast amount of information
from the Internet and the WWW. The technique they are looking for is the structured and careful use
of Metadata. The search engine developers namely the IT professionals and the WEB content
authors should work together to increase the effectiveness of web retrieval. The use of Metadata is
to increase the precision and recall of electronic resources through the use of search tools.
Traditionally the Library cataloguer performed this function. Today numerous metadata standards
are developed and the DUBLIN Core has become the pioneer in resource description. This hence is
one of the standard for the Digital Library Cataloging, the others are Encoded Archival Description
(EAD)(Network Development and MARC Standards Office Library of Congress, 2000) and the
Global Information Locator Service (GILS) (2000). WE as Librarians then have to maintain this as
we have done traditionally. This is similar to the creation of the OPAC in the early nineties for
cooperative searching the databases of libraries for Bibliographic details and availability. In digital
libraries we will be retrieving the whole document in its entirety.
DIGITAZATION PROCESS:
Digitization is the process of converting analog information into digital format. Digitization is
creating a digital copy of an analogue object. Digitization requires a basic process, which involve
different sets of hardware and software technology at each step. The digitization is the process of
59
creating digital files by scanning, audio transfer, or otherwise converting analogue materials such as
image capturing, digital recording .The basic process of digitization is fairly simple through a wide
range of sophisticated techniques and tools may be used .Essentially, a digital images is composed
of a grid of pixels (picture elements) arranged according to a set of rows and columns. Each pixel,
presents a very small portion of the image, and is allocated a tonal values; namely black, white or a
particular color or shade of the gray. These tonal values are digitally represented in binary code(zero
and/or ones).So a digital image is actually a grid made-up of zeros and ones .It offers easily
browsing ,searching and indexing.
PRESERVATION :
Alexander Wilson describes preservations as The generic terms for all activities intended to retain
the physical artifacts in libraries or there information content both by direct treatment and by
preventive preservation measures.
Some of the issues to be addressed in digital preservation include :
Retaining the physical reliability of the image files, accompanying metadata, scripts, and
programs.
Ensuring continued usability of the digital image collection.
Maintaining collection security.
Preservation of digital resources can be possible by three ways:
Technology preservation
Technology emulation
Data migration
DISTINGUSHING FEATURES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:
Site neutrality
Sharing of Information
Geographically distributed digital information collection
Geographically distributed users
Digital content (audio, video, graphics, animation, etc) will gradually increase and content in
printed form will increase.
Resources of many libraries linked together through appropriate technology and these
linkages are transparent to end users.
Supported by specialized staff, jobs, training and recruitment will be re-profiled.
Seamless access to the users
Large and diverse collections
Everything can be stored
Up to-datedness
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OBJECTIVES OF THE DIGITAL LIBRARIES:
To collect, store, organize and retrieve digital information ;

To provide effective and efficient digital information services;
To minimize massive storage and space problem in libraries;
To share the networked information;
To save the time of the library staff as well as users;
To perform various library activities economically;
To contribute to the life long learning opportunities to all people;
To strengthen communication and collaboration between and among the research, business,
government and educational communities;
To encourage cooperative efforts which cover the considerable investment in resources,
computing ,communication and network;
Ultimately to satisfy the users requirements;
THE BENEFITS OF DIGITIZATION:
Immediate access to high demand and frequently used items;

Easier access to individual components within items(e.g. article within journals);
Rapid access to materials held remotely;
The ability to reinstate out of print materials;
The potential to display materials that are in accessible formats, for instance, large volume or
maps;
Virtual reunification allowing dispersed collections to be brought together;
The ability to enhance digital images in terms of size, sharpness, color contrast, noise
reduction etc;
The potential to display to conserve fragile/precious originals while presenting surrogates in
more accessible formats;
The potential for integration into teaching materials;
Enhanced search ability, including full text;
Integration of different media (image, sounds video etc.)
The ability to satisfy requests for surrogates(photocopies, photographic prints, slides etc.)
Reducing the burden or cost of delivery;
The potential for presenting a critical mass of materials;
The information is 24x7;
New information is easier to keep current;
New formats of information be come possible;
THE DIGITAL LIBRARY CHALLENGES:
Technological obsolescence will affect the longevity of digital information;
61
Media fragility;
Hardware and software compatibility;
Periodic transfer of digital material from one hardware /software configuration to another;
Legal and organizational issues;
Problems of formats;
Problems related to security aspects;
DISADVENTAGES OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:
Digital library may hampered by copy law , because works can not be shared over different
period of times in the manner of traditional library;
The content is, in many cases , public domain or self generated content only;
Digital library can not reproduce the environment of traditional library;
Digital library can see some of its content become out of date and its data may not become
inaccessible;
Digital libraries are wholly depend on cheap abundant source of electricity;
Digital library may threats for delete of data/information.
THE DIGITAL LIBRARY: OPPORTUNITIES:
The digital library allows access to information to its users as and when they need it from
anywhere in the world;
The digital library facilities improved access to information to providing various
sophisticated search and retrieval facilities;
The digital library facilities for information sharing among users through notification, file
sharing and cooperative document preparation;
The digital library help the users to get the up-to-date information because the time lag is
reduced with the help of the web and digital publishing and quick inclusion of digital
information in the digital librarys collection;
The digital library breaks the barriers of the time, space, language and culture;
The digital library facilitate improved collaboration among users which was profound
impact on the scholarly information life cycle- the process by which researcher and scholars
create, use and disseminate information;
The digital library reduces the gape between nations and people in terms of infrastructure
,facilities and resources. Thus ,it reduces the digital divide;
SOME OF THE MAJOR DIGITAL LIBRARY INITIATIVES IN INDIA:
E-library at IIS, Bangalore hosts e-library facilities in order to comprehensive e-publishing

tools for research scholars and books;
Digital library initiative at TIFR ,Mumbai :It provides digital library access to several
standard international publications ,journals and e-books;
62
Digital library initiative at centre for education and documentation ,Bangalore and Mumbai
provides variety of resources on contemporary history and video documentaries in social
change and development in its premises in both ;
Digital library at Indira Gandhi National Center provides access to digital images, audio and
video recordings , animations, e-books related to arts and culture;
Digital project at CSCS media and culture archive provides all kinds of information related
to media and culture like visual images, individual works ,market research reports ,press
clipping etc;
Digital library initiative at IIT. Kharagpur: Central library has initiated digital library of Ph.D
theses ,e-journals research publications of the Institute;
Digital library University of Hyderbad :Central library has started creating a model digital
library with UGC and with M/s. SUN Microsystems;
Digital library at IIT ,Delhi : The central library started to buildup a digital library of
research papers, theses and dissertations of the Institute;
TERI digital library initiative : The TERI has taken up digital library initiative to digitize its
knowledge resources , published in 1974;
Information and library Network(INFLIBNET) centre has initiated the UGC- INFONET;
Jadavpur University :Central library has started digital library services for users;
Traditional Knowledge digital library developed by NISCAIR and AYUSH;
Vidyanidhi provides service Indian Digital library of electronic theses;
Down memory Lan National library of India ,Calcutta started digitization of rare and brittle
documents on compact disks.
Many Indian reputed libraries has taken initiative recently for digital library
Odisha state museum library
Dr. Harelrushna Mahatab State Central Library
Majority of academic institutions have taken a step in automatic their libraries and making OPAC
facilities at their premises .Under the UGC-INFONET consortium several universities are accessing
e-resources/journals some of the academic and research institutions have received funding agencies
for digital library initiative in India.
MAINTENANCE OF DIGITAL LIBRARIES:
Once digital library is created for its long term benefit maintenance is must, to ensure system of
library is working in good condition or not and conducting routine review of library holdings. Files
are downloaded properly or not. New content have been identified and have agree to assist. Tools
which we have chosen for accessing, is working properly or not. Convert file format to required
format have been secured. Financial resources for review of materials in library have been secured.
How feedback from library user will be obtained and has been determined. Antivirus has been
properly worked or not.
63
ISSUE OF DIGITAL LIBRARY: There are some issues in digital library which are mentioned as :
Accessibility Issues
Legal and Copyright Issues
Ethical Issues
Big Data and Data Curation Issues
Disaster Planning Issues
Privacy Issues
Security Issues
Sustainability Issues
CONCLUSION:
Digital library helps to provide better services to the users. Digital libraries offer new services and
challenges. To cope us with the formation needs with speed and relative accuracy and reliability, the
digital library is the most important and reliable resort. New technologies can greatly expand access
to information, but they will only do this efficiently and democratically if their design reflects
serious ideas about the ways in which information is sought and used. The digital system intends to
provide a new format to library and information services, the professional must aware of about its
components to accept the challenges within the limitations of the system. The digital library should
have the professional skills and knowledge in new environment to meet the diverse needs of the
clientele. The issues of digital library, such as scientific, technology, methodological, economic
technology are rapidly changing .Development of digital library is the new opportunity to meet the
new and diversified challenges of the user community.
64
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A ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN DIGITAL ERA.

Amar R. Dixit,
Librarian ,
U.E.S. Mahila Mahavidyalaya
141-A, Siddeshwar Peth,
Solapur.
Ar_dixit@yahoo.com
Abstract :- The advancement of information and communication Technology have forced the
traditional library professionals to transfer themselves in modern, skilled information scientists who
can lead the overall library activities through the help of advanced technology for the better use. In
the present paper the skills and roles of librarian are discussed in the light of technological
development and use of it for better user services of modern libraries.
Keywords- Professional competencies, Personal Competencies, search intermediary, Facilitator,
End user Trainer,
Several different terms are being used to denote the modern libraries such as Digital Library,
Automated Library, Electronic Library, Computerized Library, Virtual Library, Hybrid Library, A
Library without Walls, each mentioned term add some additional technical advancement with the
basic library system. The basic reason for tossing these different terms to library is the inclusion of
information and communication technology for its routine work. Use of information and
communication technology has brought more easiness and speed in the work of library. Due to
information and communication technology, access and dissemination of information become easy
and pinpointed. Information and communication technology have replaced the traditional tools of
resources to E-books, E-journals,images,Digital Tools, journal Archival, DVDs etc. use of
information and communication Technology in library means use of technology for gathering,
storing, manipulating and communicating of information for library user.
The user too possess the Proficiency in handling modern technology for accessing required
information, world wide web through internet provides unlimited to different e-resources i.e.
Institutional Repositories ,portals, subject gateways, e-journals, e-books, open access resources etc.
Recent Technological Trends in Libraries

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Automation
Digitalization
Internet
E-consortia
RFID Technology
Institutional Repositories
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7. E-books
8. E-Journals
9. Library web portals
ICT have brought several changes in the day to day activities in the library. Traditional library to
digital library, print paper to digital information ,card catalogue to web DPAC, manual vigilance to
RFID Technology, Print Journals to E-Journal ,ownership of information to Access of information,
library access to remote access, book issue to document delivery service, standalone library to
information network etc.
K. Nageswara rao and KH Babu (2001) have stated that the librarian can plays many roles in an
organization, it is difficult to identify a role as primary one as the same changes from time to time
depending on the organizational objectives and requirements.
1) Librarian as a search intermediary:Peter Ingwerson (1992) has defined on intermediary as a person or mechanism placed physically
between information Retrieval systems and actual user with the purpose to transform interactively
requests for information to query formulations that suit the retrieval components of information
Retrieval system to model and support the actual user as to his information need and underlying
goals and to provide information of potential value to that user from information Retrieval systems.
2) Librarian as Facilitator: - The facilitator does not solve the total information problems of users.
He addresses the communications and information needs of the users in one way or another and
makes and identification of resources for fulfilling the needs of users, Schreiber and morning (1997)
states that it is likely to emerge that the traditional intermediary function of the librarian by its nature
could create a basis for the role of the facilitator in networked community.
3) Librarians as End user Trainer: - End user training aspects of librarian include training the user
to use the electronic, abstracts and indexing, databases, databanks, use of variety of resources
available on World Wide Web. The librarian can play the role of a trainer in digital library.
4) Librarian as a Web Site Builder: - It has been observed that in re-accreditation process of the
higher education institution in India, an Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) formed by each
aspiring to evaluate and accredit institute, in this committee librarian is important member of IQAC
committee. Through this committee different innovative program carried out in the institute,
developing a web portal of the institution is important work among all. Most of the web portals and
WebPages are created by the library professionals through IQA Cell. These web portals are
accessible to the users for institutional resources.
5) Librarian a Researcher: - Librarians are highly skilled in research process. He can help a
researcher at each stage of research by providing required information resources. It has been
observed that most of the research scholars consult librarian at the time of formulation of statement
of problem as well as for getting knowledge about the technical writing.
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Role of Library professionals in digital age

The basic goal of library and information profession has always been to provide access to
information to those who need it. The activities realizing this goal have evolved and transformed
over the years. This includes available technology and need of evolving information society.
Information activities have been guided by the development in the field of storages, presentation and
archiving of knowledge, Collection development and organization of knowledge. For successful
implementation of digital library it is essential that library professionals are well trained and possess
requisite knowledge and skills in this respect.
Use of information and communication Technology in day to day activity of library is advantage for
library professionals. Technology will continue to change and library professionals have to use the
changing technology to provide best access and service to their patrons.
New Role and Skills: The librarian and information professionals of the Present digital era must be equipped with a wide
range of personal and transferable skills in order to manage the changing environment in which he
works. The management skill will make librarian more effective manager of networked resources
and services. The information professional must change and adapt to the new electronic information
environment, be must learn about new technologies and be aware of the strengths and weaknesses of
them. Librarians should not feel threatened by computers and technical development but should
move forward with the new technology take a leading role in organization. Skills in information
management are more necessary in this age of information explosion.
Following are the competencies to be inculcate by librarian
1) Professional competencies
a) Knowledge of the content of information resources, ability to critically evaluate and filter it.
b) Specialized subject knowledge appropriate to the business of the organization or user.
c) Ability to develops and manages convenient accessible and cost effective information
services that are aligned with the strategic direction of the organization.
d) Ability to provide excellent instruction and support for library and information service users.
e) Ability to assess information needs and designs and markets value added information
services and products to meet indentified needs.
f) Ability to use appropriate information technology to acquire, organize and disseminate
information.
g) Ability to use business and management approaches to communicate the importance of
information services to senior management.
h) Ability of to develop information product for use of organization or individual user.
i) Ability to assess the outcome of information use and solution to information management
problem.
69
j) Ability of continues improve information services in response to the changing needs.

2) Personal Competencies:a) He must be committed to service excellence.
b) He must seek out challenges and sees opportunities inside and outside library.
c) He must create an environment of mutual respect and trust
d) Must have effective communication skills.
e) Work with others as a team.
f) He must commit to lifelong learning and personal career planning.
g) He must have personal business skill and creates new opportunities.
h) Visualize the value of professional networking and solidarity.
i) He must be flexible and positive in a time of continuing change.
Conclusion :The role of librarian is evolved time to time with the advancement of information and
communication Technology. The new generation in librarianship has proved their importance by
their skills and knowledge. In this digital age in digital library with a digital librarian any academic
institute can play meaningful and leading role with all above skills a new generation librarian can
add values add can make libraries truly useful and user friendly.
References :1) Laili bin Hashim, Wan Nor Haliza Wan Mokhtar (2012) preparing New Era librarians and
information professionals : Trends and Issues, International Journal of Humanities and
social Sci, 2(7) P151-155
2) K. Nageswara Rao, KH Baby (2001) Role of Librarian in Internet and world wide web
environment informing science, 4 (1) P. 25-34.
3) Ingwersen P. (1992) Information Retrieval Interaction, London : Taylor Graham P. 228.
4) Schreiber T. and Morning, C (1997) The communicate and organizational competencies of
the librarian in Networked learning support : A comparative analysis ., 2nd
international symposium, 23-24 June 1997, Sheffield, England.
70
DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICE

Parmeshwar M. Ingle
Librarian
Mahatma Phule Mahavidyalaya
Ahmedpur Dist.Latur
Abstract
Conventional library and information services such as OPAC, user awareness services,
reference services, Bibliographic services, Current awareness service, interlibrary loan service,
audio visual services and customer relations can be provided more efficiently and effectively by
using ICT, as they offer convenience of time and place . OPAC and Web OPAC use power of
computers to find the library material and also provide online reservation of books, remote access,
requesting books for loan, loan renewals, book suggestion etc.
Keywords:- Digital libraries; Digital information; OPAC; WEB-OPAC;E-books; E-journals
Introduction:
Todays age is of information technologies. We live in the knowledge based
information society. Information is a wealth which should be made available right information for
the right user to right time. Libraries have been playing a vital role from early period to now a days
in collecting, organizing, disseminating and preserving the wealth of information in the form of clay
tablets, leaves, stones, manuscripts to printing media and now a days in recent technological digital
formats. Digital library is a boon of information technology. Digital library is performing an
important role in providing more appropriate information in less time. Digital libraries are the digital
face of traditional libraries. It may be major contribution from print media to internet vice versa
because digital libraries are created by traditional libraries who want to put their documents at the
disposal of internet users.
Definition
Digital library is information storage and retrieval system in which collections are stored in digital
formats and easily access by individual network computer.
Digital library requires:
Locally developed software

PCs having LAN and CD-ROM drives.
e-mail services
Network connection with other libraries.
Functions to co-ordinate, manage and retrieve data.
Multimedia facilities.
Trained manpower.
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Advantages of digital library:

The advantages of digital libraries are to access books easily and rapidly, archives and images of
various types are now widely recognized by commercial interests and public bodies as like
No physically boundaries
The users of digital libraries need not go to the library physically. The users are gained access to the
same information as long as an internet connection is available.
Round the clock availability
A major advantage is that the people can gain access 24/7 to the information.
Information retrieval
The users are able to use any search terms and word, phrase, title, name and subject to search the
entire collection. The digital libraries can provide every user friendly interfaces, giving clickable
access to its resources.
Preservation and conservation
Digitization is not a long term preservation solution for physical collections, but does succeed in
providing access copies for materials that would otherwise fall to degradation from repeated use.
Easily and multiple accesses
The same resources can be used simultaneously by a number of institutions and patrons. This may
not be the case for copyrighted material: a library may have a license for leading out only one copy
at a time; this is achieved with a system of digital rights management where a resource can become
inaccessible after expiration of the leading period or after the lender chooses to make it inaccessible.
Digital library services:
Following services are given by digital library..
Online public access catalogue (OPAC)

E-books
Web OPAC services
E-journals
E-mail services
Message alert services
Scanning and downloading service
E-news papers
Manuscripts
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Full text database services

Bibliographic database
Reference services, web forms, inter library loan services, current aware services (CAS)
Indexing and abstracting services, translation services
Conclusion:
Today information and communication technology is changing very fast and along with the
traditional patterns are also changing. The libraries are also not untouched with the effect of
information technology. To develop and organize the library resources in the revolutionized change
in the digital era, there is a need of human resources development activities. Every library must have
to develop and improve their functions and services.
References:
1.Dantria, j.(edi.2009) future concepts of library and information services, changes, challenges and
role of library professionals, ESS ESS pub, new Delhi.
2.Mittal, s.; digital library resources, ESS ESS pub. new Delhi
3.Jawanjal, r. k. and baheti, s. r.; digital library, national conference on academic libraries as
knowledge hub in the new millennium, Akola
73
An Analysis Software Development in Advanced Libraries

Siddhi Jagdale
Librarian
Chetanas Institute of
Management and Research
Bandra (East ),Mumbai 400051
Abstract
Library is the main source of information provider to the students and faculty in any of the College /
Institutions. For most of the libraries, organizing their books and other media can be a daunting task,
especially as the library grows with more material. Year ago we had crude card catalogue systems
but today, with the computing technology, organizing our libraries has never been easier or more
efficient. Its much easier to locate a book through an internet connection and picking it up upon
your arrival, rather than wasting the time scouring the aisles looking for your next read. This article
tries to show all above points and how the Library software are helping in the day to day library
work.
Keywords: Information, Technology, Open source software
Introduction
Now just because the world has been blessed with wonderful software solutions that make
everything easier, this doesnt mean that every library in the universe is using these solutions. As
noted above, many libraries do not have the necessary funds / budget for the purchase of software
solutions. They usually go to purchasing additional resources. However, often they find lack of
sufficient financial support for this purpose. Therefore, many libraries are left to spend for
themselves when it comes to sustain up to date with the latest technology. Alternatively, they
embrace the Open Source movement and use some of the countless software solutions available to
help out. There are many different kinds of Open Source software solutions which are available
today that could be embraced by the library. For this purpose, the software requires the basic
operation systems and document processing programmers.
The term Open Source was introduced during the foundation of the Open Source Initiative
in1998. It was only a different expression for what people of the free software Foundation were
using since the mid-80s: But free does not mean that the software is given away for free Open
Source Licenses allow an easy way of accessing the sources.
Open Source is a software development model as well as a software distribution model. In this
model the source code of programmes are made freely available with the software itself so that
anyone can view, make changes and distribute it, provided they abide by the accompanying license.
In this sense, Open Source is similar to peer review, Which is used to strengthen the progress of
scholarly communication.
74
The depth of any library asset could be of any range. It all depends on how much money that library
gets in funding. The big college libraries obviously gets the most due to the fact that they are part of
an actual business model that produces a significant amount of money. Public libraries on the other
hand only get what the Government gives to them, which in smaller municipalities, could be even
lesser in numbers.
About the Software:
According to dictionary of new information technology, by A.J. Meadows comments that the
Software is the information, programme or the suits of programs which are used to direct the
operations of a computer or other hardware.
According to computer dictionary and handbook by Charles J. Sippl, Software is the internal
programmers of routines professionally prepared to simplify programming and computer operations.
These routines permit the programmer to use his own language (English) or mathematical (Algebra)
in communicating with the computer. Various programming aids that are frequently supplied by the
manufacturers to facilitate the purchasers efficient operation of the equipment. Such software items
include various assemblers, generators, subroutine libraries, computers, operating systems and
industry, application programmers. Basically there are two types of software System Software
and Application Software. Both are essential before any useful work can be obtained.
Usage of Library Software:
The Save the Children Fund library uses card box and paper master software packages. The
Library of USAID has used a software package called Microdis (Microcomputer based
Development Information System) to automate library activities. Microdis is an integrated library
software package developed by the centre for development Information and Evaluation of the
USAID /Washington. This was developed to assist USAID Mission Information Centers in
managing and accessing their development information resources.
The British Council had fully automated its circulation system in 1997 using a commercially
available integrated library software package named Libsys, which was developed in India.
The Library of the Central Bank of Sri Lanka used ISIS to develop its databases until its destruction
in 1996.Thereafter, since 2000 they have started to use Libsys, for their automation.
The University of Kelaniya,Colombo, Sri Jayewardenapura, Open University, Peradiniya and
Moratuwa had recently switched from ISIS to other software packages, i.e. LibSuit, Alice and
Libsys, respectively. It is important to state here that the usage of software is undergoing a
transitional with many librarians preferring to switch to more user-friendly, integrated, tailor-made
information systems.
The Survey result showed no significant development in library automation during the period 1983
1986. The situation improved after 1992 mainly due to the availability of microcomputers for a
low cost and the availability of CDC/ISIS Software.
75
Libraries use following types of Software:

CDS/ISIS, WINISIS,PURNA, Inmagic,Dbase, Access, Alice for Windows, Libsys, Libsuit,
Cardbox, Informix, Paper Master and other in-house developed software to automate their library
functions. According to the results DOS or Windows version of CDS/ISIS IS WIDELY (82%) used
in libraries. The main reason for the popularity of CDS/ISIS is its availability free of charge. The
survey result further revealed that nearly 15% of libraries had started to use the locally developed,
integrated library software package called PURNA. Other library used INMAGIC for their
cataloguing purposes and ISIS for all the other library functions. About 25 % of libraries that use
ISIS for their library operations also use Dbase and Access mostly for the functions of circulation
and acquisitions.
However, according to the survey result there can be seen a shift from ISIS to other software from
the end of 1998 onwards. After the introduction of Alice and Libsys to Sri Lanka in 1998, there has
been a decline of nearly 10% in the use of ISIS among the 80% of libraries that used this software in
the beginning. The libraries that shifted from ISIS to other software claim that ISIS is not capable of
handling their library functions especially the large volume of circulation and acquisition. However,
it is observed that the features and facilities in WINISIS and PURNA are similar to those in Alice
and Libsys; i.e. modules, data security, standards, searching, OPAC, Web OPAC.
Modules
Following are the basic modules are available or requires in all the software. Each module has
further been divided into sub modules to cater to its functional requirements:
Acquisition
Catalogue
Circulation
OPAC
Serial Control
Administration
The in-built network feature of the software will allow multiple libraries of the same university to
function together as well as access to the distributed databases installed at various university
libraries and union catalogue mounted at INFLIBNET using VSAT network.
Acquisition
The module enables library staff to handle all the major functions, such as Suggestions management;
Order processing, cancellation and reminders;
Receipt, Payment and budgetary control;
Master files such as currency, vendors, publishers etc.; and
Reports.
Catalogue
Catalogue module is used for retrospective conversion of library resources. It also facilitates library
staff to process of the newly acquired library resources.
76
The strong features of catalogue module are:

allows cataloguer to create their own templates for data entry of different library resources;
different templates for leaders and fixed fields of MARC21;
allows user-generated customized reports;
facilitates authority database of person name, corporate body, subject
headings and series name;
supports copy cataloguing in MARC21 format by using ISO-2709 standard;
master database of publishers;
multi-lingual database by using Unicode Character set; and
Supports full MARC 21 bibliographic format.
Circulation
This module takes care of all possible functions of circulation. Sufficient care has been taken in
designing this module starting from membership management, maintenance and status of library
items, transaction, ILL, overdue charges, renewals and reminders, search status and report
generation according to the status of the items. The circulation module is fully compliant with the
NISO Circulation and Interchange Protocol (NCIP) version 2.0 for electronic surveillance and RFID
based transaction of the items.
Major functions of the circulation module:
Membership
Transaction
Inter-library loan
Over due charges
Reminder
Search status
Maintenance of the items such as binding, lost, replace, missing, withdrawal, etc.
Report generation based on the various requirements.
On-line Public Access Catalogue (OPAC)
One of the major attractions of SOUL is its robust On-line Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).
The OPAC has simple and advanced search facility with the minimum information of the
item by using author, title, corporate body, conference name, subject headings, keywords,
class number, series name, accession number or combination of any of two or more
information regarding the item.
Major functions provided in the module are:

Simple Search;
Boolean Search;
77
Advanced Boolean Search;

Displaying and downloading of records in MS Excel, PDF or MARCXML
Serial Control
Managing serials is the most complicated job for a library. The module keeps track of serials in the
library effectively and efficiently. The serial control module is developed based on the KARDEX
system and has following functions built into it:
suggestions;
master databases;
subscriptions;
check-in of individual issues of journals;
payment, reminder, binding, and title history;
export / import by using ISO 2709 bibliographic exchange format;
article indexing of journal/book articles;
cataloguing of electronic journals; and
keeps track of the history changes of the journals.
Administration
In addition to the features available in the Administration Module, there are many more added
features. The module has been divided into three major sections for accommodating the new
features. Those are User Management, System Parameters and Masters. These Administration
module include following features:
grouping of users based on the policy;

transactional rights over the systems;
transaction level security to users;
various configuration settings such as labels, e-mail, etc.
parameters related to the software use; and
Common master databases being used in modules.
System Software
System software means of these programmers, which enable a computer to function and control its
operation. They are routines residing in the computers memory, which facilitate the use of the
hardware and help the computer system run quickly and efficiently. A family of software is
represented as figure.
78
Operating System and

Utility
Single User
Multi User
Machine Language
A Family of Software
Compliers/Assemblers
Assembly Language
Higher Language
Special Purpose Programme
Application Programmes
Standard Application
Conclusion:
Development of Library Software systems is the asset of any college / Institute. It needs regular
update of the modules according to the needs of the students / faculty. Library software is presently
a well organized programme which has to its credit, multiple characteristics. Catalogue Module is
also a recommended software, which has specialized features built-in, that facilitates Library Staff to
process the newly acquired resources much ease and faster. The Administration Module on its
own, has its own added features. The User Management, Systems Parameters and Masters
consisting of these three special characteristics enables grouping systems, transactions rights and
user security, configuration settings, common master database etc.
References:
1.Suku, J. and Pillai, M. G.(2005). Perspectives on Automation of University Libraries in Kerala.
The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 31(2), 151-159.
2.Sinha, M. K. (2008). Scenario of Automation and Networking of Library and Information Centres
(LICs) of North Eastern Region of India. An Evaluative study INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad and
NEHU, Shillong, 12-13.
3.Singh, C. P. (2008). Library Automation in Modern Age. New Delhi: Alfa Publication, 262.
4.Pandey, S. K. (1999). Encyclopedia of Library Automation Systems and Network. N. Delhi:
Anmol Publications.
5.Biwas, and Paul (2010). An evaluative study on the open source digital library softwares for
institutional repository: Special reference to Dspace and greenstone digital library,
6.International Journal of Library and Information Science Vol. 2(1) pp. 001-010, February, 2010
7.Suryakant B. Kemdarne*, Namita B. Khot** and Sunil R. Birje*** (2012) Perspective on Library
Automation and Networking of Dental College Libraries in Bangalore: Status, Problems
8.Abhijeet Banerjee (2012).Software Packages for Library Automation .New Delhi:Abhijeet
Publication,248
79
Open Source Software For Libraries: An Overview

Trupti Waghmare
Librarian
Anandibai Damodar Kale Degree College of Commerce
Saibaba Nagar, Borivali (W), Mumbai 400092
Abstract: Libraries has to face grater challenges in the present era of information age. The
information store in libraries has taken a major shift from collection of books to single knowledge
bank. Libraries has trying to reduce the financial burden and also to match themselves with the new
development in technologies by using Open Source Software. This paper discuss definition,
advantages, limitation of Open Source Software and also gives a brief overview of few selected
Open Source Software.
Keywords : Open source software, KOHA, NewGenLib, Evergreen, Greenstone, DSpace, E-Print,
Fedora
Introduction
The present era of internet technology has brought a paradigm shift in information usage, from the
need based to know based. The rapid development in IT paved way for digitize information which
brought a revolutionary change in information processions, storage, dissemination and distribution.
Now libraries are also trying to manage all its resources and information through high quality
integrated library management software. Due to high cost of commercial application software, use
of Open Source Software in libraries has been necessitate to provided anytime, anywhere access.
This ultimately benefited library users, staff and institution to a greater extent in terms of time and
cash. OSS has brought a new revolution in the library functions.
What is OSS?
The term Open Source refers to something that can be modified and shared because its design is
publicly accessible. OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE is software whose source code is available for
modification or enhancement by any one.
Source Code is the part of software that most computer uses do not ever see; its the code
computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of a program works. Programmers
who have access to a computer programs source code can improve that program by adding features
of it or fixing parts that do not always work correctly.
Definition
According to Richard Poynder(1) the term open source refers to the source code is freely available
for others to view, amend and adopt.
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According to Wikipedia Open Source Software is computer software that is available source code
from for which the source code and certain other rights normally reserved for copyright holders are
provided under a software license that permits user to study ,change and improve the software.
Difference between Open Source Software and other Software
In the world of software, access to the source code is prerequisite for innovation. Some software has
source code that can not be modified by anyone but the person, team or organization who created it
and maintain exclusive control over it. This kind of software is called proprietary software or Closed
source software, because its source code is the property of original author, who are the only ones
legally allowed to copy or modify it.
Open Source Software is different its authors make its source code available to others who would
like to view that code, copy it, learn it, alter it or share it.
So as the OSI (Initiative) explains Open Source does not just mean access to the source code, it
means that anyone should be able to modify the source code to suit his or her needs, and that on one
should prevent the others from doing the same.
Advantages
The Open Source Software offers a radically different exponentially better software
development model.
It promotes creative development As the source code of the software is always open
and available, libraries can easily modify or develop the software according to their
requirement
OSS provides cheap alternatives to expensive commercialized software. Those who
can not afford proprietors software can download Open Source Softwar free.
Libraries do not have to pay license fees for any modification.
The OSS provides no restriction on how the software is used and reduces dependency
on software vendor.
The OSS also provides security and technological independence to libraries.
Implementation cost of OSS is more affordable than commercial software.
Limitations with OSS:
OSS being popular and viable alternative to the commercial software has its own limitations.
Initial cost is zero but support cost is high. Degree of support is the biggest challenge in
implementing OSS. For any up gradation/changes in the OSS, the library needs support. In
cases of OSS there is nobody to solve the problem either and libraries have to hire some
expert or should make arrangement with some company.
The time of consideration for the new version of the software is regard with OS cannot be
81
determined. Up-gradation of software works on the voluntary based group system culture,
which do not have time bound.
Expert System Staff required to operate and maintain OSS products as library
professionals also finds it difficult to learn the computer programmed.
Open Source Software in Libraries

Most of the libraries are not in a position to buy high priced commercial software due to severe
budget constraints. The obvious recognized reasons for the libraries to chose open source software
for automation purpose is no cost. Open Source Software license allows libraries to cut out budget
on software and used the funds for other needed materials. There is no restriction but everyone can
use, study, modify and distribute the OSS, regardless of persons position, wealth and social
conditions, etc. It promotes creative development as it can be easily modify to suit the needs of
library. The development and maintenance of this type of software can be done with community
based activity. The entire library community can contribute in the development and might share the
responsibility of solving accessibility issues. As it is interoperable customizable according to the
needs and standards of the library.
The most judicious reasons to opt of Open Source Software is the legal aspect that the licenses are
committed to users, freedom of use modify and redistribution of the program.
Selected Open Source Library Management Software
There are many library integrated software available in marked costing in lakhs. All libraries can not
afford to buy one of them. At this juncture library can opt for op Open Source Software. Major
Open source Software developed and available is described briefly here.
KOHA
Koha has the destination of being the first open source integrated library manager system. Created
in 1999 by Katipo Communication for Horowhenua Library Trust in New Zeland. It includes all the
main functions related to library management and currently being used by thousand of libraries all
over the world. Koha has web based interface distributed under the General Public License and uses
the OPAC (Online Public Access Catalogue) interface. In addition, Koha has no vendor-lock-in, so
libraries can receive technical support from any part from they want.
Koha is built using library standards and protocols such as MARC 21, UNIMARC, 239.50,
SRU/SW, SIP2, SIP/NCIP ensuring interoperability between koha and other systems. Koha has
latest version 3.22 released in Dec 2015.
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NewGen Lib
NewGen Lib is an integrated library management systems developed by Verus Solutions Pvt. Ltd.
Domin expertise is provided by Kesavan Institute of Information and knowledge Management ,
Hydrabad , India. In January 2005 under the GNU (General Public License), this software was
declare as open source software. Currently 3.0.2 Gen Lib is the latest version running. Its important
features include, Completely web based functional modules, uses Java Web StartTM Technology,
complies with international meta data and interoperability standards: Mares 21, MARC RML,
Z39.50, SRU/W, OAS-PMH, uses chiefly open source components, scalable, manageable and
efficient, OS Independent-Windows and Linux OS available, internationalize application (118N),
Unicode 4.0 complaint, easily extensible to support often languages, data entry, software retrieval in
Unicode 3.0 language, RFID integration, Automated email/instant messaging integrated into
different function of software, form letters are configurable and are ML based open office templates,
extensive use of setup parameters enabling easy configuration of the software to suit specific needs,
support multi-user and multiple security levels, allows digital attachments to metadata.
Evergreen
Evergreen is an open source Integrated library System (ILS), initially developed by the Georgia
Public Library Service for Public Information Network for Electronic Services (PINES), a statewide
resource-sharing consortium with over 270 member libraries. Beyond PINES, the Evergreen ILS is
deployed worldwide in hundreds of libraries, and is used to power a number of statewide consortia
catalogs.
Evergreens features include Circulation, Cataloging, Online public access catalog (OPAC) ,
Acquisitions, Statistical Reporting, SIP 2.0 support, Search/Retrieve via URL and Z39.50 servers
Evergreen also features the Open Scalable Request Framework (OpenSRF, pronounced open surf),
a statefull, decentralized service architecture that allows developers to create applications for
Evergreen with a minimum of knowledge of its structure.
Greenstone
Greenstone is a suit of software for building and distributing digital library collections is produced
by the New Zeland Digital Library Project at the University of Waikato in co-operation with
UNESCO and Human INFO NGO, issued under General Public License. The aim of Grenstone is to
empower libraries to build their own digital libraries.
Latest version of Greenstone 3.07 released in 2015. It runes on all version of Windowes, Unix/Linux
and Mac Os-X. The main distribution of Greenstone allowes for easy installation and requires no
configuration.
There are two major version of Greenstone : Greenstone2 and Greenstone3. The plugins distributed
with Greenstone process a wide variety of document and in addition, new plugins can be written for
different document types. Non textual material can be linked to textual document or accompanied by
textual description to allow full text searching. Unicode is used throughout Greenstone The
Greenstone interface is available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Maori and Spanish Language,
83
Compression is used to compact the text and indexes in Greenstone. Installation, and requires no
configuration.
DSpace
DSpace is an open source repository software package used for creating open acess repository of
scholarly digital content. DSpace is developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) and
Hewlett-Packard(HP) as an open source application to build digital material collection in and around
the institute. It aim to support the long term preservation of the digital material store in repository. It
capture, store, index, preserve, and redistribute the intellectual output of a organization in digital
format. DSpace is organized into communities and collections, each of which retains it's identity
within the repository. Interoperability between systems is inbuilt in Dspace.
Features of DSpace are, authentication, authorization, ease of acess, faster search and
retrival,hierarchy to manage conttents, allows import export for communities, provides statistical
reports,support large number of digital formats. By default, DSpace stores iteam in Meta Data in
theDubline Core Metadata schema.
EPrint
EPrints is primarily used for institutional repositories and scientific journals ,has been developed at
the University of Southampton School of Electronics and Computer Science in 2000 and released
under a General Public License for building open access repositories that are compliant with the
Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH). It shares many of the
features commonly seen in document management systems.
EPrints is established as the eaisiest and fastest way to set up repositories of open access research
literature, scientific data, theses, reports and multimedia. EPrints 3 is a major leap forward in
functionality, giving even more control and flexibility to repository managers, depositors,
researchers and technical administrators. Latest version of EPrint 3.3.15 is released in 2015.
Some of the features of EPrint are, time saving deposits ,import data from other repositories and
services , autocomplete-as-you-type for fast data entry, researchers optimised for Google Scholar,
works with bibliography managers, works with desktop applications and new Web 2.0 services ,
RSS feeds and email alerts keep you up to date, tightly-managed, quality-controlled code
framework, flexible plugin architecture for developing extensions, webmasters, easily integrate
reports, bibliographic listings, author CVs and RSS feeds nce, high specification repository platform
for high visibility, high quality institutional open access collections.
Fedora
The name FEDORA stands for Flexible Extensible Digital Object Repository Achitecture.Fedora is
a robust, modular repository system for the management and dissemination of digital content. It is
especially suited for digital libraries and archives, both for access and preservation .At its core is a
powerful digital object model that supports multiple views of each digital object and the
relationships among digital objects. Digital objects exist within a repository architecture that
supports a variety of management functions. All functions of Fedora, both at the object and
repository level, are exposed as web services.
84
Fedora 4 is released on December 4, 2014 it's features include vast improvements in scalability,
linked data capabilities, research data support, modularity, ease of use and more.
This unique combination of features makes Fedora an attractive solution in a variety of domains.
Conclusion
Faced with budgetary crunches and proliferation of ICT in the field of library and information
science, libraries are opting for Open Source Software so that they can provide relevent, updated and
timely information. This open source movement is going to be strengthening year after year. With
varity of Open Source Software available, the LIS professionals needs to keep eyes on new
development and choose appropriate technology to justify their role as a viable player in teaching
and resarch .In order to have effective implimentation of Open Source Software in libraries the
libraries should train their professionals in the use of ICT and are required to acquire new skills for
developing and managing digital libraries.
References
1)Nahak, Brundaban, Nahak, Sujukta (2013),Open source software for library and information
centers: an overview of problems and prospects. In:Electronic librarianship issues and trends, Ed. by
Mahapatra, Rabindra K., New Delhi : SSDN Publishers and distributors.pp207-232
2)Kaushik, Arundhati, Sharma, Superna and Rajput Lokendra singh(2011),Popular open sources
software for digital libraries, University News: a weekly journal of higher education,Vol.49
Iss.44,pp12-17
3)Nirmal,Harshad(2013),Digital libraries automation, Jaipur, Vista Publishers
4)Kamble, V.T., Hansraj and Sangeeta(2012),Open source library management and digital library
software, DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology, Vol. 32, No. 5, September
2012, pp. 388-392 .Retrived on 17 February 2016 from www.publications.drdo.gov.in Home Vol
32, No 5 (2012) Kamble
5)Randhawa, Sukhwinder,(2008) Open source software and libraries.Retrived February18,2016
fromhttp://core.ac.uk/dowenload/pdf/11885363.pdf
6)Opensource.com .Retrived on 17 February 2016, From https://opensource.com/resource/whatopen-source
7)Wikipedia(2016).List
of
free
open
sources
of
t
ware
ttps://en.wikipedia.org/.../List_of_free_and_open-source_software_pac..
8)KOHA -Official website of Koha Library Software. Retrived on 16 February 2016, from
https://koha-community.org/
9)About us- Evergreens ILS. Retrived on 16 February 2016, from
https://evergreen-ils.org/about-us/
10)NGL(n.d.) . Retrived on 17 February 2016, from www.verussolutions.biz
11)Dspace (n.d.) Retrived on 15 February 2016, from www.dspace.org
12)Greenstone (n.d.) . Retrived on 17 February 2016, from www.greenstone.org/
13)EPrint (n.d.). Retrived on 16 February 2016, from www.eprints.org/
14)FEDORA(n.d.) .Retrived on 18 February 2016, from fedorarepository.org
85
EVALUATING THE AWARENESS AND USE OF INFLIBNET- N LIST

PROGRAME CONSORTUM BY THE FACULTY MEMBERS: CASE STUDY
OF BEED CITY COLLEGE LIBRARIES
Dr. Sanjay Bhedekar
Librarian JBSPMS
Arts and Science College Gadhi Tq. Georai Dist. Beed
Abstract :
UGC INFLIBNET N-List Consortium is one of the land mark achievements in the field of higher
education in India. It is the only the possible solution to the ever growing demands for information
and ever decreasing the budget the college libraries. N-List is the branch of E-Books and e-journals
consortium; the users can access the scientific and research articles on 7X24 hours basis on their
desktop. presently it includes 40000 e-journals and 80000 e-books. there databases covers all most
all field of higher learning i.e. Arts, Science, Commerce, Humanities and Social Sciences. the
present study evaluated the awareness and uses of N-List programme by the faculty members of
colleges in Beed city in Maharashtra State.
Keywords - INFLIBNET, N-List, E-Journal Consortium, Colleges in Beed City.
Introduction:Acting as the heart of the learning society academic libraries or university libraries not only provide
knowledge depository for university but also capture organize and disseminate information for the
university to conduct research. Academic libraries play a vital role in ensuring the several and
growth of each university and college libraries. realizing the very importance of academic libraries
as college library the University Grants Commission (UGC) through its novel programme UGC
INFLIBNET has come forward to help the college Libraries so that access to large number of
scholarly online journals is made available to the user community.120 colleges in Beed district and
7 colleges in Beed city covered under the N-List programme. UGC INFLIBNET has come forward
to help the University libraries so that access to large number of scholarly online journals is made
available to the user community. so far 200 Universities in India and covered under this scheme 84
colleges In Beed district. But we took sample study of 7 colleges in Beed city.
UGC-INFLIBNET:
Technology is a driving force in the contemporary education system and the road of achieving
success in the field of knowledge is long way. So N-List INFLIBNETcenter Ahmedabad and
ERNET have set out on the journey of accomplishing the mission to provide relevant and qualify
education with enhanced access and equity through UGC-INFLIBNET programme N-List
INFLIBNET is an ambitious program.
As an authorized user from colleges registered Under N-List programme. You will have access for
the E-resources, E-journals (Full -Text)
1. American Institute of Physics (18 titles)
86
2. American Physics society (10 titles)

3. Annual Review (33 titles)
4. Cambridge Reviews (224 titles)
5. Economics and Political Weekly(EPW) (1 title)
6. Indian Journals (150 + titles)
7. Institute of physics (46 titles)
8. JSTOR (255 + titles)
9. Oxford University press (206 titles)
10. Royal society of chemistry (29 titles)
11. H.W. Hilson (3000+ titles)
E-Books.
1. Cambridge Books online (1800)titles
2. E-Library (83000 + titles)
3. EBSCottost- Net Library(936 titles)
4. Hindustan Book Agency (65 + title)
5. Institute of South East Asian Studies (ISEAS) Book
6. Oxford scholarship (1402 + titles)
7. Spring e-books (1000 titles)
8. Taylor frames e-books (1800 titles)
9. My library- McGraw Hill (1124 titles)
Review of Literature:
Nizam and Singh in their study, awareness and use of online journals by the faculty members,
researcher and studies in their faculty of natural science, Jamia Millia Islamia University a survey
investigated that 85.71 percent of the respondents were aware and rest 14.29 percent were not
aware with the availability of online journals. Majority of the respondents were using e-journals for
their research purpose followed by study, subject development, publication, teaching respectively.
Veenapani, singh and Devi in their study investigated that 55 percent respondent were with N-ListINFLIBNET digital Library consorting where as 45 percent were not aware. Major problems
encountered by the respondents were includes ICT illiterary, frequent power cuts, speed of internet,
inadequate number f computers etc. Bhatta and Joshi in their study access the impact of N-List
INFLIBNET Digital Library contortion on academic community revealed that the number of
research degrees awarded in the field of social science, huminities, pure and applied science and
increased significantly.
Aims and Objectives:
We live in the information age. The availability online information and its effective use contributes
to all round development of individuals and nations. Information is the most crucial input resource
for development. At the higher education level everyone needs advanced and scholarly literature to
improve the quality of study, teaching and research. The basic objective of the present study is to
make a study on the level of awareness and usage of N-List INFLIBNET, E-Journal consortia
resources. Some other objectives of the study are:
87
To know the extent of awareness and use of the N-List, INFLIBNT, E-journal
consortium by the faculty members in college of Beed district.
To find out the reason for using N-List INFLIBNET, E-Journals consortium.
To determine the frequency of use of INFLIBNET, N-List, E-Journals consortium
To identify the problems incurred by the users community while using N-List,
INFLIBNET E-Journal Consortium.
Scope of the Study:
There are 38 colleges in Beed District out of which only 7 colleges are covered for the study under
N-List, INFLIBNET Digital Library consortium faculty. However, the study is limited to 7 colleges
in Beed city the data collected from particular college libraries. The present study is restricted to
seven major colleges of the Beed city.
Methodology:
To full fill the stated objectives of the present study , a structured questionnaire covering the
relevant aspect of the study were distributed among the faculty members of the colleges. through is
not possible to cover all the faculty members due to their day to day busy schedule thus random
sampling technique was used for distribution of questionnaire were distributed to the faculty
members who were present at their concerned departments and library besides in some cases
personal interaction and verification of library and other relevant records related to the study were
made to get first hand information on the topic over all 210 questionnaires were distributed among
the faculty members and 180 filled in all aspect questionnaires were returned by the respondents
with the response rate of being the collected data were analyze tabulated by employing statistical
techniques such as by employing statistical techniques such as percentages, arithmetic mean, the
mean and standards deviation are calculated to ascertain the level of variations amongst the
variables by using the different types of formulas.
Mean Deviation ()=
where x= Number of responses
x= Number of responses
Standard Deviation =
()
= Sum of the square of mean deviation
Out of 210 faculty members. 180 filled in all aspect questionnaire wee returned by the
respondents with the response rate of being 85.71 percent. Table No. 01 gives a detailed distribution
of the distributed and collected questionnaire from the respondents again it categories the
respondents in to categorise as listed in the table.
88
Table No.01
Classified data on respondents
Category
Mrs.K.S.K. College
Distributed
Collected
Total
Distribution
72
Total
collected
28
Asso. Prof.
12
10
Asst. Prof.
32
18
Balbhim College
Asso. Prof.
10
11
57
27
Asst. Prof.
20
16
Milia College
Asso. Prof.
11
9
56
26
Asst. Prof.
19
17
Sawarkar College
Asso. Prof.
5
4
48
23
Asst. Prof.
20
19
Law College
Asso. Prof.
4
4
27
13
Asst. Prof.
10
9
Mahila College
Asso. Prof.
7
6
60
25
Asst. Prof.
20
19
Bankatswami
Asso. Prof.
8
7
79
38
College
Asst. Prof.
33
31
Grand Total
Asso. Prof.
56
210
180
Asst. Prof.
154
Internet Specification:
Internet specification available in the college libraries under the study are presented in the Table
No.02 Besides this the services can also be accessed at various departments through e-governance
project of the colleges.
Table No. 02
Internet Specification of the College
Sr. Name of college
Net Specification
No.
01
Mrs.K.S.K. College
Broad Band
02
Balbhim College
Broad Band
03
Milia College
Broad Band
04
Sawarkar College
Broad Band
05
Law College
Broad Band
06
Mahila College
Broad Band
07
Bankatswami College
Broad Band
Frequency of use of N-List INFLIBNET e-journal contortion. Table No. 04 shows that a
majority of the faculty members i.e. 75 (41.66%) on Thrice in a week 52 (28.88%) on daily. 16
(8.58%) once in a week, 5(2.77%) wanted necessary respectively.
89
Table No. 04
Frequency of use of N-List INFLIBNET E-Journal Consortium
Frequency Almost
Thrice in a Twice in a Once in a
when feed
of use
daily
week
week
week
necessary
Associate
22
29
8 (11.26%) 8(11.26%) 4 (5.6%)
Prof
(30.98%)
(40.84%)
Assistant
30
46
24
8 (7.3)
1(0.91%)
Professor
(27.52%)
(42.20%)
(22.01%)
Total
52 (28.88)
75
32(17.77%) 16(8.88)
5(2.77%)
(41.66%)
Total
71(100%)
109
180(100%)
Weekly distribution of time spent on N-List INFLIBNET:

Out of 180 faculty members who are using the N-List INFLIBNET resources for various persons
69(38.33 %) use of it 6-8 hrs. per week followed by 52 (28.58%) more than 2 hours per week;
32(17.77%) 4-6 hours per week; 10(5.55%) 0-2 hours per week respectively (Table No.05)
Table No.05
Weekly distribution of time spent on N-List INFLIBNET
Time Spent 0-2 Hrs.
2-4 Hrs.
4-6 Hrs.
6-8 Hrs
/ Week
Associate
4 (5.06%)
22
8(11.26%) 29(40.84%)
Prof
(30.98%)
Assistant
05 (5.50%) 30
24
40(36.69%)
Professor
(27.52%)
(22.01%)
Total
10 (5.55)
52(28.88%) 32(17.77%) 69(38.33%)
More 8 Hrs.
than
8(11.26%)
Total
9(08.25%)
109(100%)
17(9.44%)
180(100%)
71(100%)
Note:- Figures in parenthesis denote percentage

Purpose of using N-List-INFLIBNET
Findings of the Study:N-List-INFLIBNET Ahmedabad under this programmer Beed city college libraries are fortunate to
have access to large number of scholarly publication undere the INFLIBNET digital library of the
UGC pays on behalf of the college.
The study explores the usage of N-List INFLIBNET among the academic community of
Beed districts in Maharshtra state. The major findings of the study are:
Majority of the faculty members have been healthy knowledge on computer.
More than 38.33 percent of the faculty members are accessing N-List INFLIBNET 6-8
shows in a week.
More than 41.66 percent of the faculty members are accessing N-List INFLIBNET thrice in
a week in Beed City.
90
Library is the most convent place of opined that N-List-INFLIBNET digital library.
Consortium service among the Assistant Professor and Associate Professors are more
confortable in their departments.
More number of faculty members were opined that N-List-INFLIBNET have a good impact
on study and research followed by excellent.
Low internet band width, poor infrastructure at college library, poor infrastructure of
departments and frequent power facilities are the major problems encountered by the faculty
members in accessing N-List-INFLIBNET consortium resource.
Conclusion: We conclude by the above study each and every college has to subscribe the
N-List programme .It is useful to all student and teacher .Maximum faculty members were
opined that N-List-INFLIBNET have a good impact on study and research followed by
excellent. Poor infrastructure at college library, poor infrastructure of departments and
frequent power facilities are the major problems encountered by the faculty members in
accessing N-List-INFLIBNET consortium resource. So to improve the infrastructure
facilities.
References:
1. UGC-INFLIBNET available at http://www.inflibnet.ac.in infonet/index.php (accessed 23
jan. 2016).
2. Marthy T.A.V. (2006) UGC-Infonet E-Journal consortium for University and clooeges; an
Indian experience Library Herold, vo. 44 No. 1 pp.1-13
3. Bhatt. J and Joshi N. (2009) Impart of UGC-Infonet Digital Library consortium to
academic community- a case study of the Maharahja Sayajirao University of Baroda in
CALIBER 2008 Proceeding of the international conference in from Automation to
Translation, INFLIBNET center Ahmedabad 2009 p.565-571.
4. Patil D.B. and Parameshwar .S (2009) Use of electronic resource by faculty members and
research scholor in Gulbarga: a survey SRELS Journal of Information Management vol.46No.01 pp.51-60.
5. Mahrana R.K. , Das A.K. and Patil Subrat (2013) Evaluating the awareness and usages of
UGC infonet Digital Library consortium by the faculty member: A case study of Odisha
state UniversityInternational research Journal of Library and Information Science vol.3
No.2 pp.287-298
91
USE OF E-JOURNALS CONSORTIUM IN UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI LIBRARY
Dr. Ravindra Bagul

Librarian,
RNC Arts, JDB Commerce and NSC Science College, Nashik Road, Nashik
Email-ravindrabagul4467@gmail.com
Mob : 9850847378
Somnath Chinchkar
Assistant Librarian,
Thakur College of Engineering and Technology, Kandivali-E, Mumbai-101
Somnathchi2025@gmail.com
Mob: 9594337370
Abstract
Mentioned about e-journal, objectives, scope and methodology of the study are highlighted 60 users
of the Mumbai University Library.
Keywords:-E-journal consortium, Mumbai University
Introduction:
Information underpins the learning, research and debate that drive research forward. Access to
information is essential for describing and understanding the deficiencies of the present, building
visions of a better future, developing practical ways to achieve these visions. Validation and
distribution of academic knowledge is primarily based on peer-review publication.
There have been astounding developments a widespread adoption by many segments of society over
the past few years in our ability to move and manage information. We have been told that we live in
The Information Age for some time now, but it has truly been that explosive growth of the global
computer network known as the Internet that has brought this somewhat tired phrase home to many.
What began as an exclusive network for academics and military installations has blossomed into a
unique public communication and publishing medium used by millions of people around the world
every day.
The electronic revolution is narrowing the gap of information. The power of web technology lies in
the ability to redefine research reporting and transform the nature of scholarly communication in
ways not feasible in traditional print media. Increasingly the Internet provides enhanced
opportunities for visual, audio and video interactivity. The potential to incorporate features that
advance or surpass those traditionally used in print journals is yet to be realized by authors and
publishers of E-journals.
92
Explanation of the concept used

According to the Free Online Dictionary The act of using; the application or employment of
something for a purpose; a purpose for which something is used.
E-Journal
Any serials produced, published, and distributedvia electronic networks. Electronic journal
includes both online only journals and also journals, which have a print counterpart.
An Electronic journal is a publication issued at regular intervals and available electronically.
Electronic journals are often called e-journals.
Objectives
To study the level of usage of e-journals and level of awareness of consortium mode of ejournals.
To study opinions of research scholars and faculty members regarding advantages of using ejournals and problems faced in using e-journals.
To study sources used for accessing e-journals, methods used for reading e-journals and
extent of content from e-journal used in research work.
Scope
Research Scholars and faculty members of the various department in Mumbai Library
University.
Methodology
Present study has used the combination of survey and evaluation methods. The questionnaire
is circulated to faculty members and research scholars only.
5. SAMPLE AND ANALYSIS :Table No.5.1 Gender
Male
Female
Total
40
20
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.1 that maximum numbers of Male Respondent
93
Table No 5.2: Purpose of using computer

Communicate with
others
Project
work
Preparing
assignments
Research
Entertainment
Do not use
computer
Total
25
12
15
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.2 that maximum numbers of Respondent use computer for
project work while the remaining uses for preparing assignment, research and communicate with
others.
Table No. 5.3: Accessibility of Internet
University
Cyber
Caf
Home
Total
40
12
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.3 that maximum numbers of Respondent access from
University, While least access from Cyber Cafe.
Table No. 5.4 Open source mode of E-Journals
Yes
No
Total
52
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.4 that 52 respondents are aware of open sources mode of ejournal
Table No. 5.5 Source of Open source mode of E-Journals
While
browsing
net
40
Through
friends
5
Library
publicity
program
Through
library staff
15
Total
60
94
It can be observed from Table No 5.5 maximum numbers of respondent come to know while
browsing net.
Table No. 5.6 Source of Accessing of E-Journals
Publisher
Websites
Link for
E-Journal
Consortium
Search Engine
Other
Total
10
35
10
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.6 maximum numbers of respondent access e-journal through
the link of e-journal and other responded access publisher website, search engine and others.
Table No. 5.7:
Use of Format of E-Journals
On the screen
Print out on
paper
Downloading
Other
on CD/floppy
Total
40
10
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.7 maximum numbers of respondent are comforce in using the
e-journal on the screen.
Table No. 5.8: Advantage of E-Journals
Strongly
agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly
disagree
Total
35
18
60
It can be observed from Table No 5.7 maximum numbers of respondent are aware of the advantages
of e-journal
Conclusion:
From the above study it is observed that e-journals have become the vital part of information
for various needs. E-journals are the most important for the faculty members. It is proceed that ejournals saves time of the users. Lack of training among users and proper infrastructure in the library
is a major de-motivating factor in the use of e-journals. This study helps the librarian to know the
importance of e- journals and it helps them to improve the services related to e-journals.
95
References:
Ali, Amjad. (2006). Anes encyclopediac dictionary of Library and Information Science.
New Delhi: Ane Books India.
Bhatt R.K., Madhusudan M. (2004). University libraries in India and Electronic journals.
The role of consortia-based subscription of E-journals for the effective use of financial
resources.2nd International CALIBER, New Delhi.pp.129-133.
Chauhan Suresh K. Premchand. (2007). UGC-Infonet: E-Journals consortia and Indian
Academic: the right institute at the right time. Library Philosophy and Practice. pp. 1-5.
Electronic Publishing. (2011). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_publishing. (accessed
on 23-04-2011).
Murthy T.A.V. (1998). UGC-INFONET E- journals consortium for universities and colleges
: an Indian experience. Pp. 1-13
96
Digitization of Institutional Information using DSpace

Girish M. Tere
Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400101
Mobile: 9920319945, Email: girish@girishtere.in
Abstract
Every institute has huge public and private information which need to be managed efficiently. This
information can be digitized and preserved carefully. Digitization is a process of converting
analog information in any form (text, photographs, voice, etc.) to digital form with
suitable electronic devices like scanner or camera. This information can be processed, stored, and
transmitted through Intranet or Internet. In this paper open source institutional repository software,
DSpace, is discussed. It discusses implementation of DSpace as institutional repositories. DSpace
has developed a model that allows users to use the system, submit and use content, and
administrators can organize and configure the system. In order to be more usable to different types
of users, the software provides a configurable submission and workflow process that can be fit to
any organizations information needs. Using DSpace one can search the required digital information
and can retrieve the information very fast.
Keywords : Community, Collections, Digitization, DSpace, Institutional Repository, OAI
Introduction to DSpace
DSpace captures data in any format in text, video, audio, and data. It distributes it over the web. It
indexes work, so users can search and retrieve items easily. It preserves digital work over the long
term. DSpace provides a way to manage research materials and publications in a professionally
maintained repository to give them greater visibility and accessibility over time. Repositories now
represent potentially rich sources of information, data, images and important research works. The
Institutional Repositories are powerful systems that allow institutions to store and maintain their
digital documents and allow for interaction and collaboration among users in the organizations.
There are number of digital library software available as Open Source as well as in Proprietary
format (Sharma, 2008). Open source software helps libraries mainly in lowering initial and ongoing
costs, eliminating vendor lock-in and allowing for greater flexibility. The main advantage of open
source software is that it is generally available in free. DSpace is a groundbreaking digital library
system to capture, store, index, preserve and redistribute all scholarly research material in digital
formats (Stuart and Chris, n.d.).
A repository (Jayakanth, Minj, Silva and Jagirdar, 2008) is an on-line open archive which makes
available scientific literature (preprints, lectures, thesis, etc.) in digital form. Figure 1 shows the
initial screen of DSpace.
97
Figure 1: DSpace installation at TCSC

Why is DSpace attractive to users?
Most institutions use DSpace software for digitization because it is:
Flexible and Customizable
Supports Interoperability
Open Source
Larger Community of Support
Assure greater visibility and search ability
Institutional Repositories - IR
An Institutional Repository is an online locus for collecting, preserving, and disseminating
information in digital form for the intellectual output of an institution. A university-based
institutional repository is a set of services that a university offers to the members of its community
for the management and dissemination of digital materials created by the institution and its
community members. It is most essentially an organizational commitment to the stewardship of
these digital materials, including long-term preservation where appropriate, as well as organization
and access or distribution. (Lynch, 2003). An institutional repository may contain work of which
the author or institution owns copyright, or for which permission has been obtained to include a
copy of the work in the repository. Thus for example - a repository might contain the text of a
journal article with the agreement of the author or as a condition of an employment contract. A
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repository may also contain a copy of the formatted publication with the agreement of the publisher,
and authors may be encouraged by their institutions to ensure that a publishers copyright agreement
allows for this possibility. It follows that an institutional repository (Suttradhar, 2006) should not
contain content for which suitable copyright or licensing arrangements have not been made.
Research Repositories
In a research repository the supporting tools for the final user are very important, in particular about
the reuse of repository content and the creation of new knowledge. Research material is always
quoted by the researchers and therefore metadata export tools to bibliographic format and contextual
research and navigation tools would be very useful.
Educational Repository
The structure of an educational repository (Madhan, Rao and Awashthi, 2006) should reflect the
organization of the institution courses. This would allow a quick and easy use of the archive by the
students. Every teacher should be able to submit and manage his own learning objects.
Disciplinary Repositories
The content of a disciplinary repository belongs to a particular scientific sector, sometime even a
very specialized one. This implies that particular metadata are used, together with indexes and
authority files. The submission workflow process is therefore essential, also to avoid the submission
of improper content. Usually submissions are made by authors unknown to the supporting
institution(s) through independent registration and self-archiving procedures.
DSpace is one of the open source software platform to store, manage and distribute the collections in
digital format. As much of the worlds content is now being developed and disseminated in digital
format, the DSpace software supports next-generation digital archiving that is more permanent and
shareable than current analog archives. DSpace can support a wide variety of artifacts, including
books, theses, and 3D digital scans of objects, photographs film, video, research data sets and other
forms of content.
DSpace: data models
There are five main entities which are the hub of information structure and aggregation in DSpace
(Training Material, DSpace, n.d.) DSpace data model is shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2: DSpace Data Model (Training Material, DSpace, n.d.)

Communities: an administrative/logic groping of one or more collections (and subcommunities); e.g. faculties and departments in a single university, centers for
geographically distributed organizations; projects/research area, etc...
Collections: a grouping of items which are analogous for metadata and workflow; currently
collections are the fulcrum of archive customizations
Item: a box which contains both a document metadata and one or more bitstream bundles
Bundle: a groping of bistreams used to separate the original documents, those obtained from
automatic process, (such as full-text extraction), archival and Creative Commons license
Bitstream (= digital content, usually a full text)
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DSpace Object Model (Building Collection and Communities)

DSpace is designed to make participation by depositors easy. The systems information model is
built around the idea of organizational Communitiesnatural sub-units of an institution that have
distinctive information management needs. In the case of Thakur College of Science and Commerce
(TCSC) Communities are defined to be the Office, departments, library, research labs, various co
curricular activities in the Institute. Each Community can adapt the system to meet its particular
needs and manage the submission process itself. DSpace Information model is described in Figure 3.
Figure 3: DSpace information model (Training Material, DSpace, n.d.)

Items are organized in a hierarchy in which similar items are grouped and submitted into Collection
of similar content. Communities are the highest level of content organization. As such a collection
can be in more than one Community. Each item stored in a DSpace repository is made up of a
bundle of bit streams; so as many files can be stored in a single digital object as needed. Bitstreams
adhere
to the Bitstream Formats that the system knows about, and DSpace behaves in different ways with
different types of objects- e.g., images may have their thumbnails displayed while browsing the
system.
DSpace Technical Architecture
As shown in Figure 4: the DSpace architecture (Training Material, DSpace, n.d.) is a three-layer
architecture, including storage, business, and application layers, each with a documented API to
allow for future customization and enhancement. The storage layer is implemented using the file
system, as managed by PostgreSQL database tables.
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Figure 4: DSpace technical architecture (Training Material, DSpace, n.d.)

The business layer is where the DSpace-specific functionality resides, including the workflow,
content management, administration, and search and browse modules. Each module has an API to
allow DSpace adopters to replace or enhance that function as desired. Finally, the application layer
covers the interfaces to the system: the web UI and batch loader, in particular, but also the Open
Archives Initiatives (OAI) support and Handle server for resolving persistent identifiers to DSpace
items. This is the layer that will get much of the attention in future releases, as we add web services
for new features (e.g., to support interoperation with other systems) and define Federation services
across the range of institutions adopting DSpace.
The storage layer is responsible for physical storage of metadata and content. The business logic
layer deals with managing the content of the archive, users of the archive (e-people), authorization,
and workflow. The application layer contains components that communicate with the world outside
of the individual DSpace installation, for example the Web user interface and the Open Archives
Initiative protocol for metadata harvesting service. Each layer only invokes the layer below it; the
application layer may not use the storage layer directly, for example. Each component in the storage
and business logic layers has a defined public API. The union of the APIs of those components is
referred to as the Storage API (in the case of the storage layer) and the DSpace Public API (in the
case of the business logic layer). These APIs are in-process Java classes, objects and methods.
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It is important to note that each layer is trusted. Although the logic for authorising actions is in the
business logic layer, the system relies on individual applications in the application layer to correctly
and securely authenticate e-people. If a 'hostile' or insecure application were allowed to invoke the
Public API directly, it could very easily perform actions as any e-person in the system.
Communities
Communities and sub-communities are made up by:
A set of collections and/or sub-communities
A customizable home page
Dedicated Feed RSS, Set OAI-PMH, search and browsing
A group of users with administrative and managerial role
They are the logical organization for the collections
Collections
Collections are made up by:
A set of items owned by a particular collection
Items which are mapped to other collections
A group of user who are submission-enabled
A group of user who can access to the full-text
An approval/revision workflow for the submission in the archive
Possible delegation of sharing, modification and submission authorizations
Customizable home page
Dedicated Feed RSS, Set OAI-PMH, search and browsing
In practice a collection is a container of items. Every collection can have a different metadata set
and a different workflow process
Items in DSpace
Office documents
GRs of students
Faculty information
Articles
Technical reports
Research Papers
Conference Proceedings
E-thesis
E-books
Magazines (Leslie and Tim, 2007)
Video lectures
Past question papers
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Photographs of various events

DSpace: account management
Accounts in DSpace are managed through two entities: eperson and group. Eperson represents a
single user, which his/her personal data and is used for accessing the system (Fernandez, 2006). A
group is an account (or group) aggregator, used to simplify the authorization management (computer
science students group, English teachers group, etc ...)
DSpace Workflow
The DSpace submission workflow system is a critical part of the DSpace architecture that allows
submission, processing, and final addition of content to the live repository. DSpaces underlying
model includes E-People, users who have registered with the system and have certain authorizations,
roles, rights, and privileges that translate abilities to complete certain tasks within the DSpace
system. A typical submission begins with the system asking the user a couple of questions about
digital document to be added in the repository and number of files involved in the submission. Then
the system guides the user through the different steps, which are explained in Table 1.
Workflow
1. Describe
2. Upload
3. Verify
4. License
5. Complete
Table 1: DSpace submission workflow overview

Step Description
User enters metadata about the document (s) they are
submitting, including but not limited to author, title,
keywords, and a description.
The user selects and uploads the files on their local machine
that they like to upload as part of the submission. Each files
type is identified by the system and the user verifies the file
type
3. Verify An overview of all details of the submission is
given including a summary of the entered metadata and the
files involved in the submission.
The user is shown and must agree to the license the system
administrator has assigned to submit content for this
collection.
The users actions in the submission process are complete.
Based on the workflow steps set for the collection, the item
may immediately be added to the collection or have to be
reviewed by system administrators before its addition to the
collection.
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Observation
DSpace provides a way to manage research materials and publications in a professionally
maintained repository to give them greater visibility and accessibility over time. It helps to:
Getting research results out quickly, to a worldwide audience
Reaching a worldwide audience through exposure to search engines such as Google
Storing reusable teaching materials that one can use with course management systems
Archiving and distributing material would currently put on personal website
Storing examples of students projects (with the students permission)
Showcasing students theses (with permission)
Keeping track of own publications/bibliography
Having a persistent network identifier for work, that never changes
DSpace can be installed on Windows or Linix OS
It used databases like Progress or Oracle
It use open software tools like Maven, ANT during installation process
Conclusion
One of the leading uses for DSpace is as an institutional repository. DSpace followed the librarians
inclination to create a system that would be as easy as possible to implement and use, rather than
push strictly in the direction of digital library research from which a more flexible system might
have emerged. DSpace, therefore, was designed as an open source application that institutions and
organizations could run with relatively few resources. The intention to support interoperability (with
DSpace implementers at other institutions, for example) led to the adoption of the Open Archives
Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAIPMH). The OAI Registry includes DSpace, making
its Dublin-Core-formatted metadata available to compatible harvesting code. In addition, DSpace
chose to implement Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) handles as the persistent
identifier associated with each item to insure that the system will be able to locate and retrieve
documents in the distant future. At TCSC we are very pleased and excited to have a platform to
begin exploring these issues, both within the Institute and with other institutions that want to
benefits of open access to scholarly information and the management and preservation of digital
material. Using DSpace digital asset management, archival, and preservation systems can be done
efficiently.
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References
1. Fernandez, L. (2006). Open access initiatives in India -an evaluation. The Canadian Journal
of Library and Information Practice and Research, 1(1). Retrieved from
http://journal.lib.uoguelph.ca/index.php/perj/article/view/110/172
2. Jayakanth, F., Minj, F., Silva, U. and Jagirdar, S. (2008). ePrints@IISc: India's first and
fastest growing institutional repository. OCLC Systems and Services, 24(1). Retrieved from
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/10650750810847260
3. Leslie, C. and Tim, B. (2007). Size isn't everything: Sustainable repositories as evidenced by
sustainable deposit profiles. D-lib Magazine, 13(7/8). Retrieved from
http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/carr/07carr.html
4. Lynch, C. (2003) Institutional Repositories: Essential Infrastructure for Scholarship in the
Digital
Age
ARL,
no.
226
(February
2003):
1-7.
Retrieved
from
http://www.arl.org/storage/documents/publications/arl-br-226.pdf
5. Madhan, M., Rao, Y. S., and Awasthi, S. (2006). Institutional repository enhances visibility
and prestige of the institute - the case of National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. Paper
presented at the National Conference on information management in digital libraries IIT
Kharagpur,
India.
Retrieved
from
http://dspace.nitrkl.ac.in/dspace/bitstream/2080/310/1/madhan1.pdf
6. Sharma, H. P. (2008), Moving beyond Library Automation: Role of E- Resources in
Academic Libraries, In University News, 2008, 46(34) pp.6-10
7. Stuart, L. and Chris, Y., The DSpace Course, Retrieved, from
8. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/615
9. Suttradhar, B. (2006) "Design and development of an institutional repository at the Indian
Institute of Technology Kharagpur", Program, Vol. 40 Iss: 3, pp.244 255 Retrieved from
10. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/10.1108/00330330610681321
11. Thomas, C. & McDonald, R. H. (2007) Measuring and comparing participation patterns in
digital repositories: repositories by the numbers, part1. D-lib Magazine, 13(9/10). Retrieved
from
http://dlib.org/dlib/september07/mcdonald/09mcdonald.html
12.Training Materials, DSpace, (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.dspace.org/new-user-training
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Information Literacy In The College Library.

Shivraj Deshmukh
Librarian, Indira Gandhi (Sr.) College, CIDCO, Nanded, Maharashta (India)
Dr. Jagdish Kulkarni
Librarian, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra (India)
Corresponding Author- shivrajbdeshmukh@gmail.com.cell No. 09890597878
Abstracts:
The theme of the present paper is to highlight the concepts of Literacy and Information Literacy in
the college Library. It should be benefitted to the independent learners, develop information Literacy
skills and it provide knowledge and motivate people and common people. It is more beneficial to
develop the access and improves their information literacy programme in the local library.
Keywords : Literacy, Information Literacy, College Library.
Introduction :
Information Literacy first appeared in the year 1974 by Paul G. Zurkowski in the National
commission on Library and Information science. The presidential committee on Information
Literacy released a report on Jan.10, 1989 in the form of importance of information Literacy and
opportunities to develop Information Literacy.
Literacy is developed in information explosion by the different fields like Mathematics Literacy,
Reading Literacy, Media Literacy, Print Literacy and computer Literacy .All these Literacies are
conformed for their definite meaning. But all these information Literacies in which information
Literacy is unique important. Those respondent gain the information Literacy very effectively they
can do the work efficiently.
Todays age of competitive the importance of Information Literacy is increased day to day. This is
the age of Information explosion and role of Librarian is also important. The main role of Librarian
is to collect the information, process it and available this information for their right users in the right
time. So that Librarian and Library professional should aware or update his or her knowledge for
this information explosion age.
Information Literacy Programme in the Library.
In the 21st century need of Library to uplift in updated position according to the usage of it. Library
should provide recent information in the University Libraries and special Libraries user. The role of
Library is become essential factors in education and research. Librarian has to organize Information
Literacy programme for users. To make aware them about importance of Library use.
107
Due to this program user will beneficiated by internet access in information centre. By this program
they can know about varies sites of websites and they can download the information by this
websites. It is duty of Librarian to organize user orientation program and user awareness program at
beginning of the academic year. By this program user know about total numbers of books, and how
many periodicals available in the Library. Which are the Library services available in the Library.
So that the number of visitors will increase. Rules of the Library should flexible due to every user
can use book and journal in a leisure timing.
Definition of Information:
Information is a data . It may be considered as a processed data. Thus information is data the
meaning which has to be a result of human action.
Definition of Literacy:
A literate person is able to read,write and understand his/ her native language and express a simple
thought in writing is called Literacy.( Bawden 2001 )
Definition of Information literacy:
Information Literacy is an understanding and set of abilities requiring individuals of recognize when
in to is needed, have to ability to locate, evaluate, use effectively the needed in to and create in to
within cultural and social context.
College Library:
College Library is the place where collect books and reading materials process it and available for
users is called as college library.
Library resources:
Any college Library consists of books, journals. newspapers, audio visual materials, on book
materials, books, e-journals, consortia etc.
Library services
1. Reference service
2. Referral service
3.Book circulation service
4.Reprograpy service.
5.Selective Dissemination of Information.
6. Current awareness service 7.Internet.8.Opac. etc.
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Need of Information Literacy:

1. To became a independent learners.
2. To develop information Literacy skills.
3. To provide knowledge and motivate people.
4. To make the common people part of information technology.
5. To help the Librarian to develop, access, and improve their information Literacy programme.
6. To increase user of Library.
Different aspects of information Literacy:
1. Lecture and conference:
To call eminent personalities in Library and Information science. So that they can
deliver a talk on what are the recent trends in Library and Information science and
development of Library in modern age. By this process user and Library staff can gain the
knowledge of how to use Library in a proper way. Librarian can provide good services to
users by organizing such kind of events.
2. Library Guideline Book :
Library Guideline books involves the timings of Library, Rules of Library, Books
and journals available in the Library. Library also attracts the users for giving the proper
instruction about the usage of Librarian.
3. Internet :
Library provides instant information to their users with the help of internet. Now a
days user are so smart they need a lot of information with the help of one click of mouse. We
can search information about e-journals, e-books, email. File Transfer Protocol, What's up on
mobile phone, e-newspaper, employment, educational and entertainment so on.
4. Book exhibition :
In the age of competition there is a need of information Literacy program for book
exhibition on the occasion of great leaders birth and death anniversary. It may convert the
user to get the inspiration from this eminent reforms of the society and they take interest in
all the books of Library. For that purpose we have complete the law of Library science
.Every readers his her books. Every books his her readers.
References:
1.Golwal,
Madansingh,
Information
Literacy
competency
standards
in
higher
education,Proceedingof National Conference .V.P. Mahaviyalaya,Aurangabad,2013.
2.Khaparde, V.S., Information Literacy Programme, Proceeding of NationalConference
,V.P.Mahavidyalaya,Aurangabad,2013. WWW.Information litracy .
3.Veer,D.K. (Ed); Granth Priwar, Parbhani:Marathwada Granthalaya Sangh,2007.
Issue- Nov-Dec.2007.
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INFOMRATION LITERACY IN COLLEGE LIBRARIES

Dhanaji N Lavate
Librarian, Public Night Degree College, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400055
Email : dhanajipndc@gmail.com
Mob no .9987393048
ABSTRACTS
This paper discusses an information literate environment framework for understanding, finding,
evaluating and using information which may be accomplished in part by fluency with information
technology by proper investigating methods but most important through critical thinking and
reasoning. Information literacy helps in lifelong learning through abilities, which may use
technology; Information has become more complex and expensive. In the information age everyone
needs to become competent and confident information users. Information literacy can contribute to
develop the information skills needed to handle the information technology used by the end users.
Information literacy empowers the ability to access, evaluate and use information by the individuals
in the information society.
Keywords: Information Literacy, ICT, Users Study
INTRODUCTION
The rate of knowledge creation and dissemination has increased extensively over the past
25 years mainly as a result of the rapid decrease in the costs of computing and networking due to the
technological advances. This in turns has enabled more efficient dissemination of knowledge. Cross
border communication enabled through developed ICT has developed through collaboration.
Increased creation of knowledge has increased the efficiency of modern production techniques and
this has created an intense economics competition among the countries. As much as advance in ICT
have introduced competition to the global economy, the competition has changed the needs of the
lab our market. Rather than physical abilities of the work force or the efficiency of transforming raw
material in to the end products the competitive global economy demand a workforce with advanced
technical skills, interpersonal skills and methodological skills. These skills are specifically needed
by the workforce because the current knowledge has a shorter life span due to rapid advances in the
generation of new knowledge. Skills depreciate fast and the need to upgrade the skills as soon as
possible arises. With Sustained use and creation of knowledge is at the center of the development
process an economy becomes knowledge economy. Information literacy has been known but many
different names Library Orientation, Bibliographic Instruction, users education, information skills
training. Each has built on the other. Library orientation concentrates on how to use a physical
building and bibliographic instruction and user education on the mechanics of using particular
resources. Information skills training and finally information literacy concentrates on cognitive and
transferable skills, such as problem solving, evaluation and communication skills
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DEFINITION
Paul Zuurkowski first defined information literacy in 1970s as people trained in the application
of information resources to their work can be called information literates. They have learned
techniques and skills for using the wide range of information tools as well as primary sources in
molding information solution to their problems.
The American Library Association Presidential committee on information literacy , final report
states that to be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is
needed and have the recognize when information is needed and have the ability to locate, evaluate
and use effectively the needed information.
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFORMATION LITERACY
A)
B)
C)
D)
It recognize the accurate and complete information as a basis for intelligent decision making
It recognize the exact need for information
It formulates the questions based on information needs
It identifies the potential information source
OBJECTIVES OF INFORMATION LIERACY

a) An objectives of information literacy program me is the development of skills and
competencies that enable the users
b) To recognize an information gap
c) To construct alternative strategies
NEED OF INFORMATION LITERACY

This is an ear of information explosion & developments in information & Communication
technology has increased chose in information use. Information users are forced to learn new skills
which will help them to access the information produced in this information age everyone needs to
become competent and confident information users. User need to master the skills of finding,
handling, evaluating and using it, because it is scattered in print, electronic and digital forms and
various formats. Thus, the need of information literacy may be essential due to rapid increases in the
stream of information due to information revolution. Advent of information and communication
techniques. Vast Variety of information source changing shame of libraries. Wide dispersal of
information. Increase in number of users, Research on complex and interdisciplinary topics.
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MODELS OF INFROMATION LITERACY

It was mentioned that the research process through which problems solving and self directed
learning skills are fostered is known as information literacy. This process is not inherent but needs to
be cultivating in a methodical way. For this purpose there are several research models also known as
information literacy models developed by educators that describe the steps and outline the path an
information literate follows when searching for information. Quite a wised range of models exists.
i.e empowering 8, Folletts Pathways to knowledge, Big six information seeking, information
Process, Information Skills, Research Process, Info Zone and Research Cycle Models. Basically all
models consists of Six Steps related to information, apperception and enjoyment, background
building, seeking, understanding and appraising, organizing and using communicating, evaluating
the process & Product and formulating new questions.
INFORMATION SEEKING STRATEGIS
Generate a list of possible sources (Textual, Visual and Human) to solve problem. Be able to pick
sources that are appropriate based on recognized criteria (eg. Currency, authority, relevance etc)
Use a variety of different types of sources as appropriate. Justify Matching a Particular tool or
strategy to solving problems.
USE OF INFORMATION
Students should be able to read, hear, view to or touch the information and comprehend it.
Determine what information will be helpful in answering a research question. Conduct an effective
interview. Manipulate data in a database or spreadsheet interactive website. Evaluate a source for
quality and relevance based on specific criteria. Determine the purpose, scope and point of view of
information.
ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN INFORMATION LITERACY
To gain impetus of information literacy among the users, the following activities are required to be
undertaken by the librarian. Act as information users before information disseminator, Direct
participation with faculty, , staffs and community members, Proving orientation skills on source of
information and its uses, Organization of seminars and workshop, Participation in classroom
teaching on search strategies and techniques on information collection, dissemination, Develop
collaboration among all, Removing gap between users and librarian, Accept as educator for
knowledge dissemination, Expand professional horizons among the users, Encouraging students for
discussion methods, Build a new paradigms and frames of analysis among the users, Active
participation in curriculum design, Showing direction of resource availability and use ,Maintaining
liaison between students and faculty and actively participate in users empowerment.
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INFORMATION LITERRACY PROGRAMMES IN COLLEGE LIBRARIES

Developing lifelong learners is central to the mission of all educational institutions. The library
supports the learning, teaching, research and extension activates of the institute by providing
relevant information and documentary resources and services, to the students, faculty and staff. As
part of the librarys efforts to increase the skills of the readers the library offers various program me.
Following are some programmed.
Library Brochures
Users Education Program me
Counseling centre
Aid in Educational and Research Work
College Prospectus
Book Talk
Readers Club
Class Room teaching by librarian
Film/Movie Club
CONCLUSION
Developing lifelong learners is central to the mission of all higher educational institutions. By
ensuring that, individuals have the intellectual abilities of reasoning and critical thinking and by
helping them to construct a framework for learning how to learn, colleges and universities provide
the foundation for continued growth throughout their careers, as well as in their roles as informed
citizen and members of communities. Information literacy competency extends learning beyond
formal classroom setting and provides practice with self directed investigation and increasing
responsibilities in all walks of life. The university or college has an opportunity, and a challenge, to
prepare students to meet the demands of the information age. Recipients of a quality education share
certain attributes critical thinking, problem solving, a global vision and a multicultural perspective,
preparedness for work and good citizenship.
REFERENCES
1. Konnur, P V . ICT Practices in Librarianship , Bangalore: Indian Academic Library
Association, 2008
2. Kumar, P S G, Library and Users : Theory and Practice, Delhi: B. R Publishing House, 2006
3. http://www.literacyonline.org
4. http: //www.ala.org
5. http: //www.ijodia.in.
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Librarianship in 21st Century: Need of Soft Skills

Anupama Paranjpe
Librarian
Gokhale Education Societys
Sir Dr..M.. S. Gosavi College of Pharmaceutical Education Research, Nashik-2
Abstract
In todays Competitive age, to get a job is becoming very difficult almost in every business sector.
In last two decades, firms have been frequently complaining about the lack of skills among
graduating students. Educators and Employers agree that there is a growing gap between the skills
that companies expect from their entry-level employee and the skills that young graduate possess.
To bridge this skills gap, industry leaders & researchers indicate that soft skills training is needed.
Along with Hard skills, technical skills, analytical skills and managerial skills employers are looking
for desirable soft skills. Librarianship requires special competencies and skills to survive in the
competition.
Keywords : Skills, Types of Soft skills, Soft Skills ,21st Century Librarianship, Information
Professionals in digital era
Introduction :
Technological advancement in ICT has transformed the world in a global village. Especially the
WWW has made the internet affordable and easy to use via computers and hand held devices such
as smart phones. In this modern era information is open to all and can be shared. Corporate and
education sector are getting/leveraging benefits of internet. The technological advancements
telecommunication such as broadband and Wi-Fi along with current breed of attractive gadgets has
made learning and research more interesting. There are no boundaries to access the global
information that to at individual preferred time.
This impact is observed in library and information science field also. The libraries are transformed
from traditional to electronic , hybrid and digital libraries. The resources and services of libraries are
changed from manual to electronic and web-based.
In todays Competitive age, to get a job and its sustainability, is very difficult almost in every
business sector. In the knowledge based society employers want employee with diverse skills and
competencies. Educators and Employers agree that there is a growing gap between the skills that
companies expect from their entry-level employee and the skills that young graduate possess. In
September 2013, the Training Journal noted that More needs to be done to educate young people
about the skills employers are looking for and this needs to be a joint effort amongst the key
stakeholders from across education, business and the Government To bridge this skills gap,
industry leaders & researchers indicate that what is needed is more soft skills training.
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In last two decades, firms have been frequently complaining about the lack of skills among
graduating students. The global concern regarding skills shortage has become more acutein the
new millennium. (Cochen and Zaidi 2002). Woo (2006) highlights that graduates who are entering
the job market today lack soft skills. According to Sarrafzadeh(2005) , if LIS professionals remain
reluctant to gain new skills ,they will become irrelevant to their organization and will probably lose
out in competition. Hard skills ,Technical skills, Management skills ,IT skills along with soft skills
are required to compete in this knowledge edge. In this digital edge , LIS graduates degree is not
enough ,to survive with this, there is need of IT skill, Communication skills, Management skills
,Marketing skills, Leadership , Presentation skills.
In order to create workforce with essential competencies and soft skills , it is necessary to
understand meaning and importance of soft skills. According to IEEE, one of the worlds largest
association of professionals, Soft skills are the techniques you need to work with others. The things
you werent directly taught in engineering school. Skills like working on a team, networking with
other engineers, public speaking, successfully and gracefully convincing others of your viewpoint
etc. are considered to be soft skills. Google, Inc. sees Personal management skills such as attitude
and behavior that drive ones potential for growth and team work skill.
Skills Meaning:
According to business dictionary an ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic and
sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carry out complex activities or job functions involving
ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills) and people (interpersonal skills)
Skills classification
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Skills
An intrapersonal skill is the communication that occurs within the persons own mind. This initiates
an appropriate reaction and attitude because of positive internal dialogue within the mind e.g.
Meditation, prayer and visualization etc.
An interpersonal skill refers to interactions with other people e.g. listening, tolerance to or
acceptance of difference, anger management, conflict resolution, problem solving etc. These skills
are needed every day to communicate and interact with other people.
Hard Skills and Soft skills
Soft Skills are the character traits and interpersonal skills that characterizes a person's relationship
with other people. Sociologists may use the term soft skills to describe a person's "EQ" or
"Emotional Intelligence Quotient" (as opposed to "IQ").
According to Hewitt Sean (2008) Soft Skills are the non-technical, intangible, personality specific
skills which determines an individuals strength as a leader, listener, negotiator and conflict
mediator.
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According to Martin Carole(2008) hard skills are more along the lines of what might appear on
your resume whereas soft skills are cluster of personality traits, social graces ,personal habits,
friendliness and optimism. Hard skills appears on bio-data include qualification and experiences.
Soft skills are considered a complement to hard skills. For most jobs, while the hard skills are
essential to getting the interview, it's the soft skills that will get the job The soft skills required for a
doctor, e.g. understanding, active listening ,communication ,counselor and the hard skills are
medical knowledge, Correct diagnosis , interpretation of test, correct line of treatment etc.
Technical Skills and Cognitive Skills
Technical Skills are knowledge and abilities needed to accomplish mathematical, engineering,
scientific or computer-related specific work. Cognitive skills are the core skills that brain uses to
think, read, learn, remember, reasoning and attention.
Importance of Soft Skills :
Soft skills play a significant role in ones success in life as a profession. They help to excel in the
workplace and their importance cannot be denied in the age of information and knowledge. The
ever-changing impact of technology and the style of management pay a lot of attention towards soft
skills. Soft skills play an important part for the success of an organization. Customer oriented,
service organizations are successful if they train their workforce to use soft skill along with their
hard skills and technical skills. Soft skills cannot be taught and they can only be acquired. Along
with Hard skills, technical skills, analytical skills and managerial skills employers are looking for
desirable soft skills such as Interpersonal skills, Team working, Negotiation skills, Communication
skills, Time management and Stress management etc.
Classification of Soft Skills Soft skills are also categorized as,
1)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Soft Skills Social

Communication Skills Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions
by two or more persons. It is the transfer of information from one person to another, hence it
is a two way process. Communication has become a vital aspect of the managerial process
and success of business depends upon a proper communication system. For business
transactions the five media commonly used for communication are Spoken, Written, AudioVisual & Electronic, Graphics and Non-Verbal (body language).
Interpersonal Skills People with good interpersonal skills are usually more successful in
both their personal and professional lives. Employers often seek to hire staff with strong
interpersonal skills. They want people who will work well in a team and be able to
communicate effectively with colleagues, customers and clients.
LIS professionals have to interact with all types of users, colleagues, management and
vendors. They should also possess good interpersonal skills.
Positive Attitude - Attitude is associated with physical neural state, verbal opinion,
ideologies ad integrated philosophy of life. Attitude is the detailed direction of human
behavior. It is a stage of sensitiveness and process to act. These are acquired and learned by
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v.
vi.
vii.
individuals Positive attitude helps to cope up easily with the daily of life. It brings optimism
to in life and helps to reduce negative thinking.
Values- Values are the basic convictions that give us a sense of right and wrong, good and
bad, acceptable and unacceptable. Values are core of all decision making. It is believed that a
significant position of ones values is genetically acquired or determined. The rest is
acquired through experiences and situations faced. The major source of formation of values
is parents, teachers, friends, peers, role models, reference groups and culture. Values are
nexus to future progress.
Perception Perception refers to the ways in which a person experiences the world and
varies from individual to individual. Employees work together in an organization to achieve
common and individual goals. For this understanding is necessary and this depends upon
individuals perception.
Etiquette Etiquette prescribes and restricts the ways in which people interact with each
other. Etiquette has to do with good manners and making people feel comfortable by the way
we behave. It is all about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be
taken seriously. Basic knowledge and practice of etiquette is a valuable advantage, because
in a lot of situations a second chance may not be possible or practical. Corporate or business
etiquettes are followed while interacting with bosses, colleagues, customers. Appreciation,
Dress and appearance, table manners are also important in this context.
2) Soft Skills - Thinking

i. Creativity - Creativity usually refers to the ability and power to develop new ideas. Creativity,
Creative thinking is essential for any organization to prevent stagnation and to keep the business
moving forward. Creative thoughts are often the fruits of extensive efforts. Some techniques
focus on group interactions while others on individual actions. Individual or group techniques can
be effectively used to nurture creativity especially in the area of planning. One of the best known
techniques for enhancing creativity is brainstorming.
ii. Problem Solving - Everybody can benefit from having good problem solving skills as we all
encounter problems on a daily basis; some of these problems are obviously more severe or
complex than others. Interpersonal relationships fail and businesses fail because of poor problem
solving. Effective problem solving usually involves working through a number of steps or stages
such Problem identification, Structuring the problem, Looking for possible solutions, making
decision,
iii. Decision making Decision making is defined as the selection of a course of action from
among alternatives. It is the core of planning. Decisions need to be capable of being
implemented, whether on a personal or organizational level. Decision making process involves
Listing of possible solutions, Set up a time Scale, Information Gathering, Weighing up the risk
involved, Deciding on values, Weighing up the pros and cons and Making the decision.
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3) Soft skills Negotiating

Coping with time Management of time is management of self. Time management is essential
to complete given assignment in allotted time. It is important for business success. Time
management is beneficial for both self and other people. Scheduling is a tool that helps to plan
your time and work. In todays globalization scenario time is considered as an investment.
Delay in work due to poor time management directly leads to loss of money. Certain difficulties
may also arise during competition of work even if it is properly scheduled as per time such as
interruptions e.g. phone calls /visitors, improper communication, poor decision making and
planning.
ii.
Coping with Stress Stress is an emotional, physiological and psychological effect caused by
an internal or external mental pressure. It is the physical or mental tension caused by either
excess of efforts or by conflicting situations. Stress is a part of life and cannot be avoided.
Hans Selye describes stress as the rate of all wear and tear caused by life.
iii.
There are many physical and psychological sources of stress e.g. work overload, irregular work
hours, loss of sleep, loud noises, bright light, boring job, inability to socialize, lack of
autonomy, unrealistic objectives. Stress can have various effects on the individual as well as on
the organization. Individual may try to reduce stress through better time management, healthful
nutrition, exercise, career planning, relaxation, meditation, prayer etc.
iv.
There are some practical ways developed by experts such as be a fighter, put out on paper,
warm up, just say no, schedule worry time ,say yes to pressure, listen to music, take a walk, dial
a friends
v.
Coping with emotions The Oxford Dictionary defines emotion as any agitation or
disturbance of mind, feeling, passion, any vehement or excited mental state. e.g. Anger, Sadness
Fear, Enjoyment, Acceptance, Disgust ,Shame, Emotions, both positive and negative, influence
interpersonal behavior and interpersonal evaluation. An individuals judgments and behavior is
affected by his own feelings as well as by the emotional states of others.
vi.
4. Teamwork
- Effective teams are necessary for the growth, development and
management of an organization. A team is a small group of people with complementary skills
and abilities who are committed to a common goal .Teams should have right mix of skills such
as technical, problem-solving, decision-making, human relations and social skills.
Self-managing team comprises of members having variety of skills to achieve objectives. When
desired objective is achieved team members or group receives appreciation or a reward from an
organization. In the digital era Virtual teams are also formed in order to take fast decision and
complete the work in scheduled time. Virtual team may contain members within the organization or
outside the organization, different locations.
i.
Corporate sector are using traditional classroom teaching as well as e learning methods for
imparting training to the employees to acquire desired skills .LIS professionals must try to acquired
and practice all these skills while dealing with higher authorities, management, colleagues, vendors,
publishers and all types of users. Malhi (2009) advocates that educational institutions should adopt
a holistic and integrated approach towards enhancing graduate employability through stand-alone
soft skills modules, student involvement in work related projects and extra-curricular activities,
work placements and guidance through career services focusing to minimize the skills gap. Lack of
soft skills results in less percentage of employability of technical graduates. So there is need of soft
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skills training courses for entry level graduates. It is also important to add curriculum for soft skills
for school and college students.
21st Century Libraries and Librarianship Challenges and Opportunities:
IT revolution in the recent times has made the day to day working quite simple in almost all walks
of life. The biggest beneficiary is service sector. The use of easy to use attractive gadgets, state of
the art software and reliable network connectivity helps the service industry to serve the customer in
the best possible way. Library and information services are no exception to that. Libraries and
information centers are now important part of knowledge base society. The library resources are
also changing from print to e resources and web based resources. Also the services of library are
shifting to automated and web based form. Due to impact of this the LIS professionals are facing
new challenges in order to serve the users.
LIS professionals must keep themselves updated with current knowledge and skills and
Librarianship requires special competencies and skills to survive in the competition.
Various career opportunities are generating for LIS professionals in Corporate Sector, academic ,
industry and research organizations. Some of the new roles created for LIS professionals are
Knowledge Mangers, Technology gatekeepers, Creator for information products, Manager for
Marketing of information Services and products, Researchers, Infopreneur , Learner for specialized
skills, Data Analysts , Teacher for students/users to use various information services, Trainer for
Library staff ,Educator for LIS students, Counselor etc.
Conclusion:
In order to face the emerging trends in technology and to survive in competitive age, LIS students,
LIS Professionals ,budding librarians, LIS researchers and LIS educators must acquire soft skills
along with hard skills and technology skills.
References:
1) Goleman Daniel , Emotional Intelligence, Bloomsburry:London, 1996
2) Ramchandran K K , Business Communication , McMillan:Gurgaon ,2012
3) Bhivpathaki Deepak, Principles and Practices of Management, 12th Edition Everest
Publishing House: Pune ,2011
4) Weihrich Heinz , Management: A Global,Innovative and Entrepreneurial Perspective
14th Edition, McGraw Hill Education India:New Delhi ,2013
5) Gautam Ankita, Soft Skill: A magnitude for recruitment IRCs International Journal
of Multidisciplinary Research in Social and Management Sciences Vol.2 Issue 2 ,AprilJune 2014
119
6) Kolle Shankar Reddy, Parmeshwar S Competencies and Soft skills for Library
Professionals in Information Era International Journal of Library and Information
Studies ,Vol4(4) Oct-Dec 2014
7) Rao Pitla Venkateshwara ,21st Century Libraries and Librarianship with reference to
their professional skills , Journal of Business and Economics Vol.5No.12 Dec2014
8) Rao Sushila,Soft Skills?Who need them?, CSI Communications,Vol.34 No12 March
2011
9) Murli Ashutosh Bishnu,Why Soft skills matter? The IUP Journal of Soft Skills , Vol
III No 3 Sept 2014
10) Tadimeti Vasundara ,E-soft skills Training: Challenges and Opportunities, The IUP
Journal of Sift Skills, Vol VIII No.1 March 2014
11) Jain Priti, Knowledge Management for 21st Century Information Professionals ,
Journal of Knowledge Management Practice Vol10No.2 June 2009
12) www.business dictionary.com Accessed on 22/12/15
13) http://www.skillsyouneed.com/ Accessed on 22/12/15
14) http://smallbusess.chronin.com/important-employee-skills Accessed on 23/12/15
15) http:/www.mindtools.com Accessed on 23/12/15
16) http://www.tlainc.com/articl193.htm Accessed on 28/2/15
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Marketing skills for librarians in the 21st century

Rakhi Patekar.
S.N.D.T. University
SHPT School of Library Science. MLiSc (2 year)
rakhipatekar555@gmail.com
Mobile - 9819526577
ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on marketing skills which are very much important for the librarians. Marketing
is defined as, Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they
need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. - Philip Kotler
("Marketing Management")Marketing is imperative to our economy. In library environment,
Librarians need to gain knowledge about basic marketing concepts, and they need to develop skills
that allow them to use the information gained from marketing tools. The 21st century marketing
environment is characterized by IT resources. Libraries and information centers have begun to
realize that marketing of information products and services is an integral part of administration,
especially as a means for improving user satisfaction and promoting the use of services by current
and potential users. Three main factors, namely the information explosion, the technology
revolution, and escalating library costs are responsible for encouraging the library profession to
develop a marketing approach in its operations and services. Librarians need to use marketing not
only to advertise and promote resources, but also to boost the profession and the role they play.
Effective Marketing Campaigns require a range of skills and knowledge. There are many skills and
abilities that librarians need in order to succeed. These can range from being trained to create or
update library websites to working successfully with coworkers and interacting with users. Five
main skills useful for librarians are Education, Technological Knowledge and Training,
Organizational and Evaluation Skills, Business Management, and Interpersonal Skills.
Keywords Marketing Skills, Libraries, Librarian Skills, Promotion of libraries,
Introduction:
Marketing is the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market
research and advertising. Simply stated, marketing is everything you do to place your product or
service in the hands of potential customers. It includes diverse disciplines like sales, public relations,
pricing, packaging, and distribution. It is in fact saying the right things to the right person and at
the right time.
Definition - Marketing is the social process by which individuals and groups obtain what they
need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. - - Philip Kotler
("Marketing Management")
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Marketing is thus the strategy one adopts for allocating resources (time and money) in order
to achieve the desired objectives (fair profit for supplying a good product or service). The
most brilliant strategy is that which is built around potential customers. ( Wellborn- Nichols,
J, 1993)
Every business needs to successfully market their products and services. Marketing is a critical tool
for establishing awareness, attracting new customers and building lasting relationships. When done
effectively, marketing can help increase sales and establish competitive advantage.
Marketing is also called as promotion. Essentially promotion is the means of informing your
users what you do and what you can do. The benefits for those who promote their library
services include: increased usage, increased value in the organization, education of users and
changed perceptions. Promotional activities can take many forms and the promotional media
will depend on the nature of the target audience and on promotional objectives.
Marketing is also based around the key areas of segmentation and value. If one looks at the
whole service at once, it is seen that either the set of offers there are, are not strong enough
or there are not enough resources to implement such offers. So it is best to choose a group of
people (i.e. a segment of people) whom we fully understand.
Librarians need to gain knowledge about basic marketing concepts, and develop skills that
allow them to use the marketing information gained from various sources. (Sharma, A and
Bhardwaj, S)
MARKETING SKILLS
Effective marketing campaigns require a range of skills and knowledge. Marketing skills depend
upon the desired objective of the librarian. To successfully market your products and services, you
may need to upskill yourself or your team members. As librarians we should be actively marketing
and promoting our library services. (Skills used for successful marketing Queensland government
business and industry portal.)
Factors which characterize the difficulties of marketing information services are:
The relatively low level of knowledge and lack of agreement on user requirements, wants, and
needs.
It is virtually impossible to estimate the value of products and services used for research and
scholarly purposes.
Hence the subjective concept of information makes marketing difficult. (Joseph Jestin K.J. & B.
Parameswari , 2002)
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MARKETING SKILLS FOR LIBRARIANS

Libraries are a place, whether physical or virtual. Both aspects of this hybrid home are managed by
real live actual people with whom librarians will have a personal experience.
All librarians are involved in the process of marketing. The essence of marketing involves finding
out what the users want, then setting out to meet those needs. Librarians need to participate in the
process of assessing users needs and trying to fulfill them. However, in order to do this effectively
librarians need to embrace the total marketing function involving market research and analysis,
service planning and promotion.
Libraries and information centers have now realized that marketing of information products and
services is an integral part of library administration. It is important to improve user satisfaction
and promote the use of library services by current and potential users. Three main factors, namely
the information explosion, the technology revolution, and escalating library costs are responsible for
encouraging the library profession to develop a marketing approach in its operations and services.
(Joseph Jestin K.J. & B. Parameswari , 2002)
The 21st century library is competing with numerous web based resources, and its clients can benefit
from using its research assistance, physical and online holdings, and physical space. So users need
to understand what the library offers. Librarians in turn, need to know how and why they should
market and promote their library. One has also to keep in mind, the type of job, the size of
organization, the skills and experiences of the people one works with and the time available at his or
her disposal to do various functions.(Alfieri,D.)
When we talk of marketing skills, there are many skills and abilities that librarians need in order to
succeed. These can range from being trained to create or update library websites, to working
successfully with coworkers and interacting with users. Different types of skills are discussed by
experts. Many of these skills are included in this paper.
A Librarian should have Marketing skills like:

1. Technical Skill:It is the ability to work with resources in a particular area of expertise. Without the technical skill,
one is not able to manage the work effectively.
In this age of specialization, technical skill is perhaps the most familiar one, required of the greatest
number of people. In a relatively small library, where librarian itself is the owner and at the top
management level, he needs a lot of technical skill himself.
Some forms of technical skills are LCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings
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E-Mail
Where a large proportion of the users are on e-mail, it is an easy way of reaching them, quickly and
cheaply. It can be targeted more precisely than most other methods and so is effective at reaching
specific audiences. Staff responds quicker to e-mails than any other medium.
The Internet
The Internet has the power to improve the library's image and to allow the library to offer enhanced
services. Although it takes time to set it up and maintain services on the Internet, it can reap rewards
in terms of user satisfaction and recognition. Librarian should be able to make use of the internet
fully in a profitable manner. A Library Web home page serves as a promotional tool advertising inhouse library services and electronic information resources on the web.
Newsletters and Leaflets
Newsletters and leaflets are both a means of delivering information. A newsletter can be used to list
interesting new web sites, new journals and online services, and perhaps more general science news
of interest. It need not be long but should be produced on a regular basis.
The basic aim of marketing is to know and understand the users in order that the library is able to
satisfy those needs in an effective way. (JULIE NICHOLAS)
2. Human Skill:Human skill is the librarians ability to work effectively as group members and to build cooperative
effort within the team he leads. A librarian is involved on a regular basis with the personal problems
and life events of his colleagues. It is therefore natural that he must be able to work through these
personal situations and effectively lead subordinates. Through this skill, librarian is able to see the
usefulness and limitations of his colleagues and is likely to accept others viewpoint, perceptions
and beliefs, which might be different from his own. Human skills can be developed without any
formalized training for some. Many others are to be individually aided by their immediate superiors
who themselves should possess such skills.
Personal Skills
Librarians manner whether in person or on the telephone, will affect users' rating of the library. One
needs to be professional and use quality procedures but also needs to smile and establish a personal
relationship with as many of the users as possible. If Librarian reacts positively to complaints,
people will be encouraged to tell him about things they would like changed.
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3. Conceptual Skill:This means the ability to see the organization as a whole and includes recognizing how the various
functions of the organization depend on one another. It also makes the individual aware how
changes in any one part of the organization affect all the others. It extends to visualizing the
relationship of the individual business to the industry, the community and the political, social and
economic forces of the nation as a whole. Thus the manager gains insight into improving the overall
welfare of the total organization.
4. Presentation Skills:-
A Presentation is a fast and potentially effective method of getting things done through other people.
Presentations are used as a formal method for bringing people together to plan, monitor and review
its progress.
First; it puts one on display. The staff needs to see evidence of decisive planning and leadership so
that they have confidence in the librarian. They need to be motivated and inspired to undertake the
tasks which he is presenting. Project leaders from other sections, senior management should be
impressed by his skill and ability so that they provide the resources required to get the job done.
Second; it allows one to ask questions and to initiate discussion.
5. Communication Skills:As with all effective communication, librarian should decide on the purpose of the conversation and
the plan for achieving it. Some people are proficient at "thinking on their feet" - but this is generally
because they already have clear understanding of the context and their own goals. The view of
words should be pragmatic rather than philosophical. Words mean not what they say in a dictionary
but what the speaker intended. E.g.:- Suppose your manager gives to you an instruction which
contains an ambiguity which neither of you notice and which results in you producing entirely the
wrong product. The greatest source of difficulty is that words often have different meanings
depending upon context and/or culture. Thus, a "dry" country lacks either water or alcohol.
6. Time Management Skills:Time management is one of those skills no one teaches us but have to be learnt. It doesn't matter
how smart you are if you can't organize information well enough to take it in. And it doesn't matter
how skilled you are if procrastination keeps you from getting your work done. The time
management is very effective for supervisory positions.
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7. Leading Skills:Leading people requires that the leader must understand the values, personality, perception and
attitudes of the people. An individual acts differently from another individual because of his values,
personality, perception and attitudes. This is a very important factor to be understood in relation to
the other person who may be a superior or subordinate.
8. Planning Skills:Librarian should be able to define the future state of the library. Here he is not trying to predict the
future, but rather to uncover things in the present to ensure that the library does have a future.
Planning skills include:
Being able to think ahead,

Ability to forecast future environmental trends affecting the organization,
Ability to state organization objectives,
Ability to choose strategies that will help in attaining these objectives
9. Organization Skills:The organizing process follows the planning process. While planning specifies what will be
achieved when, organizing specifies who will achieve what and how it will be achieved.
10. Controlling Skills:The skill of controlling consists of actions and decisions which librarians undertake to ensure that
the actual results are consistent with desired results. In planning the librarian sets the objectives,
which are the desired results for the library to attain. Any deviation between the actual and the
planned results must be corrected by the by taking appropriate actions and decisions.
11. Decision-Making Skills:Decision-making skills are present in the planning process. They pervade all other areas such as
organizing, leading and controlling. Think for yourself at the level you are, and whether you take a
good or a bad decision, it will ultimately influence in a big or a small way on your performance.
Hence, decision-making skill for routine or non-routine problems is a time consuming activity and
certainly poses a challenge to the librarian for making a number of important decisions, good in
quality and satisfactory in producing solutions to a problem. A managers effectiveness lies in
making good and timely decision.( Parvez Ahmad, Mohd Yaseen)
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Skills for the 21st Century Librarian by Meredith Farkas

Famous librarian, writer, and speaker Meredith farkas lists down the below marketing skills:1. Ability to embrace change
Technologies will come and go. Change is inevitable. But if librarians can adapt to and
embrace change, can easily learn technologies, can keep up with changes in the profession,
can plan for new services and evaluate old services, can develop services that meet the needs
of all stakeholders, can evaluate technologies, and can sell their ideas and market services,
then they will be better able to meet the challenges of changing user populations and
changing technologies.
2. Comfort in the online medium: Librarians need to do a lot online these days; way beyond
basic catalog and database searching. They need to use search engines and use them well.
They need to be able to find quality online resources, help patrons set up e-mail and teach
basic Internet skills, to troubleshoot problems users face in accessing online library
resources.
3
Ability to troubleshoot new technologies- It is just a part of the good user service we
provide in libraries. As we get new computers, printers, scanners, etc. then we will need to
learn how to troubleshoot those.
4. Ability to easily learn new technologies - Learning about new technology is definitely a
skill. People need to learn how to learn about new technologies without having to ask other
people for help all the time.
5. Ability to keep up with new ideas in technology and librarianship It is the enthusiasm
for learning. (Farkas, M, 2006)
Librarian also needs skills like 6. Education librarian needs to be well educated in his field. He should be well versed in
various processes of a library, like cataloguing and classification
7. Technological Knowledge and Training - Knowledge acquisition is, in turn, positively
associated with knowledge exploitation for competitive advantage through new product
development, technological distinctiveness, and sales cost efficiency.
8. Organizational and Evaluation Skills work is divided into units and departments for its
smooth functioning. Organizational structure puts right men at the right job. This leads to
effective organization and growth of the organization. Evaluating information is a key
academic skill one will need to demonstrate in their research work. (Alfieri, D.)
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9. Business Management, and Interpersonal Skills Professional librarians need high amount
of skills for professional competencies, management, networking and teamwork. The fact
that these skills are required, show an increasing interdependence among library workers and
their reliance on teamwork. (Dr. Muttayya Koganuramath , Mallikarjun Angadi)
Some Marketing tips/Skill Set
1.
Librarians need to strengthen their ability to think well. At all times they are expected to
think clearly, logically, creatively and ethically about their activities (in general) and
marketing (in particular).
2.
They need to strengthen their ability to make decisions. Decision-making skills are always
in demand. It is expected to apply decision-making skills to analyse and find solutions for
marketing problems.
3.
They need to strengthen their ability to speak and write. Good speaking and writing skills
are essential to put forth their views before library committee and users of the library. They
need to constantly communicate marketing ideas through presentation of oral and written
marketing strategies.
4.
Also need to strengthen ability to apply the marketing knowledge and skills. It is expected
that they can apply the marketing knowledge and skills learned in college to real situations,
through in-depth analysis of marketing problems.
5.
They need strengthen their ability to do research. Knowing when and how to do research is
essential to success. Primary or secondary research is required to increase knowledge of
products and consumers. Such research should be well prepared. There is no excuse for not
doing your research.
6.
They need to strengthen their ability to ask questions. Good librarian asks relevant questions
to gain information. It may also help avoid disastrous marketing strategies. First, by asking
questions librarian improves their personal ability to understand and analyze problems.
Second, they help strengthen their peers ability to handle questions.
7.
They also need to strengthen their ability to use business technology effectively. The
essential business technology should be mastered which would enable them to succeed. In
particular, this includes communications and computer technologies.
8.
They need to strengthen their ability to be passionately persistent. Success doesnt just
happen. It is made by those so passionately persistent that they will not accept failure.
Passion is a learned attitude and persistence is a learned behavior.
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9.
10.
They need to strengthen their ability to work in a team. Teamwork is essential to the
success of any organization.
They should also strengthen their ability to report to a boss. Virtually every person has a
boss and must work hard to meet the expectations of the boss. In marketing, the customer is
always boss.
Conclusion
For decades, librarians have been creatively managing the information and research
resources of their firms. The evaluation, acquisition, organization, sharing and
distribution of information in all formats, including books, periodicals, and online
services, is an integral part of their expertise. Thus a librarian aims to market and
promote his librarys services. We can therefore safely say that a librarian is playing the
role just as manager in an organization.
REFRENCES :1. Kotler, P. (2000). Marketing management (Millennium ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice
Hall.
2. Welborn-Nichols, J. (1993). Marketing Basics Series. Retrieved 2016, from
http://tenonline.org/art/mm1.html
3. Sharma, A., & Bhardwaj, S. (n.d.). MARKETING AND PROMOTION OF LIBRARY
SERVICES. Retrieved 2016, from http://crl.du.ac.in/ical09/papers/index_files/ical79_73_172_2_RV.pdf
4. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/business/running/marketing/marketing-basics/skills-successfulmarketing
5. Jestin K.J., J., & Parameswari, B. (2002). Marketing of Information Products and Services for
Libraries in India. Library Philosophy and Practice, 5(1(fall 2002)). Retrieved from
http://webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/jestin2.PDF
6. Lucas-Alfieri, D. (2015). Tips on marketing the 21st-century library. Library and Information
Science. Retrieved from https://www.elsevier.com/connect/tips-from-an-unlikely-librarian-onmarketing-the-21st-century-library
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7. Koganuramath, M. M. and Angadi, Mallikarjun Interpersonal skills for effective library

management., 2000. In Dr S R Ranganathan Memorial National Seminar on Library Public
Relations: Challenges of the New Millenium, Goa (India), 9-12 August 2000. [Conference paper].
Retrieved from http://eprints.rclis.org/4972/
8. Farkas, M. (2006). Skills for the 21st Century Librarian by Meredith Farkas. Information wants to
be free. Retrieved from http://meredith.wolfwater.com/wordpress/2006/07/17/skills-for-the-21stcentury-librarian
9. Marketing Skill Set. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.servsig.org/pdf/Ray5.doc
10. Ahmed, P., & Yaseen, M. (2009). The Role of the Library and Information Science
Professionals As Managers: A Comparative Analysis. Electronic Journal of Academic and Special
Librarianship, 10(3(winter 2009)). Retrieved from
http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v10n03/ahmad_p01.html
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Role of College Librarian in the Information Literacy Programme in ICT Environment
Prajakta P. Mhaprolkar
Librarian
Nirmala Niketan College of Home Science
49, New Marin Lines Mumbai 400020.
Abstract
Now the word is changing into a virtual classroom and libraries are changing into information
centers.Students are more technology oriented. Students are expected to learn beyond the syllabus.
Promoting Information Literacy skills at all levels of education is the collective responsibility of
teachers and librarians. The article presents the importance of the role of librarian in information
literacy(IL). Its includes development of ICT skills by the library in the Information Literacy
programmes. The paper also describes the use of ICT in the college library and the level of
satisfaction.
Keywords : ICT, Information Literacy, Information Literacy programmes, College Library.
Introduction
Today, technology is a part of almost every aspect of life and learning. Technology enables work
and communication for business and pleasure often with a strong emphasis on hardware, software,
portable devices, and "apps." However, it is not enough for students to be merely "ICT literate".
21st Century students need a broader literacy that guides the use of these tools and applications. This
"literacy with ICT" includes "learning about and choosing ICT to critically, creatively, and ethically
use, produce, and communicate meaning."A College librarian plays a very important role in
motivating students to develop new skills with the advances in ICT. Hence, it becomes important for
the student to develop skills in Information Literacy so that they can identify, evaluate and use
relevant information effectively.
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What is Literacy?
The meaning of literacy evolves with the times. Literacy is not only about reading, writing,
listening, speaking, viewing and representing. It is also about developing literacy with information
and communication technology (ICT).
Literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute and use
printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of
learning to enable an individual to achieve his or her goals, to develop his or her knowledge and
potential, and to participate fully in the wider society. UNESCO
What is a Information Literacy ?

The concept of information Literacy built upon and expanded the decades long efforts of librarians
to help their users learn about and how to utilize research tools and materials in their own libraries.
Librarians to wanted users to be able to transfer and apply this knowledge to new environments and
research tools that were new to them. Information literacy expands this effort beyond libraries and
librarians and focuses on the learner ,rather than the researcher. The current environment provides
an opportunity for librarians to play a key role in the evolution of an integrated information literacy
curriculum.
Paul G. Zurkowski coined the term "Information Literacy" in 1974 when he was president of the
Information Industry Association. In a report to the National Commission on Libraries and
Information Science ("The Information Service Environment Relationships and Priorities.
Related Paper No. 5";
(www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/8 0/36/a8/87.pdf), he
wrote:"Information is not knowledge; it is concepts or ideas which enter a person's field of
perception, are evaluated and assimilated reinforcing or changing the individual's concept of reality
and/or ability to act. As beauty is in the eye of the beholder, so information is in the mind of the
user."
Simply we can say that Information literacy is a set of abilities requiring individuals to recognize
when information is needed and have the ability to locate,evaluate and use effectively the needed
information.
The Americal Library Association (ALA) states that the Information Literacy is a survival skill in
the information age and calls for restructuring of the learning process itself rather than the
curriculum.
The NFIL describes information literacy as: the ability to know when there is a need for
information, to be able to identify, locate, evaluate, and effectively use that information for the issue
or problem at hand.
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Information Communication Technology (ICT) in libraries

Information and communication technologies (ICT) facilitate the process of identification,
collection, storing, processing and disseminating of information. The library and information
science professionals are utilizing ICT to keep pace with the problem of information explosion. The
benefit of instant access to digital information is the most distinguishing attribute of the information.
The impact of ICT characterized on information services by changes in format, contents and method
of production and delivery of information products. The emergence of the internet as the largest
repository of information and knowledge, changed the role of library and information science
professionals from intermediary to facilitator, new tools for dissemination of information and shift
from physical to virtual services environment and extinction of some conventional information
services and emergence of new and innovational web based.
Following are the some of the technology, which shows the development in the area of library in
ICT environment.
Internet
Electronic mail
RF-ID
Database
Blog
Portals
Reprography Microfilms
Wireless technology
Digital Library
Library consortia
Six Sigma
J-Store
E-Publication
What is Literacy with ICT?

Literacy with Information and Communication Technology (LwICT) means thinking critically and
creatively, about information and about communication, as citizens of the global community, while
using ICT responsibly and ethically.
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This representation shows the relationship between ICT literacy (i.e., demonstrating ICT skills) and
literacy with ICT (i.e., thinking critically and creatively, about information and communication, as
citizens of the global community, while using ICT responsibly and ethically). ICT literacy is a
critical component of literacy with ICT, but it is not sufficient in itself.
The present scenario of College Librarian In ICT era

Librarian plays an important role in education process by making users aware of need and
motivating the use of information. Information and communication Technologies(ICT) have
changed the complete scenario in libraries. Now a day,library has become point of resource-based
learning the role of librarian is changing radically with skills of education paradigms. The impact of
moving from text based learning to resource based learning will involve heavier use of library
materials and a demand for more and a varied media resources, including print and non print. The
librarian is responsible for loating,acquiring,disseminating and tracking information resources of
many types.It might include database serching,interlibrary loans, monitoring internet newgroups or
maintenance of a computerized library information system. Libraries and Librarians play an
important role in education of people for effective and efficient information use by teaching them
information skills at all levels of education to enable to be informed citizens of the country. Here the
focus is on the role of a librarian towards the students and teachers for providing the following information
services/ products for achieving information literacy.
1.Orientation programme
This is a first level training concerned with introducing the users with the general techniques
of library usage, services/facilities available and to the organizational layout. During
orientation library staff delivers a lecture, which introduces the program, demonstrates the
use of the catalogue and shows students how to access the self-paced on line tutorial.
Students work through the library catalogue unit of the tutorial and also complete an
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exercise. They are able to create a network account and configure and e-mail account during
one of their orientation sessions.
I.
Library Brochures
a. Publication of Library Handbook/ brochures containing detailed information
regarding the library. Sometime libraries have to publish user manual such as Know
Your Library, Our Library etc for distributing among the users.
II.
College Prospectus
a. It is the responsibility of Librarian to include detailed information regarding the
procedure process, collection, services, rules and regulation about the library
facilities etc. in college prospectus which is updated yearly.
III.
E- Information Literacy
a. To give the information about the network technology with multimedia, digital
storage , digital delivery , OPAC, Library software and online sources etc.
IV.
Provision of extension services

a. The librarian should constantly keep in touch with changes in curriculum and in other
educational environment and design services which will ensures libraries growth and
contribution in the activities of the college. There are a number of extension services
which will help in information literacy programmes.
V.
Web Page/ Web site

a. College librarian has to design an exclusive web page in the web site of the college.
There should be a separate web site of the library. Through the web page or website
library can provide the following information to the users .
VI.
Special services
a. List of New arrivals
b. List of books whenever there is a special occasion such as a national event, special
course lectures on special subjects. Besides, the relevant books must be displayed with
detailed information.
c. To render such as providing vital information useful to students
d. Information about the scholarship and free ship, etc. to the students
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e. Advertisement for recruitment and career guidance information

f. To prepare List of collections of local interest, including documents written by local
persons.
g.
List of Books for the students for completion of their project work
h. Prepare bibliographic details either in response or in anticipation.

i. Scanned documents appeared in periodicals, newspapers, written by the students and
displayed on the web page
j. Online library facility given to the external students for examination and also passed out
students
k. Question paper sets of previous years and syllabus made available for the students with
the help of web page or website.
1. E- resources and related services
Which include
E- Books
E- Journals
OPAC
Abstracting and indexing services
Selective dissemination information
Current Awareness Service
Online Services e.g N-List Programme of INFLIBNET, Google Alert etc.
2. Other Services
Introducing non book material, etc. CD-ROM, maps, charts etc.
Provision of Journals, newspaper etc stresses the importance of the latest information.
Keep a suggestion box or books in the library to expecting a better opportunity to

serve.
Reprography or photocopy facility should be made available.
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Library should produce its own selective abstracting service if it is not possible to
acquire abstracting journals.
College librarian should take interst in establishment of a bookshop on the campus.
Inter- library loan facility should be provides.
College librarian should implement modern technology and devices in the library
operation and service provision to save the time of the library.
Library should be open for maximum hours and during holidays sufficient reading
material should be made available.
Book Bank facility should be provided to the students.
A Selected group of the students may be given short intensive courses and literature
searching skills in their chosen subject.
The librarian is the most important person in the information literacy programme. Role of libraries
and librarian is not only to produce, manage and provide access to information but also
a) Teaching library or information skills of identifying, locating and evaluating
information .
b) Encourage and facilitate lifelong learning.
c) Empower students in pursuit of Knowledge.
In this way librarians can certainly enhance the relevance of our profession, but the main purpose is
to communicate skills which we have developed already, to perform well professionally, and to
offer services of excellence to our users.
Conclusion
The academic libraries and implicitly all educational structures faced with challenges due to the new
information and communication development and changes that affect every educational program
and process. In present educational reforms are taking place in all the countries to improve
educational outcomes and these developments causing major changes.. In this context librarians
must maximize their potential to be in the position to assume their role in the teaching and learning
process.
Each academic Library has to develop educational strategies and learning resources to help students
develop information literacy skills. It is necessary to have an active and continuing program
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concerning information access, developed and supported by the facultys makers, librarians and
other information providers because we must be willing to promote and share our experience in this
information age in support of our institutional educational mission.
Reference
1. Doyle,C.S. .Final Report to National Forum on information literacy,1992.
2. Lenox,M.F.and Walker M.L.information literacy in the educational process,the Educational
Forum,57(2),1993.3312-324
3. American Library Association. Final Report of the American Library Association, Presential
4. Committee on Information Literacy:Chicago:American Library Association,1989.
5. Singh, Surya Nath, information Technology : treads and Impact , Article of Trends and
impact on information and Library Science (ed. Singh, Surya Nath ) Inamdar Bandhu
Prakashan, Pune, In Honor of Dr. R.P. Kumar Festscrift.
6. http://www.ala.org.(Accessed on 4th January 2016)..
7. https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/early-childhood-and-school-ervices/schoolservices/curriculumk12/literacy-information.(Accessed on 4th January 2016)..
8. http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/tech/lict/overview/index.html.(Accessed on 7th
January
2016)..
9. http://www.cilip.org.uk/professionalguidance/informationliteracy/defination.(Accessed on
7th January 2016)..
10. http://www.inasp.info/index.html (Accessed on 6th January 2016)
11. http://www.flu.edu/-library/ili/ili-prop.htm(Accessed on 6th January 2016)
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LIBRARIES ON INTERNET PLATFORM

Vaishali Dawar
Librarian,
SVKMs N. M. College
of Commerce and Economics,
JVPDS, VileParle, Mumbai.
E-mail- vadawar@gmail.com
Abstract:
We all are now in the world where the words information and knowledge means a lot to
everyone. Libraries in this period of information revolution understood the importance of their
presence on the virtual world along with the physical existence. In order to maximize the utility of
their information resources and services all the libraries are trying to reach their users through web
and trying hard to balance the gap between information collection and its usage. Libraries on
internet platform in its present scenario show various ways used by libraries to be of the utmost
importance to their users while seeking, communicating and sharing information. This article had
tried to describe various means by which the libraries are marking their presence in the virtual
world.
Keywords: internet platform, web platform, online library, library on internet, etc.
Introduction:
Library on internet platform provides a set of library resources, services, tools, software,
which can be accessed from anywhere and anytime across the world. This enables individuals to
remain connected to their libraries via internet for developing knowledge, social networking with
the community and seek help whenever required, within and outside the library. Library on internet
platform either co-exists with the physical library or work as an individual entity. Library on internet
platform can serve more number of users in a probably better way and making library valuable for
users by providing direct or indirect access to information as per users needs, and by networking
with collaborative institutions. This also opens a range of new services.
For measuring effectiveness of a library on Internet platform, rather than measuring the
circulation of its resources one has to measure the circulation of the ideas and passions, because in
this case the library also works as a virtual community providing a one stop services to their users
and also allowing communication, sharing and coordination among all users and librarians.
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The libraries can have their presence on internet by various ways. Every time it adds some
values to libraries by creating platform for public relations and increasing communication with its
users.
Information Commons:
Information commons is a shared knowledge-base and processes that facilitate its use
including a physical space and resources, where many participants can work at a time for
information research, collecting information and new information production thus building a
community of the creators and users of information. The features of information common are to
provide the access to technology and reference service in combination to produce collaborative
learning spaces along with multimedia workstations and hi-tech classrooms facility. Information
common is intended to enhance group learning activities and emphasize the need to integrate all the
required services at one place. It also encourage faculty to integrate teaching with technology and
new information resources. The basic purpose of information commons is to provide access to
information for all, by all means possible, stressing the importance of the public domain and the
freedom in ideas and information exchange.
The information commons comprises two halves the physical of information commons as
space, and the virtual, of resources and inherent values as a platform for access to and advocacy for
ideas (Beagle 1999; Kranich 2003).Four issues have arisen from the implementation of information
commons access, legislation, licensing and cost. (Bradley, 2011)
Library website:
A universally accepted role for libraries are selecting, organizing and disseminating
information resources. The basic purpose of library Web sites is to support their parent institution.
Thus a college or a university website supports the three-fold mission of higher education - research,
teaching and instruction, and service. Public library website supports public information resources
and services of the local government for local residents. A special library supports the mission of its
parent institution through a variety of means by providing necessary information to company's staff
and clientele.
A typical library website generally contains official name of the library, complete mailing
address, phone number(s), e-mail address, policies, hours of service, directory of library staff, floor
plan, library rules, a link to the library's online catalog and descriptions of the library's facilities,
services and collections physical as well as electronic resources.
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Library portal:
A library portal is a single point integrated interface to a varied variety of digital resources
and web-based library services. A library portal is defined (on Wikipedia) as "a combination of
software components that unify the user experience of discovering and accessing information".
A library portal is an interface to access resources and services through a single point for users along
with some additional tools and facilities such as online e-books and e-journals databases, virtual
reference service, alert services, institutional repositories, document delivery, links to full-text
articles, freely accessible online resources, knowledge management tools, discovery tool, etc.
The purpose of the library portal is to enable users to discover relevant information from
multiple distributed information resources; to seamlessly, and directly as possible, access related
content; and to effectively use the information. The library portal is not a single technology. Rather
it is a combination of several systems, standards, and protocols that interoperate to create a unified
experience for the user. (Michalak, 2011). When building a library portal there are many challenges
such as consensus with regards to what should be included, ensuring a user-centered design,
communication, usability, compatibility commercial products approvals, integration with social
networking sites, Persistent links, constant revision, etc. A library portal is highly beneficial for
organizing, storing, and accessing information, for web-enabled information services, for providing
visibility to e-resources and enhances access to it. The portal technology has enabled librarians to
shift to a more proactive, user-centered, and service-oriented model of library.
Library on Second life:
The multi-user virtual world Second Life is an online software platform that allows users to
jointly explore realistic three-dimensional environments via avatar characters, communicate via
voice and text chat, and collaborates using shared creation tools. Second Life (http://secondlife.com)
is a virtual reality platform in 3D, digital, immersive, open-ended, online virtual environment, the
best of the social networking revolution. Everything you experience in real life, you can find in
Second Life. It resembles the prototype of the future. Libraries and educators have been developing
academic content and services in Second Life for use with students and other constituency groups
since 2005. (Cote, 2012)
Due to increasing interest in digital services, some libraries have established virtual services
on Second Life -an immersive 3D environment, where users can interact with the services in
practical ways, such as walking around a virtual space of digital exhibitions of library collection.
This is very effective for expansion purposes and virtual library does not have space limitations. In
order to have a successful virtual library in Second Life there are six different elements that should
be considered. These are Location, Timing, Funding, Techniques, Organizational baggage,
Computing technology. (Wikipedia- Libraries_in_Second_Life). To operate library in second life
requires dedicated staff for 24 hours, which is difficult for many libraries. It also requires adequate
computing equipment and faster broadband access, network security programs is important for
increasing the productivity and performance of Second Life libraries. These challenges are
restricting Second Life abilities tapping for libraries to its full potential.
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Digital Libraries:
Digital Libraries have achieved a fundamental role in knowledge society. By making the
wealth of material contained in libraries, museum, archives and any knowledge repository
worldwide available they are giving citizens in every place of the world the opportunity to
appreciate their global cultural heritage and use it for study, work or leisure. They are
revolutionizing the whole knowledge management lifecycle. (Candela, 2011). According to the
Wikipedia a Digital Library is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can
include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats,
along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library
collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by
individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or
with academic institutions. The electronic content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via
computer networks. In short an online digital library is a collection of documents in organized
electronic form, available on the Internet. The purpose of every digital library may be different but
the common advantages of online digital library are
No physical boundary other than Internet connection to computers.

Round the clock 24/7 availability
Easily accessible.
Multiple accesses simultaneously by a number of patrons.
Easy information retrieval
Libraries on Social Media:

The rapid flow of information makes it necessary for librarians to provide efficient reference
service and also in digital form to reach the information where the user is present. The recent library
users information seeking behavior studies confirm that in a knowledge society many academic
library young generation users frequently visit internet and have some kind of active presence on
Web 2.0 social network sites. Also, academic library users prefer new technologies for information
and for intellectual exchange because of their convenience and speed. In response to the changes in
information seeking behavior of knowledge society users the libraries need to adopt Library 2.0 and
the changes involved therein.
The paradigm of librarianship is changing due to Web 2.0 technologies. Tim OReilly (2006)
defined Web 2.0 is the network as platform, spanning all connected devices; Web 2.0 applications
are those that make the most of the intrinsic advantages of that platform: delivering software as a
continually updated service that gets better the more the people use it, consuming and remixing data
from multiple sources, including individual users, while providing their own data and services in a
form that allows remixing by others, creating network effects through an architecture of
participation, and going beyond the page metaphor of Web 1.0 to deliver rich user experiences.
(Tejar, 2009) Web 2.0 is a web of multi-sensory communication. (Maness, 2006) Web 2.0 offers
many interactive tools known as social media useful for library services. Libraries are increasingly
utilizing interactive social media, such as blogs, twitter and facebook, WhatsApp as tools in
displaying their collection and services. Unlike traditional tools, which allowed for only one-way
communication, social media allows the library to engage in two-way communication and receive
immediate feedback from their various stakeholders and public. (Israel, 2012)
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Online Repositories:
A repository is a central place in which an aggregation of data (specific databases, files, or
documents) is kept and maintained in an organized way, usually in computer storage and made
directly accessible to users. (Definition Repository, 2016). Data Repository is a logical (and
sometimes physical) partitioning of data where multiple databases which apply to specific
applications or sets of applications reside. (What is Data Repository, 2016). A database warehouse is
one large Data Repository. Data warehousing is a complex process of building a data repository in
the form of a relational database so that the company can support web or text mining in order to
leverage data and transform or aggregate them into useful information. (What is Data Repository,
2016)
Institutional Repository:
An institutional repository is an online archive for collecting, preserving, and disseminating

digital copies of the intellectual output of an institution, particularly a research institution.(Tansley
& Harnad, 2000). An institutional repository is a means to ensure that the published work of
scholars is available to the academic community. Some of the main objectives for having an
institutional repository are
providing open access to institutional research output by self-archiving it,
creating global visibility for an institution's scholarly research and impact of research output
storing and preserving institutional digital assets, including unpublished or otherwise easily
lost ("grey") literature such as theses, working papers or technical reports.
managing and measuring research and teaching activities;
facilitating the development and sharing of digital teaching materials and aids, and
supporting student endeavors, providing access to theses and dissertations.
There are a number of open-source software packages for running a repository including: DSpace,
EPrints, Fedora Commons, Invenio, Opus, SobekCM, Greenstone, etc.
Mobile technology use for library:
Mobile technology is not only altering and extending our lifestyles, but it is also bringing the
Internet into our daily lives enabling information retrieval and broadcast from anywhere at any time,
making information intertwined with our lives more profoundly than before. With this kind of
information revolution libraries need to experiment with mobile technology to support the
information needs of their users. Mobile devices are now able to run increasingly complex software
and allow advanced user interactivity, interact with cloud services, and play rich multimedia
content. New developments in mobile technologies such as Bluetooth, accelerometers, multimedia
and touch screens, as well as text messaging, smart phone software applications, mobile websites,
global positioning systems (GPS), wi-fi, and media creation and capture tools, are all making
mobiles for multipurpose use. This is expanding capabilities of teaching and learning, providing
access to rich multimedia resources and student-centered mobile applications etc. It helps in
businesses by providing access to e-mail, text messaging, access to bank accounts, transport
schedules, weather forecasts, etc. Mobiles keep us connected with family, friends, and coworkers
through social networking applications. The increasing use of mobile technology due to its cost
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effective availability with ease is making knowledge development and dissemination processes
faster.
Libraries can better serve their users by embracing the growing capabilities of mobile
technology. They can provide tremendous flexibility and promote and expand their existing services
by offering mobile access to their websites and online public access catalogs; by supplying on-thego mobile reference services; and by providing mobile access to e-books, journals, video, audio
books, and multimedia content.6 Through the continued adoption of mobile technology, library
services can potentially engage traditionally underserved groups as well. Services and documents
delivery with Mobile devices continued evolution from primarily physical, in-person interaction
with patrons to increasingly virtual, digital, and mobile interaction is changing the relationships
between librarians and their users, creating a unique challenges for libraries. The mobile technology
is shifting the traditional notions of privacy, content ownership, licensing, digital rights
management, and accessibility.
Internet of Things:
According to Daniele Miorandi Internet-of-Things is the extension of Internet into physical entity
to leverage the interconnection of physical and virtual realms, where digital and physical entities can
be linked by deployment of devices with embedded sensing capabilities and making the things
smart to communicate with each other and/or with humans, resulting in cyber physical
infrastructure to make a whole new set of applications and services.
In a nutshell, the biggest benefit of the Internet of Things is that it allows us to connect to the
analog things around uslike machines, plants, animals, our own bodies and so onin a digital
way. Combined with wireless telephony, we create the state of machine telepathy, when one
machine can talk to any other over long distances, unconstrained by wires. Ken thinks that libraries
could play a role by putting the smart into various smart objects, places and services. According to
Ken We have a lot of information that could be very useful to people in a lot of situations.
Connecting our services to Internet of Things systems may be another way to redefine our services
outside the library building, in classes on campus and wherever people need them most. Both the
Internet of Things and Linked Data present major opportunities for libraries to connect their
resources and services to more peopleand thingsin more places than ever before. (OCLC)
Cloud Computing:
The Gartner Group defines cloud computing as a style of computing in which massively
scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using
Internet technologies.ii In various presentations KPMG breaks this into essentially four different
types of cloud computing: infrastructure, platform, applications and services. With cloud computing,
hardware and functionality traditionally installed and run in a local environment is now performed
on the network, in the Internet cloud. In essence, the Internet cloud becomes the development
platform and the operating system to which programmers write reusable, constantly updated
software components that are delivered over the network and that can be embedded or loosely
coupled with other Web applications.
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These improvements can be grouped into three basic areas: technology, data and community.
First would be the possibility of open service oriented architecture. This means if a new service or
technology emerges libraries will not always be dependent on a vendor or other third party to start
taking advantage of these services and technologies. Secondly libraries can get out of the business of
technology and focus on collection building, patron services and innovation. Servers can be
decommissioned and no longer require replacement every five years (or less). Staff no longer has to
maintain the complex software stack necessary to run local systems and worry about compatibility
of the stack during upgrades. Libraries have a somewhat unique opportunity with cloud computing,
to create an online information community network. Such a community is really two communities,
the internal community of libraries collaborating within a single institution and across institutions
and the external community of libraries and information seekers. The value to libraries is the
network effect that coming together in the cloud provides. The cooperative efforts of libraries will
create scale savings and efficiencies, bring wider recognition for libraries, and provide cooperative
intelligence for better decision-making, and provide the platform on which libraries can innovate.
Conclusion:
There are plenty of example on the internet showing the libraries presence on internet and
how it is making difference for their users by allowing them 24/7 access to the library. With the
changing scenario of the users information seeking behavior the libraries understood the need to
change themselves according to the users requirements and hence they are acquiring themselves by
being present on the virtual world to reach to the maximum number of users and increasing the
usage of their libraries and thus increasing the value of library for their users. This article is a little
effort to explain the ways the libraries are adopting for making presence and marking their
significance in todays knowledge society.
References:
1.Bradley, Fiona, (2004). Challenging ideas: Enabling the information commons. Retrieved January
17, 2016, from
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/The_Information_Commons/Problems_and_Legal_Issues
Candela, Leonardo, History, Evolution and Impact of Digital Libraries, in E-publishing and Digital
Libraries, IGI Global, 2011
2.Cote, Denise and others (2012), Academic Libraries in Second Life, Journal of Library
Innovation, 3(1).
3.Definition Repository. Retrieved January 17, 2016, from
http://searchoracle.techtarget.com/definition/repository
4.Internet of things. Retrieved January 17, 2016, from
https://www.oclc.org/publications/nextspace/articles/issue24/librariesandtheinternetofthings.en.html
5.Israel, Odede. 2012. Public Relations Activities in an Academic Library: The Roles of the
Reference Librarian. International Journal of Library Science, 1(2), 38-42.
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Enabling the information commons. Retrieved January 15, 2016, from
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USE AND MANAGEMENT OF E- RESOURCES IN LIBRARIES: A STUDY

Smt. Tanuja Deshmukh | Librarian | Atharva College of Engineering, Malad (W), Muimbai |
tanujadeshmukh@yahoo.co.in
Dr. Anil Kumar Jain | Associate Professor | S.S. in Library and Information Science, Vikram University, Ujjain.|
ajk201164@rediffmail.com
Dr. Deepak Meena | Technical Assistant (Library) | ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology,
Mumbai | meenadeepaklis@yahoo.co.in
Smt. Shweta Ojha | Ph.D. Student | S.S. in Library and Information Science, Vikram University, Ujjain.|
shweta.shrimali@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The primary aim of the library has to facilitate the users with an effective combination of print, nonprint and electronic resources to meet their information requirements thoroughly. It is a fact that the
information resources available in libraries be used systematically and thoroughly where in educate
the users from time to time is an important activity. Out of all, the electronic resources are very
important for information dissemination in contemporary librarianship. Therefore it is required to
have a policy to access, interface, technical support and licensing of e-resources. The growth of
electronic resources is also in multifold. The policies would help the librarians to select such
electronic resources that would be easily accessible and have no licensing problems etc.
Keywords: Electronic resources, Digital resources, E-journals, Open access resources
Introduction
The electronic resources are available in different formats and each format may require different
infrastructure to tap the information from them. The planning processes of electronic resources
encompass policy making, budgeting and staffing. In electronic resources, the librarians have to go
for setting up trails, license negotiations, authentication, trouble shooting, evaluation and renewal.
The work flow of electronic resources starts from making of the resources available for users to
renewal or cancellation of their sources. To make use of the electronic resources thoroughly, the
communication technology should also be applied accordingly. Therefore, a kind of awareness on
latest communication technologies is necessary to library professionals.
Features of Electronic Resources
(a) High compact storage;
(b) Ease of reproduction, multiplication, manipulation and transmutation;
(c) Contents can be very easily detached from its media or container;
(d) Ease of migration of contents from one medium to another;
(e) Ease of resource transmission, communication and storage;
(f) Hypertext and multimedia;
(g) Seamless integration of resources;
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(h) Searches through keywords, free text, Boolean operators, less numbers and natural languages
processing;
(i) Leading to the vision of Multimedia Global Virtual libraries (MGVL).
(j) Convergence of technology.
Advantages of Electronic Resources
Advantages of E-Resources are: Easy to use, ability to read; Budgetary aspects- quick accessibility,
Easy access to back file; Multi-access- quick retrieval, Functional aspects; Content analysisConsortia mode, Interactivity, Hypertext, Virtual reality, Flexibility etc. Some more advantages are
listed below;
i. E-Resources have the facilities like instant, multiple and remote access, quick downloading,
effective searching, easy retrieval, and sharing by networks;
ii. E-Resources are available at minimal cost globally and with unlimited use;
iii. The E-Resources of large volumes can be stored in less space compared to printed resources;
iv. Remote access and transfer of E-Resources is possible with speed and accuracy;
v. E-Resources can be used by the reference librarians to look for information for users quickly;
and the quality of the service can be improved and maintained.
Evaluation of E-Resources
The information available in E-Resources is un-filtered and un-stable, particularly on the Web, so a
kind of evaluation is necessary in acquisition. The following checklist is followed in many libraries;
Contents, Technical requirements, Method of access, Authentication, compatibility, Functionality
and reliability, Search and retrieval, Exporting and downloading, Response, Reliability and
availability, Vendor support, Archiving and post termination rights, Customization, Supply,
Purchase models and Pricing, Number of users and sites, Back-files, Cancellation rights, Data
security and Archiving, Bibliographic data provision, Invoicing, renewals, etc.
Types of E-Resources
Digital resources have slowly and steadily entered into the collection of library and information
centre around the world. The users also prefer to use the digital resources due to the advantages like
searching, browsing, multiple accesses, no time restriction etc. That is why publishers also prefer to
publish their publication in digital format first. Even some digital resources do not have printed
counterpart also, which are popularly known as born- digital form of digital resources. Digital
resources can be classified based on three parameters: creation process, granted access to users and
content of the resources. These three types of e-resources are discussed below.
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E-Resources Based on Creation Process

The creator of the digital resources may be a publisher or institution or individual. Based on the
process of creation of these resources, digital resources can be divided into three categories.
(a) Born-digital
It is the first kind of digital resources is in the born-digital form of which there is no printed
counterpart. These born-digital resources are the items which is created and managed in digitalized
form. Digital photographs captured by digital cameras are the fastest growing forms of born- digital
resource. In addition to government and corporate documents, born-digital resources also include
digital resources of institutional and organizational archives. Another born-digital resource is
dynamic data that includes data sets that are added to over time, time-based, or that include genetic
sequencing or Computer Aided Design (CAD). Dynamic data could be seen in social environments
like Twitter and Face book etc. The other forms of born-digital resources are music CDs, and DVD
etc.
(b) Hybrid
The hybrid resources are recognized as hybrid when they are available in both digital and printed
forms either partly or fully. Different publishers have started producing their publication in both
printed and digital and LICs may opt to collect either one or both versions. It is observed that LICs
are also becoming hybrid one in a phased manner as they are procuring both versions when they are
available.
(c) Converted
The third kind of the digital resources is those resources which are primarily in printed form and
converted into digital form. They may be simply digital images which are converted in full-text
indexing resources by OCR technology. The collection of an LIC might have in-house journals,
yearly reports, technical reports, or any other datasets, that might have enormous importance for
study and research. But accessibility of the resources will make obstacle due to limited access
facility of these printed resources. Digitization is the solution to this problem, as it can facilitate
multiple accesses to these resources.
E-Resources Based on Granted Access
Digital resources can be classified according to the accessibility given to the users. It may be free or
priced one from publisher or aggregators or from other sources. There are two types of digital
resources based on access given to the users.
(a) Open-Access resources
Open-Access resources are those that can be accessed by anyone at any time without restraint.
Anyone can read, download, copy, print, distribute and use them for any lawful purpose, without
financial, legal or technical barriers. These resources are available online, free of charge, and free of
most copyright and licensing restrictions.
(b) Subscription-based resources
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The digital resources for which LICs have to pay the publishers or aggregators or other commercial
vendors to have their access are subscribed digital resources. Most of the digital resources are
available from commercial sources. These sources are publishers, scholarly societies, electronic
journal sites etc. The subscription and access to these resources have become easier as the creation
and the modes of access are developing with the advancement of technology.
E-Resources Based on Content
We get various categories of digital resources when the thought content of the digital resources are
classified. This is divided in three categories: text based, non- text based, and Meta resources. Edatabases, E- conference proceedings, E- journal, E- newspaper,
E-book,
E-thesis
&
Dissertations, E-encyclopedia, E-zine, E-reports, E- dictionary, E-directory, E-newsletter etc.
can be included in text based digital resources.
In the non-text based category we can include animations, audio files, digital images, etc. Computer
graphics, space images, video file, multimedia, etc. while in the third category abstracts, archival
finding aid, bibliography, catalogue, index, etc. can be included. A discussion about some popular
digital resources are given below;
(a) E-book
The term e-book is described as a resource which is available in a digital form. Popularity of
electronic book is growing over the years among the users. E-book as an electronic book, or e-book,
is a portable hardware and software system that can display large quantities of readable textual
information to the user, and that lets the user navigate through this information. But more recently
the word e-book specifically used to describe a text which cannot be read without e-book software
of hardware. Now, two types of e-books have appeared: first one that can be read online and the
second one that require a portable hardware and software system to read it. Downloadable,
dedicated, web-accessible are the three types of digital books, and print-on- demand, downloadable
e-books require no specific device to read. It can be simply downloaded and read from the web.
Dedicated e-book can be read by a kind of reader exclusively designed for e-book reading.
Although e-book has disadvantages like uncomfortable for continuous reading; but advantages like
low cost for multiple copies, instant delivery, portability, search ability and easy to use have made ebook popular digital resources among the users.
Here are the some examples of the free and commercial e-books websites;
Free e-books sites: Some selected freely accessible e-book sites are; Project Gutenberg
<http://www.gutenberg.org>, The Online Books Page http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu, Digital
Book
Index
http://www.digitalbookindex.com,
The
National
Academies
Press
<http://www.nap.edu>.
Commercial e-book sites: Some selected subscription-based e-book sites are; BookLocker
<http://booklocker.com>, Springer Link<http://www.springerlink.com/books>,
Safari Books Online <http://www.safaribooksonline.com>, Taylor & Francis eBookstore
<http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html/splash.asp>,
Questia
<http://www.questia.com>,
eReader.com <http://www.palmdigitalmedia.com/>.
(b) E-journal
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The electronic serial publication which are available online and can be easily accessed using
different technologies can redefined as electronic journals. In 1980s, several electronic journals have
started appearing on CD-ROM. ADONIS is the oldest examples of images of articles in printed
journals were distributed on CD-ROM. Internet based electronic journals started in the beginning of
1990. E-journal may be a commercial or subscription-based or open access one. The commercial ejournal can be accessed from commercial publishers or form aggregators and portals of electronic
journals. Open access journal gives the user to their content which is freely accessible online. Open
access e-journal may be fee-based or no-fee based. In the fee-based type the author has to pay an
amount for publishing and for the second type no fee is charged from the author.
(c) E-database
E-database is information in an organized manner which includes a particular subject or
multidisciplinary subject which can be electronically searched or retrieved. There are two types of
E-database are available: one is full-text database and another is bibliographic database.
EBSCOhost, WilsonWeb, ProQuest, Scopus are some popular e-database publishers. Various
databases of e-resources are; IEL Online, JCCC J-Gate Custom Content for Consortia, ACM
Digital Library, ABI/Inform-Global, Blackwell Journals, Bloomberg, Business Source Premier
(EBSCO), Capitaline 2000, E-Books from Elsevier, Emerald Management Xtra, TIFR Digital
Library Initiative, CSCS Media and Culture Archive.
(d) Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD)
ETD is the theses and dissertations in electronic format that is archived, organized and made
accessible electronically via intranet or internet. ETDs may be a born-digital one or digitized version
of printed theses and dissertations. ETD represents and brings the research output of the researcher
for worldwide retrieval. NDLTD was the first repository of ETD and after that many project on ETD
came into existence. Started in the year 2000, Vidyanidhi <http://www.vidyanidhi.org.in/> is the
first digital archive of doctoral theses in India. INFLIBNET established the Shodhganga
<http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in> project: a repository of doctorate Theses submitted to different
Indian Universities irrespective of subject coverage. It gives the access to Indian theses and
dissertations globally.
Here are the some exampels of the selected ETD repositories in India and outside are; Digital
repository of ETD at IISc, Bangalore <http://etd.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in>, Dyuthi,Cochin
University
of Science and Technology (CUSAT) <http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui>, Networked Digital
Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), <http://www.ndltd.org>,
(e) E-zine
E-zine is the short form of electronic magazine. An e-zine is applied to the small magazines and
newsletters distributed by any electronic method. Some e-zines are electronic versions of existing
print magazines, whereas others are only in digital format. Most of the e-zines are supported by the
advertiser.
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E-zine shares features with blog and online newspapers. Magazines have editors or editorial boards
for review of submissions to control the qualityand to ensure that all the material should be as per
the expectations of the publishers and the readers.
Many publishers are now providing digital titles through online services on subscription basis. Some
of the popular e-zine sites are; Geospatial Today <http://www.geospatialtoday.com>, Planet Earth
<http://www.planetearthindia.com/planet
earth/index.php>,
India
Today
<http://indiatoday.intoday.in>, etc.
The university libraries can include some popular e-zine sites (free or subscribed) by giving links in
their library webpage.
(f) Patents
Many patent issuing authorities are now having their records online. Such as United States patent
documents which can be searched and downloaded for free of cost. Some commercial organizations
like Derwent also provides downloading of full text patent either online or directly to the
subscribers from their website.
(g) Course Material
A web based teaching aids developed to facilitate flexible open learning by the universities and
commercial organizations. Such course material have adopted by many academic institution for their
curriculum. Libraries are contributing to open learning to provide access to course material for the
learners and the teacher. It can be accessed by providing links to courseware sites through subject
gateways or can provide local access after downloading the material. The web based course material
and tools can be found at the website of Ask ERIC, GEM, MERLOT-Multimedia Educational
Resources for Learning and Online Teaching, LESTER-Learning Science & Technology
Repository, CAREO-Campus Alberta Repository of Educational Objects Alexandria.
(h) Subject Gateways
It is an intellectual activity for reference librarians to prepare subject guides. These guides are
prepared by the subject experts or by a subject librarian, after careful evaluation of the sources.
Random surfing of the Internet is an inefficient use of bandwidth and time. Way to gather quality
resources in a particular subject area. Subject gateway provides facility which provides easier access
to the resources (web based) in a defined subject area. These are the catalogues of pre-dominantly
online resources, as well as print resources.
(i) Digital Library and Archives
Traditionally many libraries are functioning like repositories of local information and heritage
documents like manuscripts, rare books, maps, etc. To maintain the Archives or record management,
particularly in business and research organizations. Is a part of LIS profession. Where as in
university libraries, documents which generated in-house like dissertation and theses, research
reports etc represents the institute intellectual strength. Libraries which are providing internet or
intranet access to these resources and developing as digital repositories.
Conclusion
Information is a key resource for academic community for various reasons. Information is now
available in various electronic formats. The growth of electronic resources is significant. The
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technological development provides an opportunity for easy and uninterrupted access of electronic
resources. It is necessary for professionals to attend information literacy programs on the areas of
management of electronic resources. The use of e-resources is very common among the teachers
and researchers they are dependent on e-resources to get the desired and relevant information. But
practical use of e-resources is not up-to the worth in comparison to investments made in acquiring
these resources; secondly infrastructure and training programs should also be revised as per
requirements. It is observed that the availability of e-resources on the campus is almost sufficient for
all the existing disciplines but the infrastructure to use these resources is not adequate and can
hinder the ability to meet the requirements of users. The successful operation of any library depends
to a large extent on the choice of library collections. Many scholarly international e-journals are now
accessible in Indian libraries under consortium mode. Government has been spending sufficient
amount of money to provide access of e -resource to Indian libraries through consortia mode for
their users. So it is essential that every user should be oriented from the latest technologies to
maximize use of e-resources in minimum efforts.
References
1. Maraddi, Krishna and others,Impact and usefulness of e- resources among the post graduate
students of University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Indian Journal of 2Agricultural Library
and Information Services, Vol. 31 (1)/2015, pp 38-43(2015).
2. Nimbhorkar, Sarla P., Impact of e-resources on changing trends in library and librarianship,
Indian Journal of Agricultural Library and Information Services, Vol. 30 (2)/2014, pp 62-65,
(2014).
3. Mani, G. Naga Ratna, E-resources in Agriculture and allied subjects: A study, Indian Journal of
Agricultural Library and Information Services, Vol. 29 (2)/2013, pp 17-24, (2013).
4. Information Resources Management Association. (www.irma-international.org).
5. Library of Congress. (www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/electronicresources.pdf).
6. The University of Chicago Library. (www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/net/types.html).
7. Sharma, Chetan, Use and Impact of E-Resources at Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University
(India): A Case Study, Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship, Vol.10 (1,
Spring 2009), (2009).
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CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN ACADEMIC

LIBRARY SERVICES IN THE 21st CENTURY
S. A. Dhande
Librarian
Vaidyanath College, Parli Vaijanath Dist Beed Maharashtra.
shankardhande07@gmail.com
Cell No.:- 9404152951
Dr. Uddhav Aghav
Librarian(Asso.Prof.)
Sant Sant Janabai Education Societs
Arts, Comm. & Sci. college Gangakhed Dist Parbhani
druddhav2012@gmail.com
Cell No.:-9423170520
Jyoti Magar
Librarian
Mahila Kala Mahavidyalaya, Beed(M.S.)
infojyotimagar@gmail.com
Cell No.:-8390182082
ABSTRACT:
This paper analyzes the librarys integration with cloud computing technology. Cloud computing
plays a very important role in resource development and services for the library. It provides the
sharing of hardware and software on the data storage, data management, it also has the capabilities
with the database resource sharing, unified digital resources, one-stop entrance, a full range of user
interactive services, the expansion of the complex network applications and services for the users
and role of the librarian also cloud based services in the libraries.
KEYWORDS:
Internet, Cloud technology, Virtualization, Information Technology, Social networking, Personal
Digital Assistants.
1. CLOUD COMPUTING:
Cloud Computing is the storing and accessing of applications and computer data often through a
web browser rather than running installed software on your personal computer or office server. It
is internet-based computing whereby information, IT resources, and software applications are
provided to computers and mobile devices on demand. It is the using of the internet to access
web based applications, web services and IT infrastructure as a service A simple example of
cloud computing is Yahoo email, Gmail, or Hotmail etc. All you need is just an internet
connection and you can start sending emails. The server and email management software is all
on the cloud (internet) and is totally managed by the cloud service provider Yahoo, Google etc.
The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy the benefits. (Cloud computing, 2008)
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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Literature plays a very important role in research activities, as it forms the very first step of a
research pursuit. Review of literature happens to be an important segment of the concerned
topic. The literature review should be conducted in a systematic way to achieve optimum results.
In this study an attempt has been made to cover few works which have been undertaken in Saudi
Arabia and abroad (Hussain, 2013).
Espades (2013) discussed as regards cloud computing advantages for offering on demand resources,
there is still the need for certain automation when specific platforms are deployed and scaled over
virtualized environments. This is the case of Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) platforms and their
applications, where over and underutilization of resources occur due lower and higher workload
pikes and because the number of virtual machine instances deployed for scaling applications are
traditionally based on the maximum simultaneous users. In this matter, a tenant based model is
presented to tackle over and underutilization when SaaS platforms are deployed over cloud
computing infrastructures.
Ghosh (2012) attempted to demystify the intricacies involved in cloud computing. Models of cloud
computing and its effective implementation for mid-sized organization is emphasized. Lastly, it has
been attempted to explore how cloud computing can extend Library services for better
sustainability.
Jinga, Zhijiang and Suping 2012) discussed the Community library has been an effective
complement to the large public libraries. But a single community library is always facing some
difficulties in management, costs and resource. Through establishing the community libraries
alliance based on network, those problem can be solved effectively. In this article, the basic
characteristics of cloud computing technology are described, and the component and principle of the
community library alliance based on cloud computing and client-server model are analyzed in detail.
As a relatively new network model, cloud computing has obvious advantage compared with the
common client-server model.
3. ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS:
The cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics.
i.
On-demand self-service:
A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network
storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service provider.
ii.
Broad network access:
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Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that
promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, tablets,
laptops, and workstations).
iii.
Resource pooling:
The providers computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant
model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned
according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the customer
generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may
be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).
Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, and network bandwidth.
iv.
Rapid elasticity:
Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in some cases automatically, to

scale rapidly outward and inward commensurate with demand. To the consumer, the capabilities
available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be appropriated in any quantity
at any time.
v.
Measured service:
Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering
capability1 at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,
processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled,
and reported, providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.
3. CLOUD TYPES:
Cloud computing can be distinct into following two set of models.
A. Deployment Models:
Computing can be classified into 4 types of services model on the basis of location where the
cloud is hosted, these are Public, Private, Hybrid and Community Cloud.
(i)
Public Cloud: Computing infrastructure is hosted at the Vendor/Provider location. The
Client/user has no visibility over the location of the cloud computing infrastructure. The
computing infrastructure is shared between organizations.
(ii)
Private Cloud: Computing architecture is dedicated to the Client/customer and is not
shared with other organisations/clients. They are expensive but are more secure than
Public Clouds. Private clouds may be externally hosted ones as well as in premise hosted
clouds.
(iii)
Hybrid Cloud: Organizations host some critical, secure applications in private clouds
and other not so critical applications are hosted in the public cloud. The combination is
156
known as Hybrid Cloud. Another hybrid cloud is Cloud bursting. It is used to define a
system where the organization uses its own infrastructure for normal usage, but cloud is
used for peak loads.
(iv)
Community Cloud: The Cloud infrastructure is shared between the organizations of the
same of community. For example, all the government agencies in a city can share the
same cloud but not the non-government agencies. All libraries in a city or country
sharing the same cloud
B. Service models:
This is particularly based on type of services that any user can access on a cloud computing
platform.
i. Software as a service (SaaS): In this service model hardware, operating system and other special
purpose software are made available by the service provider to the user over the Internet. It is a
complete operating environment with applications, management and the user interface. In this model
all types of responsibilities are upon on the vendors, client's responsibility is begins and ends with
entering and managing their data. SaaS eliminates customer worries about application servers,
storage, application development and related concerns of Information technology. When a cloud
computing vendor offers software running in the cloud with the use of application on a pay-as-yougo-model, it is referred as SaaS. Some examples of SaaS cloud service providers are: Google Apps
Sales Force.com SQLAzure
ii. Platform as a Service (PaaS): In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing platform
together with hardware, OS, framework, database, and web server and application developer can
develop and run their software solutions on that cloud platform. There will be some restrictions on
the type of software that developers can run. PaaS saves costs by reducing upfront software
licensing and infrastructure costs, and by reducing ongoing operational cost for development, test
and hosting environment. An example of PaaS service is that SalesForce.com opened an API called
the Force API that allowed developers to create applications based on the SalesForce.com
technologies.
iii. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): This is the provisioning of virtual computers, virtual
storage, virtual infrastructure and other hardware accessories where the organization has control
over the operating system, thereby allowing the execution of arbitrary software. In this model the
service provider manages the entire infrastructure and the clients are responsible for all other
deployment. Examples of IaaS service provider include Amazon elastic computer cloud (EC2)
Eucalyptus GoGrid Terremark etc. The above three service models have together known as SPI
model of cloud computing. Many other service models are also there, which are; StaaS (Storage as a
service) IdaaS (Identity as a service) CmaaS(Compliance as a service) and so on.
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5. ROLE OF CLOUD LIBRARIAN:

Dhamdhere (2013) has described the role of the librarian in the 21st centuries that following types of
library work can be expected for librarian.
1. To track member information and transactions
2. To provide Access Pin to students and define validity. (Pin can be auto generated; Validity can be
set in the software)
3. To communicate with the member libraries contributing their resources to cloud for resource
sharing 4. To communicate with the EBooks, Journals publishers& distributors, consortia, database
providers
5. To discuss with faculty members and subject experts, librarians for preparing different packages
for different faculties and classes.
6. To update technological skills
7. To give technological support to member libraries
8. To conduct training and awareness programs for readers
9. To provide interlibrary loan facility
10. To track usage record of cloud resources
11. To develop digital collection
12. To keep record of physical resources too for providing referral service
13. To deal with Cloud resource and players and select the best bargain.
14. To maintain own virtual profile by creating his or her blog or social network profile to interact
with the user. The same platform can be used for providing reference services and educating the
users on cloud resources or how to use the Cloud infrastructure.
15. To use his or her strategic planning and decision making ability at different stages of developing
a Cloud library.
6. CLOUD COMPUTING AND LIBRARIES:
In this technological era, libraries are improved constantly by adopting many new IT technologies.
The theories of conventional libraries have been changed now a day. Introduction of new and
innovative technologies like cloud technology helps libraries to provide better services to the user
community. Though libraries have been using some of cloud computing services for over a decade
like online databases, large union catalogues as cloud applications, the library community can
158
further adopt the concept of cloud computing to strengthen the power of collaboration or
cooperation and to build a major, fused existence on the worldwide network. Following are some
examples of Cloud Libraries:
1. OCLC
2. Library of Congress (LC)
3. Columbia Public Library
4. Exlibris
5. Polaris
6. Scribd
7. Discovery Service
8. Google Docs / Google Scholar
9. Worldcat & 10. Encore
7. APPLICATIONS OF CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES IN LIBRARIES:
A. Website Designing: Libraries can host their own websites with the help of cloud technologies.
The District of Columbia Public Library is using Amazon's EC2 (Elastic Computing Cloud) service
to host their website and it provides libraries with rapid scalability and redundancy.
B. Designing Digital Library: Libraries can build digital library, content management system,
institutional repository, Inter Library Loan (IIL) system and Integrated Library System (ILS) from
locally-managed to vendor-hosted environment, of their own with the help of cloud technology.
C. File Sharing Libraries can use cloud technology like Google Docs to store library documents by
making one Google account and provide service to the user. It collects responses in web forms,
Google Calendar for instruction and meeting rooms, and Google Analytics to collect statistics about
their website, catalogue and blogs.
D. Library Management: Cloud technology can be applied for backing up of media collections and
storing and accessing of bibliographic data. Libraries can also store and maintain much of the same
data hundreds and thousands of times. KOHA open sources software
E. Libraries can build their PC system on cloud: with this technology so that user can
incorporate more simply the system. When the library systems are deployed as open cloud solutions
then the library community itself can step up to create extensions to their core services and more
importantly share them throughout the community using cloud computing
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7.1 Application of Cloud Based Services in Library:

Following types of Cloud base Services can apply librarian for the library work.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Cloud based Video Services (Vinome You tube)

Cloud based File sharing Service (Google drive, Drop box)
Cloud Based Information Collection Services (google forms Survey monkey
Cloud based information management services (Even note Spring Pad)
Cloud based calendar Services ( Google Calendar Doodle)
Cloud Based Online Presentation Services, Preizi, Slide share)
Cloud based Online Document Editing services (Google Drive Zoho docs)
Cloud based Image Editing Services (e.g.PickMonkeyGoogle iPiccy)
8. CONCLUSION:
Cloud computing can transform the way systems are built and services delivered, providing libraries
with an opportunity to extend their impact Cloud computing has become a major topic of discussion
and debate for any organization which relies on technology. Cloud computing is beneficial as it is
flexible, scalable, elastic, pay per usage, economy of scale, cost effective and no maintenance fee for
hardware and software etc. The paper attempted how cloud computing helps in freeing libraries
from managing technology so that they can focus on collection building, improved services and
innovation. Cloud computing encourages libraries and their users to participate in a network and
community of libraries by enabling them to reuse information and socialize around information. The
Cloud computing techniques and methods applied to libraries, not only can improve the quality of
services and utilization of resources, but also can make more extensive use of cloud computing to
our work life.
REFERENCES:
1. Anurodh Kr, Sinha, Kalani Sonali , Biswas Mayukh , Shaw Amit Kr., and Das Subhashis .
slideshare, "Cloud computing applications in libraries." Last modified 2012. Accessed
Accessed March 1, 2013.
2. Arockiam, L., S. Monikandan, and G. Parthasarathy. "Cloud computing: a survey."
International Journal of Internet Computing (IJIC). 1. no. 2 (2011): 26-33.
http://interscience.in/IJIC_Vol1Iss2/paper5.pdf (Accessed March 4, 2013). c)
3. Arora, Deepti, Quraishi, Shabista, Quraishi, Zahira. Application of Cloud Computing In
University Libraries. Pioneer Journal, (2011). Accessed March3, 2013.
http://pioneerjournal.in/conferences/techknowledge/12th-national-conference/3654application-of-cloud-computing-in-universitylibraries.html
4. Bhanti, Prateek, Sushma Lehri, and Kumar Narendra. "Cloud computing: a new paradigm
for data storage in Indian universities." Indian Journal of Computer Science and Engineering
160
(IJCSE). 2. no. 5 (2011): 680-683. http://www.ijcse.com/docs/INDJCSE11-02-05-018.pdf

(Accessed March 1, 2013).
5. Dhamdhere S and Lihitkar Ramdas(2013) Information common and emerging cloud library
technologies International Journal of Library and Information technologies Vol 5 p 410-416
www.academic journals.org./IJLIS
6. Edward M. Corrado and Heather Lea Moulaison . slideshare, "Practical Approaches to Cloud
Computing at YOUR Library Presentation Transcript." Last modified 2011. Accessed
March 2, 2013. http://www.slideshare.net/hlmoulaison/corradomoulaisonlita11final.
7. Gupta, Shivani and Abhishek Kumar Maheshwari, and Lokesh Khurana, Cloud
ComputingVirtualization as a Service. Vision & Quest: Journal of Science, Technology &
management, 3, No.1(2012), pp. 8-14
8. Hussain, Akhtar (2013). Use of Electronic Information Resources and Services among the
Teachers and Students Institute of Engineering & Technology, CCSU, Meerut. Pearl: A
Journal of Library and Information Science.Vol.7 No.1, pp.50-56.
9. Espadas,J et al.(2013). A tenant-based resource allocation model for scaling Softwareas-aService applications over cloud computing infrastructures. Future Generation Computer
Systems. Available at: doi:10.1016/j.future.2011.10.013
10. Ghosh, Saptarshi (2012), How Worthy is Cloud Computing for Libraries.IN:8th
Convention PLANNER-2012, Sikkim University, Gangtok, March 01-03, 2012,
INFLIBNET Centre, Ahmedabad.
11. Jinga,Yang;Zhijiang,Liao and Suping,Ye.(2012). The Community Library Anniance Based
on Cloud Computing.Procedia Engineering.Vol.29 No.5,pp.2804-2808.
12. Mishan S. Alotaibi (2013) Utilizations of cloud computing in library and information
centers: a theoretical study International Journal of Digital Library Services ISSN: 22501142) Vol 3 dec 2013 p. 83-93.
161
Cloud Computing
Prof. Narendra Thakare
M. S. P. College, Manora
Dist - Washim.
Mob. No. 9421746757
Abstract :
Cloud computing has brought us a new perspective to look at the current resource sharing problem,
cloud computing can be applied to digital library resources to improve information sharing
capabilities, improve resource utilization. The libraries have been automated, networked, and now
moving towards paper less or virtual libraries. In this paper overviews the basic concept of newly
develop area known as cloud computing.
Keywords : Cloud computing; Digital library; Information sharing
Introduction :
Cloud Computing is a new information technology, It offers a new dimension in computing. Cloud
computing is the delivery of computing services over the Internet. Cloud services allow individuals
and business to use software and hardware that are managed by third parties at remote locations.
Cloud computing is not something that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form it may trace back
to a time when computer systems remotely time-shared computing resources and applications. More
currently though, cloud computing refers to the many deferent types of services and applications
being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in many cases, the devices used to access
these services and applications do not require any special applications.
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server to maintain data
and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use application s without
installation and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology
allows for much more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and
bandwidth. The cloud is part of our personal lives The more recent trend towards discovery services
also makes use of the cloud. The cloud is already praying a very important role for research libraries
but its only not now that people are committing to doing their own transactions.
Definition of Cloud Computing :
Cloud Computing is associated with a new paradigm for the provision of computing infrastructure.
This paradigm shifts the location of this infrastructure to the network to reduce the costs associated
with the management of hardware and software resources. The Cloud is drawing the attention from
the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) community.
162
U.S. National Institute of Standards and technology (NIST) stated that Cloud Computing is a model
for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing :
The special five essential characteristics of cloud computing .
On-demand self-service.
Broad Network access.
Resource pooling.
Rapid elasticity.
Measured service.
Types of Cloud :
There are three types of cloud.
Private cloud - Is basically an organization that need more control for their data, then they
get by using a vender hosted services.
Public cloud - Public cloud computing environment are open to use by anyone who wants to
sign up and use them, theses are like to be mixed together on the cloud server, storage
system and network.
Hybrid cloud - A hybrid cloud combine both private and public cloud models.
Model of Cloud Computing:
Storage Model of Cloud Computing.
Service Model of Cloud Computing.
Layers of Cloud Computing Model.
Role of Cloud computing in Libraries :
Cloud Computing is a completely new in technology and it is known as 3 rd revolution after PC and
Internet. Cloud computing is an enhancement of distributed computing, parallel computing, grid
computing and distributed computing, parallel computing, grid computing and distributed databases.
Among these, grid and utility computing are known as predecessors of cloud computing. Cloud
computing has large potential for libraries. Libraries may put more and more content into the loud.
Using cloud computing user would be able to browse a physical shelf of books, CDs or DVDs or
choose to take out an item or scan a bar code into his mobile device. All historical and rare
documents would be scanned into a comprehensive, easily searchable database and would be
163
accessible to any researcher. Many libraries already have online catalogues and share bibliographic
data with OCLC. More frequent online catalogues are linked to consortium that share resources.
Data storage cloud be a main function of libraries, particularly those with digital collections storing
large digital files can stress local server infrastructures. The files need to be backed up, maintained,
and reproduced for patrons. This can strain the data integrity as well as hog bandwidth. Moving
data to the cloud may be a leap of faith for some library professionals. a new technology and on the
surface it is believed that library would have some control over this data or collections. However,
with faster retrieval times for requests and local server space it could improve storage solutions for
libraries. Cloud computing or IT infrastructure that exists remotely, often gives users increased
capacity and less need for updates and maintenance, and has gained wider acceptance among
librarians.
Advantages of Cloud Computing :
Cost Efficiency.
Unlimited storage capacity.
Continuous and convenience availability.
Backup and Recovery.
Software automatically update.
Efficient Recovery.
Transparency .
Representation.
Connect and Converse.
Create and Collaborate.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing :
Possibility of data loss.

Required constant connectivity.
Availability anytime anywhere.
Provision of Budget is essential.
Required technical manpower.
Conclusion :
The Cloud computing techniques and methods applied to digital libraries, not only an improve the
utilization are of resources to address the imbalance in development between regions, but also can
make more extensive use of cloud computing to our work life. The Cooperative effect of Libraries
using the same, share hardware, services and data-rather than hosting hardware and software on
behalf of individual libraries- can result in lowering the total costs of managing library collection
and enhancing the both library users experience and library staff workflows.
164
In information age's library have the opportunity to improve their services with the help of cloud
computing. The cloud computing technology gives various opportunities for everyday users and
Institutions. It can bring several advantages for library and provide them a different future.
References :
1) Aklesh Kumar. Application of Cloud Computing in Libraries: An Overview.
2) Breeding, Marshall (2012). Cloud Computing for Libraries: ALA Tech House.
3) E.Craig, M.Diana and T.Florence,(2009) . Cloud computing an overview, MIS 641, pp.6.
4)Miladen A. Vouk, Cloud Computing- Issues, Research an Implementation, Information Technical
Interfaces, June, 2008.
5) Reddy, T. Ragunatha. Digital Era: Utilize of Cloud Computing Technology in Digital Library.
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Cloud Computing and its Applications in Libraries
Tanaji Kamble
LIBRARIAN
DRK College of Commerce, Kolhapur
Maharashtra
tanajikamble7@gmail.com
8087034382, 231-2644454
Abstract
Cloud computing is a paradigm shift of computing and information technology to a new
phase of platform to cater the clients more sophisticated manner and also more cost effective
manner from a common pool of service providers platforms. Cloud computing technology
continues to grow at a rapid rate with new applications and architecture. It is used to practice
of storing, accessing and sharing data, applications and computing power in cyberspace. This
technological development has brought a dramatic change in every field and libraries are not
exception to it. Libraries have also started adopting this technology as cost effective tool
which involves delivering hosted service over the web. Budgetary provision for building
collection development and procurement of computing resources and peripherals have been
reducing gradually, so cloud computing is the best option for the libraries to solve the above
mention problem. This paper aims to demonstrate and elaborate various aspects of cloud
computing, its uses in the field of library and information centers. This paper also tries to
give clear idea that how cloud technology help libraries to provide a better service to the user
community.
Introduction
Cloud computing is process that provides services on virtual machines that are allocated on
the top of large physical machine pool. In cloud computing the information is permanently
stored on the internet server and it can be cached by the users temporarily. The name cloud
computing has probably evolved from the clouds image which is used to represent the
Internet or any large network environment. Nobody really cares much about what is in the
cloud? Or what happens there? The only thing of concern is that the data sending and
receiving from it can be done reliably.
Cloud computing can be related to higher level abstraction of the cloud. Services have now
taken over from the usual data pipes, routers and servers. The basic hardware and software
are still the integral part but the high level service capabilities are available to build the
application. In the background of these services are the data and the resources. The users
main concern is not how the technology is implemented or what things used to manage this
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technology but the only concern is that how he can access it and what level of security is
necessary to meet requirements. The cloud application is created using resources from more
than one service and from more than one location. An application can be built using the
resource from multiple services potentially and from multiple locations. To access the
service you ought to know the end point, despite of the cloud providing you the available
resource.
Concept of Cloud Computing
We are familiar with our daily basic needs like water and electricity etc. We get water and
electricity supply every day but many of us dont know the location of the source of water
supply or technically unknown about haw electricity is generated and where the electric
power supply station or atomic energy plant is located? In the same way the concept of cloud
computing is analogous to water and electricity.
Cloud computing provides various services like computation, software, data access and
storage, services etc which do not need the knowledge of physical location and configuration
of the system responsible for providing these services to the end users.
Meaning and Definition
Gmail, Facebook, Twitter and Blog is in the cloud, even remotely hosted Integrated Library
System (ILS) are also in the cloud. Simply put, cloud computing offers access to computing
power over the Internet. Cloud computing is not a single service but it is an aggregated of
Internet based services encompassing any subscription-based or pay per use service that in
real time over the internet extends ITs existing capabilities.
Definition
The Gartner Grouped defines cloud computing as a style of computing in which massively
scalable and elastic IT enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers
using internet technologies.
U. S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines is cloud computing is
a model for enabling convenient on demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources e. g. networks, servers, storage, applications and services that can be
rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management efforts to service provider
interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential
characteristics, three services models and four deployment models.
Cloud Computing can be defined as A model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, ondemand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g.,
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.
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Cloud Services Models

Software as a Service (SaaS)
The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface
such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). The user does not manage or control the
underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or
even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user specific
application configuration settings.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
PaaS provides an application platform, or middleware, as a service on which developers can
build and deploy custom applications. Common solutions provided in this tier range from
APIs and tools to database and business process management systems to security integration,
allowing developers to build applications and run them on the infrastructure that the cloud
vendor owns and maintains.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
It is the capability provided to the user to enable processing, storage, networks, and other
fundamental computing resources where the user is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems and applications. The user does not manage
or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems,
storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking
components.
Applications of cloud computing in Libraries
1.
In Searching Library Data: OCLC is one of example of cloud computing for

sharing libraries data. For instance OCLC World Cat services is one of the popular
service for searching library data now is available on the cloud.
2.
In File Storage: Data storage cloud be a main function of libraries, particularly those
with digital collections storing large digital files can stress local server infrastructure.
The files need to be backed up, maintained and reproduced for patrons. This can
strain the data integrity as well a hog bandwidth. Moving data to the cloud may be a
leap of faith for some library professional.
3.
In Scholarly Contents Searching: Knimbus is cloud based research platform

facilities to discover and share scholarly content. Knimbus stand for Knowledge
Cloud which is dedicated to knowledge discovery and collaborative space for
researchers and scholars. Knimbus was started its journey in 2010 by the
entrepreneurs Rahul Agarwalla and Tarun Arora to address challenges faced by
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researchers in searching across and accessing multiple information sources. Knimbus

is currently used in over 600 academic institutions and R & D labs by scholars,
researchers and scientists as well as over 50,000 researchers. Knimbus is a
collaborative platform for researchers to discover and share knowledge with peers
and facilities to find and access millions of journal articles, patents and e-books, for
the user tagging, sharing and discussing of these contents with their peers. At present,
Knimbus proposed a free offer to get registered to empower the libraries for dynamic
searching and also for single point search interface, maximizes the usage of all eresources, customized search across selected sources reduces noise and highlights
relevant content and tools to support the complete research lifecycle. Currently
Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre has been incorporated
Knimbus cloud service into its UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium in order
to search and retrieve scholarly contents attached therein.
4.
Website Hosting: Website hosting is one of the earliest adoptions of cloud

computing as many organization including libraries preferred to host their website on
third party service providers rather than hosting and maintaining their own servers
Google Sites serves as an example of a service for hosting websites outside of the
librarys servers and allowing for multiple editors to access the site from varied
locations.
5.
Building Digital Library/Repositories: In the present situation, every library needs

a digital library to make their resources, information and services at an efficient level
to ensure access via the network. Therefore, every library is a digital library that
developed by using any digital library software. In connection to cloud based digital
library software, Duraspace is having two softwares namely Dspace and Fedora
Commons but Dspace is widely used for building digital libraries/repositories relative
to Fedora Commons. Dura cloud provides complete solutions for developing digital
libraries/repositories with standard interface and open source codes for the both
software.
6.
Library Automation: For library automation purpose, Polaris provides variant cloud
based services such as acquisitions, cataloguing, process system, digital contents and
provision for inclusion of cutting edge technologies used in libraries and also
supports various standards such as MARC21, XML, Z39.50, Unicodes and so on
which directly related to library and information science area. Apart from this, now
days many of the software vendors such as Ex-Libris, OSS labs are also offering this
services on the cloud and third party services offering hosting of this service on the
cloud to save libraries from investing in hardware for this purpose. Besides costbenefit, the libraries will be free from talking maintenance viz. software updates,
backup and so on.
169
Role of Cloud computing in libraries:

Cloud computing is a completely new in technology and it is known as 3 rd
revolution after PC and Internet. Cloud computing is an enhancement of distributed
computing, parallel computing, grid computing and distributed databases. Among
these, grid and utility computing are known as predecessors of cloud computing.
Cloud computing has large potential for libraries. Libraries may put more and more
content into the loud. Using cloud computing user would be able to browse a physical
shelf of books, CDs or DVDs or choose to take out an item or scan a bar code into his
mobile device. All historical and rare documents would be scanned into a
comprehensive, easily searchable database and would be accessible to any researcher.
Many libraries already have online catalogues and share bibliographic data with
OCLC. More frequent online catalogues are linked to consortium that share
resources.
Data storage cloud be a main function of libraries, particularly those with digital
collections storing large digital files can stress local server infrastructures. The files
need to be backed up, maintained, and reproduced for patrons. This can strain the
data integrity as well as hog bandwidth. Moving data to the cloud may be a leap of
faith for some library professionals. Its a new technology and on the surface it is
believed that library would have some control over this data or collections. However,
with faster retrieval times for patrons requests and local server space it could
improve storage solutions for libraries. Cloud computing or IT infrastructure that
exists remotely , often gives users increased capacity and less need for updates and
maintenance , and has gained wider acceptance among librarians.
Advantages of Cloud computing in libraries:
1.
Cost saving
2.
Flexibility and innovation
3.
User centric
4.
Openness
5.
Transparency
6.
Interoperability
7.
Representation
8.
Availability anytime anywhere
170
9.
Connect and Converse
10.
Create and collaborate
Examples of Cloud libraries:

1.
OCLC
2.
Library of Congress (LC)
3.
Exlibris
4.
Polaris
5.
Scribd
6.
Discovery Service
7.
Google Docs / Google Scholar
8.
Worldcat
9.
Encore
Conclusion:
Cloud computing builds on decades of research in virtualization, distributed computing,
utility computing, more recently networking, and web software services. It implies a service
oriented architecture, reduced information technology overhead forth end-user, great flexibility,
reduced total cost of ownership, on demand services and many other things. In today's global
competitive market, companies must innovate and get the most from its resources to succeed. Cloud
computing infrastructures are next generation platforms that can provide tremendous value to
companies of any size. They can help companies achieve more efficient use of their IT hardware and
software investments and provide a means to accelerate the adoption of innovations.
Cloud computing increases profitability by improving resource utilization. Costs are driven
down by delivering appropriate resources only for the time those resources are needed. Cloud
computing has enabled teams and organizations to streamline lengthy procurement processes.
Cloud computing enables innovation by alleviating the need of innovators to find resources
to develop, test and make their innovations available to the user community. Innovators are free to
focus on the innovation rather than the logistics of finding and managing resources that enable the
innovation.
171
References:
1. Cloud Computing MLADEN .A.VOUK -Issues, Research and Implementations, Information
Technical Interfaces, June 2008.
2.SME Survey on Cloud Computing Cloud Computing Information Assuranec Framework.
3.McKinsey & Co. Report presented at Uptime Institute Symposium pril 18, 2009. Clearing the Air
on Cloud Computing.
http://uptimeinstitute.org/content/view/353/319;
http://images.cxotoday.com/cxoimages/storyimages/matter101157.pdf (accessed November 27,
2009)
4. Clash of the Clouds. The Economist October 15, 2009.
http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14637206 (accessed November 15, 2009).
5. Microsoft Sidekick users lose data.
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/microsoft/6316609/MicrosoftSidekick-users-lose-data.html
(accessed November 28, 2009)
6. Farber, R. Cloud Computing: Pie in the Sky? ScientificComputing.com, November/December
2009
7. Davies, K. Amylin, Amazon, and the Cloud. Bio IT World, November/December 2009, pp. 35, 42
172
Cloud computing in Libraries: Issues and concerns

Nandkishor Motewar
Librarian,
KhareDhereBhosalecollege,
Guhagar, Dist.Ratnagiri. Maharashtra.
motewar.nandkishor@gmail.com
Abstract : Cloud computing brings several benefits for libraries and gives them a different future. It
results in lowering the total costs of managing library collections and enhancing the library users
experience and library staff workflows. This article defines cloud computing and discusses how
cloud computing solutions could be beneficial to libraries.
Keywords : Cloud computing, Cloud outsourcing, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS
Introduction: Cloud computing is a model for delivering information technology services in which
resources are retrieved from the internet through web-based tools and applications, rather than a
direct connection to a server. Data and software packages are stored in servers. However, cloud
computing structure allows access to information as long as an electronic device has access to the
web. Cloud computing promises to cut operational and capital costs and more importantly, let the
Libraries focus on strategic projects instead of managing ICT infrastructure. The beauty of cloud
computing is that another company hosts your application. This means that the service provider
company handle the costs of the servers, electricity to run & cool it and manage the software
updates etc. depending on how the contract is drafted. It is convenient for the remote workers, who
simply log in and use their applications wherever they are.
The NIST definition of cloud computing:
Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and
services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service
provider interaction. This cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service
models, and four deployment models
Five Essential characteristics: On demand self-service, Broad Network access,Location independent
resource pooling,Rapid elasticity and Measured service.
Four deployment model: This refers to the location and management of the cloud's infrastructure.
Deployment models are of four type's viz. public, private, hybrid and community.
Service Models:
Software as a service (SaaS) is the model in which all the required softwares inducing system
software and an application software is hosted as a service to customers who access it via the
Internet. SaaS provides network based access to commercially available software. Sincethe
173
software is managed at a central location, customers can access their applications wherever they
have web access.
Platform as a service PaaS is another application delivery model. PaaS supplies all the resources
required to build applications and services completely from the Internet, without having to
download or install software.PaaS allows users to create software applications using tools supplied
by the provider. PaaS services are generally paid for on a subscription basis with clients ultimately
paying just for what they use. Some of the major cloud computing (PaaS) vendorsareAmezon
Elastic Beanstalk, Google Apps engine, Cloud foundry, Microsoft Azure etc.
Infrastructure as a service IaaS simply offers the hardware so that your organization can put
whatever they want onto it. Rather than purchase servers, software, racks and having to pay for the
datacenter space for them, the service provider rents those resources. Under concept of IaaS
customer rent the resources such as- Server space, Network equipment, memory, CPU cycles,
Storage space etc. Resources are typically billed based on a utility computing basis, so providers
charge by how many resources are consumed. Some popular vendors of IaaS are Amazon web
services, Linode, Rackspace, Dura cloud etc.
Following are few popular cloud based Integrated Library systems (ILS):
OCLCs WorldShare Management Services are an integrated suite of cloud-based library
management and discovery applications packaged together to give librarians a comprehensive and
cost-effective way to manage library workflows and to improve access to library collections and
services. The applications include acquisitions, circulation, license management, metadata
management, interlibrary loan, analytics and discovery.
LibLimeKoha represents one of the more innovative technology platforms available to libraries
today, bringing new realities of open access, interoperability, and rapid, flexible development.
Libraries and consortia of all types and sizes deploy these solutions with confidence. LibLime
support couples the concept of open source with the security of outstanding customer service
relieving libraries of the need to have expensive technical resources on staff.Hosted in LibLime's
distributed cloud computing data center, hundreds of libraries are able to alleviate their internal IT
support needs. No software installed on desktops and no servers required in the libraries.In keeping
with open source tradition, library-sponsored enhancements to LibLimeKoha are available for others
to use. LibLime makes sponsored development available at the request of, and on the behalf of, the
sponsoring libraries.
Ex Libris Alma Recognizing libraries present and future needs, and in collaboration with diverse
global partners, Ex Libris has developed its next generation library management service. Ex Libris
Alma is a true unified solution that supports the entire suite of library operationsselection,
acquisition, metadata management, digitization, and fulfillmentfor the full spectrum of library
materials, regardless of format or location. As a next-generation platform, Alma offers significant
benefits over todays systems. Deployed as a cloud-based solution, Alma allows libraries to
174
eliminate hardware and maintenance investments. The entire Alma interface is served via a web
browser. In addition to removing the need to manage and maintain local servers, Alma frees system
administration staff from the need to install and maintain clients on local PCs. This frees up
technical staff for other high-priority projects
LIBSYS7
LIBSYS7 (LS Premia) a Web based solution, it provides platform independence. LIBSYS7 is a
product aiming most convenient and pleasing library experience through its value added features.
Following are few examples of Cloud based applications and service providers.
Sr. No.
1
2
3
Cloud based applications and service

Citation Management system
Content Management software
ILS Integrated Library software
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Mailing service/Email hosting

Library Forums
Social Networking
Information collection
Hosting of Institutional repositories
Audio, Video
Storage
11
Software applications
Popular service provider

Zotero, Mendelay
Drupal, Joomla, Wordpress
KOHA by Liblime, Ex-Libries-Alma,
OCLCs WorldShare Management system,
Evergreen etc.
Yahoomail, Gmail, Rediffmail,Zoho
ILOSC, NMLIS, LIS forum, LIS Link
Facebook, Twitter, Linked in
Survey Monkey, Google forms
Eprints
Youtube
Dropbox, Rackspace, Duracloud, Google
drive
Microsoft office 365, Google calander
Pros of Cloud computing

Global accessibility: Access to Libraryresources and tools from multiple locations and
different devices for different activities.The cloud services make it possible to provide
multiple points of access without necessarily requiring multiple client or app installations.
The user can share the files easily by providing hyperlinks/URLS
The customer or user can access same information from any kind of device computer, tablet,
or smartphone.
Automatic application updates and patch management
The customer can increase or decrease services depending on the need
Compatibility: All users will have the same version of software.
Dynamic scaling
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Backups of backups: The customer data is always stored off-site and is redundantly copied
to other servers in different locations. If one goes down, the data can be retrieved from
elsewhere on the backup network.
More timely access to the latest IT functionality.
Decreased need for in-house technical expertise, cost savings
Opportunities for easier, faster and cheaper resource sharing
Cons of Cloud Computing

During the downtime user unable to access the online files
The security of data and files is in another companys control so it is difficult maintain
secrecy.
Cost involved for every additional step
If the Cloud host has their own proprietary software or formats for storing information then it
is difficult to move from one host to another.
Some cloud hosts do not have a good history of customer support
Companies sometimes get bought out or go under. The customer needs a backup plan.
Conclusion:
Cloud is one of the solutions to enhance the modern Library system with cost effective strategy.
Cloud computing seems to offer some incredible benefits for the Library planners the availability of
a software applications, quick processing, unlimited storage, and the ability to easily share and
process information. All of this is available through the Internet browser by24*7.To achieve the
desired efficiencies requires re-engineering of local processes. Moves to the cloud are not without
challenges. Still early days for many libraries. Moving applications to the cloud may raise concerns
about decreased control, Safety and security of data, Budget, Secrecy etc. Strategically drafted
contracts with the vendors would be a better solution for the successful implementation of Cloud
computing technology in the Libraries.
References:
1. Bansode, S. Y., & Pujar, S. M. (2012). Cloud computing and libraries. DESIDOC Journal of
Library and Information Technology, 32(6), 506512.
2. Corrado, E. M., & Moulaison, H. L. (2012). The Library Cloud. Library Journal, 137(2011), 49
51. Retrieved from
http://ezproxy.mckendree.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eh
h&AN=71940731&site=ehost-live&scope=site
3. Hp, S., & Muttayya, K. (2014). Cloud Computing Services In Libraries: An Overview. In 9th
Convention Planner-2014 (pp. 296301). Dilbrugarh,Assam: INFLIBNET centre,Gandhinagar.
4. Kaushik, A., Kumar, A., Rajasthan, K.-, & Ambala, M.-. (2013). Application of Cloud
Computing in Libraries. Internatioal Journal of Information Dissemination and Tehcnology, 3(4),
270273.
176
5. Kumar, D. a S. A., & Mandal, S. (2013). Development of cloud computing in integrated library
management and retrieval system. International Journal of Library Information Science, 5(10), 394
400. doi:10.5897/IJLIS2013.0367
6. Malpas, C. (2011). Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: Managing Print in the Mass-digitized
Library Environment. OCLC Research. Dublin,Ohio: OCLC Research. Retrieved from
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf
7. Markus, B., Stefanie, L., & Dhristoph, R. (2011). Cloud computing - Outsourcing 2.0 or a new
Business Model for IT Provisioning. Application Management. doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6492-2
8. Paletta, F. C., & Paulo, S. (2014). Cloud Computing and Information Technology Governance
Supporting the Digital Library Strategy, (July), 120.
9. Parvathi, R., & Kommineni, M. (2013). RISK ANALYSIS FOR EXPLORING THE
OPPORTUNITIES IN CLOUD OUTSOURCING. Blekinge Institute of
Technology,Karlskrona,Sweden.
10.Yuvaraj, M. (2013). Cloud Computing Applications in Indian Central University libraries: A
study of librarians use. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal), (992). Retrieved from
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/992/
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CLOUD COMPUTING AND ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: WINDS OF CHANGE

Pankaj Chiplunkar
Librarian, Oriental College of Commerce and Management, Andheri, 400102 Maharashtra.
Email ID pankajc22@gmail.com Mo. 9763333564
Rajesh Lule
Librarian, NKT College, Thane, Maharashtra.
E-mail ID - rblule7298@gmail.com Mo.9769897617
Abstract
Cloud computing is a new technology model for IT services which many businesses and
Organizations are adopting. It allows them to avoid locally hosting multiple servers and equipment
and constantly dealing with hardware failure, software installs, upgrades and compatibility issues.
For many organizations, cloud computing can simplify processes and save time and money. It also
discusses how cloud computing solutions could be beneficial to libraries in three basic areas:
technology, data and community. Latest technological development has brought a dramatic change
in every field. Information technology impacted positively on overall library system. The libraries
have been automated, networked and now a days moving towards paperless or virtual libraries. The
library professionals are making themselves capable to face the challenges to accruing the
knowledge of new technology. In this paper the author have tried to explain the emerge the concept
of cloud computing and its features and some tips regarding the implication.
Keywords
Cloud Computing, Academic Libraries, Infrastructure services, Platform as a Services, Software as a
Services,
Meaning and definition
1) Stroh et al - Cloud Computing is nothing more than the collection of computing software and
services that can be accessed via the Internet rather than residing on a desktop or internal server.
2) Blokdijk & Menken - The origins of the term Cloud can be traced to the concealing nature of
this technologys framework; the system works for users yet they really have no idea the inherent
complexities that the system utilizes. The means of communication between client and cloud have
been termed middleware and depend very much on formation of images of virtual machines
3) Andrew - The Cloud element of Cloud Computing can be seen as an acronym that stands for CComputing resources, L- that is Location independent, O- can be accessed via Online means, Uused as an Utility & D- is available on Demand.
4) Wang & Huang N.G. - libraries have stepped and are increasingly stepping into the realm of
digital librarianship as well as platforms that extend ITs existing capabilities, and this extensively
depends on using the cloud.
5) WTO, N.D. - Demand for cloud computing services in India is growing along with supply and
Indian firms in numerous industries are adopting cloud services
6) Berry & Reisman - The term cloud computing describes how people access and manage digital
information Martin, Snowden & West most cloud computing applications and infrastructure are
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built with the assumption that users will access them from the Internet, on multiple platforms and
from anywhere in the world.
7) Liu & Caidriven - This new technology trend and the benefits of cloud computing, an increasing
number of libraries are shifting their key applications and services to the cloud.
What is Cloud Computing? 5
- It's virtual - Imagine racks of servers, humming along in a data center. Together, these servers
become a massive pool of resources. Divide this "pool" into multiple virtual servers, and you
create a "cloud."
- It can be secure - For the utmost security, create a private cloud on dedicated hardware. But
always remember to put appropriate security measures in place, no matter which cloud you
choose.
- It's flexible and scalable - Since virtual servers aren't physical, they are super flexible, giving you
what you need at the moment. Spin up a server in minutes, and take it down just as easily.
- It can be affordable - You'll get the greatest cost savings in the public cloud, where your virtual
servers run on physical servers that you share with other customers.
- It's open (or closed) - In the open cloud, you can easily move your cloud around-without being
locked into one provider or a closed, proprietary technology.
- It can be secure and affordable - A hybrid cloud gives you the benefits of both public and private
clouds. For example, you can put public-facing components in a public cloud, while storing
customer-sensitive data in a private cloud.
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Cloud Computing Architecture 14

1) Software as a service (SaaS) - The software-as-a-service (SaaS) service-model incorporates the
cloud provider installing and maintaining software within the cloud and users operating the software
from their cloud clients over the Internet (or Intranet). The users client devices do not need
installation of any application-specific software, meaning all cloud applications run on the server in
the cloud. SaaS is scalable and server system admin may load the applications on a number of
servers. For the user or enterprise, SaaS is normally charged as a monthly or annual fee.
2) Development as a service (DaaS) - Development as a service is usually web-based, collectively
pooled development tools. This is comparable to locally installed development tools in the
traditional (non-cloud computing) provisioning of development tools.
3) Platform as a service (PaaS) - Platform as a service is cloud computing service which offers the
users with application platforms and databases as a service. This is comparable to middleware in the
traditional (non-cloud computing) provisioning of application platforms and databases.
4) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) - Infrastructure as a service is vitalizing all the physical
hardware (all servers, networks, storage and system management). This is comparable to
infrastructure and hardware in the traditional (non-cloud computing) system operating within the
cloud. Companies pay a fee (monthly or annually) to run virtual servers, networks and storage from
the cloud which will diminish the requirement for a data centre, environment setting and
maintaining hardware at the local level.
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Affect on Libraries 1, 6
1) Cost savings - In an era of shrinking budgets, it gets harder with each passing year to justify the
purchase and maintenance of servers that arent in use almost all the time. Cloud computing offers
price savings due to economies of scale and the fact that youre only paying for the resources you
actually use.
2) Flexibility and innovation - Organizations of all sizes can take more risks when it comes to
creative, innovative technology ideas when the new application will run on someone elses
infrastructure. Libraries dont have to decide between devoting their limited server resources to the
OPACs overflow traffic and a new mobile web application that one of your colleagues wants to
develop. If theyre both hosted in the cloud, the resources devoted to each will shrink and expand as
traffic rises and drops. Furthermore, creating and configuring new virtual server instances is fast and
easy in the cloud. The cloud might be more restricted and rule-bound than traditional IT. He
compares the cloud to public transportation providers such as airlines which rely more on rules and
fixed schedules than privately-owned planes.Broad, general IT skills vs. deep, specialized skills.
Cloud computing increases the pressure on IT professionals to become well-rounded employees
with highly-developed managerial skills. Knowing how to configure and network a server isnt
enough. Systems librarians have to manage complex projects and evaluate competing vendors on a
variety of criteria. Holding vendors accountable is especially important when they manage a
significant chunk of your online data and IT infrastructure. Therefore, as long as cloud security
remains a significant concern, techies may be called upon to help write binding, enforceable
contracts that hold vendors to certain standards with regards to reliability and security of their
services. Furthermore, techies will likely be part of the teams that periodically audit cloud vendors
and ensure theyre performing up to the contracted standards.
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3) Cloud OPAC and Cloud ILS - Over the past year, more and more ILS vendors have started
offering cloud-hosted versions of their products. OCLC joined several other vendors last year when
they began offering a cloud-based ILS tools that complement their existing cataloging tools (e.g.
WorldCat and FirstSearch). As individuals and members of organizations, were already choosing
between desktop applications and cloud applications when it comes to e-mail, RSS, file storage,
word processing and other simple applications. Sooner or later well have to make this choice for
mission-critical enterprise applications too.
4) Private clouds, hybrid clouds and community clouds - Libraries may soon be building and
managing their own data centers. In addition to all the hype and optimism surrounding cloud
computing, there are still significant fears and doubts Industry Challenges points out. In particular,
the major cloud computing vendors havent yet fully addressed concerns about security, privacy and
reliability. These concerns are leading some companies to build their own private or hybrid clouds.
A hybrid cloud is primarily based in a privately-owned and operated data center, but it can shift
some of its traffic and data processing requests to public cloud vendors such as Amazon or
Rackspace on an as needed basis. This hybrid model would let libraries maintain more control over
the applications and data stores that contain sensitive, private information about patrons. Moreover,
libraries can continually adjust and fine-tune the balance between the tight control of a private IT
infrastructure, and the flexibility and savings of cloud-hosted infrastructure. If reliability or security
of one vendor becomes a concern, youre not committed to one company or one model of computing
services. Moreover, if the thought of building and managing your own data center sends chills
down your spine, you might consider a community cloud. As this GovTech article explains, Google
plans to launch a government-only cloud this year to address government concerns about security
and privacy. Just as libraries presently cooperate with one another to buy IT equipment, bandwidth
and the services of IT professionals, libraries may soon cooperate in the building and management
of data centers. Alternately, if enough libraries express interest, a company such as Google,
Amazon, Microsoft or another cloud vendor might create a Library Cloud similar to Googles
Government Cloud. Or, a library vendor with deep IT resources (e.g. OCLC or SirsiDynix) might
build library-centric cloud services on top of cloud infrastructure leased from one of the more
established players.
5) Further Reading - For a high-level, big picture overview of cloud computing and its impact on
culture, read Cloud Culture: The Promise and the Threat at Edge.org. This article builds off The
Second Coming: A Manifesto a fascinating essay by David Gelertner on the near-term future of
computing and digital culture. In Why Should Nonprofits Care about Cloud Computing? on the
TechSoup blog, Anna Jaeger offers a nonprofit perspective, with a focus on the green benefits of
cloud computing. Learn more about cloud computing for your nonprofit or library on TechSoup's
cloud page. This page is a portal that aggregates a wide array of cloud-computing resources,
especially those with relevance to nonprofits and libraries.
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Use of Cloud Computing 4
1) Cloud based Office Application 9

- Built using HTMLCanvas element, it claims to combine the best of Googles online collaboration
features with Microsoft Words high quality formatting.
- Coordinate projects from any part of the world. The project management tool is perfect for fast or
medium-sized projects. No more complicated than shopping on Amazon.
- Manage all your email centrally. Perfect little online collaboration space for your entire team. e.g.
Google Docs, Zoho Docs, Think free, CloudOn
2) Cloud Based Operating System 8
- Operating systems such as Linux are designed to support these requirements so that cloud services
and application services do not have to recreate underlying technologies tailored for each speci"c
deployment.
- Users gain control, predictability, scalability, and security by having critical shared infrastructure
at the operating system level.
- An operating system such as Linux supports important standards that enhance portability and
interoperability across cloud environments. e.g. ZeroPC, JoliCloud, Glide OS, SilveOS, Cloudo
3) Cloud Based Mailing Services 15
- Cloud-based services for common email functions such as spam and virus filtering.
- Encrypting sensitive messages, before the contents of the email leaves the organization.
- The ability to manage a wide variety of mobile platforms at potentially lower cost, the ability to
maintain legacy records management systems, and integration with existing voicemail systems.
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4) Cloud Based Forums 2

- For help with using the forums
- To add a new topic
- Please sign and date your posts by typing four tildes after each of forum entries.
- Discussions about a specific article should take place on its "Talk" page but only if it is about the
content of the article.
- Please read the user conduct policy for talk pages before you create a topic.
5) Cloud based Storing Services 7
- store any kind of file in the service, including photos, video and documents
- Accesses from any of your Windows PCs or mobile devices.
- The service organizes your files by type for you, so it's easy to find what you need.
- - Those apps live in your file system so that you can easily move files from your computer to the
cloud and vice versa by dragging and dropping them into storage.
- it's reliable, easy to use, and a breeze to set up.
- files live in the cloud and you can get to them at any time desktop applications for Mac, Windows
and Linux, Ubuntu, Fedora or compile your own or the iOS, Android, and mobile apps. e.g. One
Drive, Google Drive, Drop Box, Amazon Cloud Drive
6) Cloud based Networking 10
- Using cloud resources to manage an in-house/local network, such as using a SaaS network
management software or anti-virus solution to manage and secure an in-house network.
- Using networking resources entirely from the cloud. For the operations to be performed entirely
over the cloud, the network nodes and equipment must also be cloud based.e.g. Cisco
7) Cloud based Software and application 9
- Productivity may be increased when multiple users can work on the same data simultaneously,
rather than waiting for it to be saved and emailed.
- Time may be saved as information does not need to be re-entered when fields are matched, nor do
users need to install application software upgrades to their computer.
- cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access the
software from cloud clients. Cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform where
the application runs. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud user's
own computers e.g. Blogger, Freashbooks, Facebook,Linkedin
8) Cloud based Calendar Services 11

- Helps you to create, manage and embed an event calendar into your website.
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- No installation and coding experience required

- include mobile device support, Facebook and Twitter sharing, email reminders, public and private
calendars, RSS.
- For easy meeting scheduling with one or many people, inside and outside your business.
- e.g. Brolmo Event Calendar FREE, Free Event Calendar, Interactive calendar,Shiffle,
9) Cloud based File Sharing Services 12
- Individuals can securely access and share sensitive business documents from multiple locations
and devices.
- The data must be protected all the times
- Encrypted Cloud also gives users the additional options to share a file permanently or for a set
amount of time. Timed access gives users the ability to set the sharing time for days, or hours.
10) Cloud based Video and Presentation Services 13
- Share HD presentations, videos, marketing slides and spreadsheets during your online meeting
- Use the in-meeting controls to share and view content, mute or un-mute audio and video, view the
participating members and modify layouts
- Easily scale the shared video to your preferred size
- Send links, questions and other relevant information without affecting the flow of the online
meeting
Some Examples 3
1) OCLCs WorldCat
The first example of this, is now forty years old and pre-dates both the Web and cloud computing.
Other similar union catalogs have existed throughout the world most commonly supported by
national libraries and large union catalogs, such as the National Library of Australia, the Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek in Germany, and Bibsys in Norway. However the advent of the Web has allowed
libraries to extend this original vision in new ways.
2) National Library of Australias (NLA)
It has used the Web to accomplish two tasks. This is done by first combining the collections of
Australian libraries with other important. Australian and international collections and information
sources such a Wikipedia and secondly to open much of this content so the public can tag it, edit it,
collect it and review it.
3) Hathi Trust, OAISTER and Europeana.
The Hathi trust is building a repository of digitized. books and journals from major research libraries
in the United States. OAISTER is a service started by the University of Michigan and now managed
by OCLC which seeks to harvest all the major digital repositories around the world. Europeana is
gathering the digitized collections from Europes galleries, libraries, archives and museums. What
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makes these aggregations and others like them important is their intent to allow their content to be
mashed up into other services and re-used.
4) LibraryThing
LibraryThing is a good example of being able to build recommender services based on the
aggregation of what thousands of people hold in their personal libraries.
Conclusion
Libraries have the opportunity to improve their services. Cloud computing is one avenue for this
move into the future. It can bring several benefits for libraries and give them a different future. The
cooperative effect of libraries using the same, shared hardware, services and data rather than hosting
hardware and software on behalf of individual libraries. Each library builds and maintains a
database, buys equipment and installs and updates the software. Take advantage of current and
rapidly emerging technology to fully participate in the Webs information landscape. Increased
visibility and accessibility of collections. Reduced duplication of effort from networked technical
services and collection Management. Streamlined workflows, optimized to fully benefit from
network participation. Cooperative intelligence and improved service levels enabled by the largescale aggregation of usage data. Make libraries greener by sharing computing power thus reducing
carbon footprints.
References
1) Gosavi Nandakishor, Shinde Seetal, Dhakulkar Bhagyashree. Use of cloud computing in library and
information science field. International journal of Digital library services,2012, 2(3).
2) Judith, Mavodza, The Impact of Cloud Computing on the Future of Academic Libraries Practices and
Services, Proceedings of the IATUL Conferences, 2013 Paper 10.
3) Matt, Goldrner, Winds of Change:Libraries and Cloud Computing, OCLC Online Computer Library Centre,
13p.
4) Yuvraj, Mayank, Cloud Computing Applications in Indian Central University libraries: A study of librarians`
use. Library Philosophy and Practice, 2013 Paper 992.
5) https://www.rackspace.com/cloud/what_is_cloud_computing retrieved on 07/02/2016
6) http://www.techsoupforlibraries.org/blog/what-is-cloud-computing-and-how-will-it-affectlibraries retrieved on 07/02/2016
7) http://www.cnet.com/how-to/onedrive-dropbox-google-drive-and-box-which-cloud-storageservice-is-right-for-you/ retrieved on 08/02/2016
8) http://www.hongkiat.com/blog/free-cloud-os/ retrieved on 08/02/2016
9) http://www.technologyguide.com/feature/cloud-services-roundup-the-most-popular-cloud-officesuites-for-businesses/ retrieved on 08/02/2016
10) https://www.techopedia.com/definition/29854/cloud-networking retrieved on 08/02/2016
11) http://www.hotscripts.com/listing/interactive-calendar/ retrieved on 08/02/2016
186
12) http://www.computerweekly.com/blogs/quocirca-insights/2013/10/sharing-files---is-the-clouds.html retrieved on 08/02/2016

13) https://www.bluejeans.com/video-collaboration/cloud-based-presentation-software retrieved on
08/02/2016
14) http://cloudcomputingnet.com/cloud-computing-architecture/ retrieved on 10/02/2016
15) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_backbone#Email_backbone_infrastructure_and_cloud_
computing retrieved on 10/02/2016
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Use of RFID Technology in Academic Libraries

Tukaram Waghmare
Assistant Librarian
Thakur School of Architecture and Planning B-Block, Thakur Educational Campus,
Shyamnarayan Thakur Marg, Thakur Village Kandivali (East) Mumbai 400101
tukaram.waghmare7@gmail.com
Abstract
Radio Frequency Identification technology is the latest technology to make strong security and
automatic identification surveillance system in the libraries. The goal of the security system should
be to provide a safe and secure facility for library employees, library resources, equipment and
library patrons .RFID is an innovative automated library system for automatic identification
tracking and Security of library materials. RFID technology is helpful in taking inventory, finding
missing items and identifying misfiled items. This paper covers the RFID library components, It's
use in Library Management System , advantages and disadvantages for libraries.
Keywords : RFID, Tag, Academic Libraries, Server, Security System
Introduction:
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of today's most exciting and fastest growing
technologies for increasing efficiencies and improving profitability. RFID is a combination of a
computer chip and a small radio antenna that allows almost any object to "self-identify."Originally
developed for use in World War II, the British used it to identify their planes. The new Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) first appeared in the early 1980s where it was used for: item
tracking and access control applications. These wireless automatic identification data capture
systems allow for non-contact reading or writing of data and are highly effective in manufacturing
and other hostile environments where barcode labels can't survive. Since the 1980s, RFID has
established itself in a wide range of markets including livestock, retail sales, wireless transactions,
courier and logistics, publishing. Harry Stockman define RFID Communication by means of
Reflected Power
Although RFID technology in recent years is getting more and more attention, it is not a new
invention. The history of RFID can be traced back to World War II (1940s). It was used to
distinguish enemy aircraft from our aircraft. People rarely speak of Radio Frequency Identification
in the 40 years since World War II. Until 1991, Texas Instruments Incorporated applied RFID
technology to animal husbandry. In 1999, Massachusetts Institute of Technology began to study
how to benefit wholesalers from Technology. Since then, the range of RFID applications has
become an increasingly widespread. (Mark Roberti, 2002-2011) Radio frequency identification has
been around for decades and its development can be divided into 10-year periods as follows
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Table 1 - the decades of RFID1
Decade
19401950
19501960
19601970
19701980
19801990
19902000
2000-
The Decades of RFID

Event
Radar refined and used, major World War II development
effort. RFID invented in 1948.
Early explorations of RFID technology, laboratory
experiments.
Development of the theory of RFID. Start of applications
field trials.
Explosion of RFID development. Tests of RFID accelerate.
Very early adopter implementations of RFID.
Commercial applications of RFID enter mainstream.
Emergence of standards. RFID widely deployed. RFID
becomes a part of everyday life.
RFID explosion continues
RFID Components
1. RFID Tag
An RFID tag is a tiny radio device that is also referred to as transponder, smart tag, smart label, or
radio barcode. There are two main components present in the RFID tag. Firstly, a small silicon chip
or integrated circuit which contains a unique identification number (ID). Secondly, an antenna that
sends and receives radio waves. The antenna consists of a flat, metallic conductive coil and the chip
which is less than half a millimeter.
2.Readers and Antenna
The second component in a basic RFID system is the interrogator or reader. Technically, reader
units are transceivers (i.e., a combination of transmitter and receiver) and their usual role is to query
a tag and receive data from it. RFID reader converts radio waves from RFID tags into a form that
can be passed to middleware software. An RFID tag reader use antennas to communicate with the
RFID chip. It can read information stored in the RFID tag and also update RFID tag with the new
information. Hence, RFID reader accomplishes two tasks: it receives commands from the
application software and communicates with tags.
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3.Middleware
Both middleware and software applications are required in an RFID environment. Middleware
manages the flow of information between the readers and the backend. In addition to extracting data
from the RFID tags and managing data flow to the backend, middleware perform functions such as
basic filtering and reader integration and control. RFID middleware assist with retrieving data from
readers, filtering data feeds to application software, generating inventory movement notifications,
monitoring tag and reader network performance, capturing history and analyzing tag-read events for
application tuning and optimization.
4.Server
A server may be configured with an RFID system. It is a communication gateway among the various
components. It receives the information from one or more readers and checks the information
against its own database or exchanges information with the circulation database of the library
integrated management system. The server typically includes a transaction database so that the
reports can be produced.
5.Sensor gate
The sensor gate is designed for the detection and reading of information from RFID labels, which
are carried through a door. The gate supplies the media number that shows which books were stolen.
The reader consists of two or three antennas which are parallel to each other. The antennas show a
similar design like the sensor gates used in stores for theft control. The aisle width is 90 cm (35
inches) with two antennas, and 1.8 m (70 inches) with three antennas2
Library RFID Components
An RFID system for library normally consists of RFID tags, a self check-out station, a self-return
system/ book drop system, a staff work station, a tagging/programming station, security gate/s, a
shelf scanner for inventory/digital library assistant, conveyor belts and sorting systems, etc.3
RFID Tag :The tag is paper thin, flexible and approximately 2x 2 in size which allows it to be
placed inconspicuously on the inside cover of each book in a librarys collection. It consists of an
attached antenna and a tiny chip which stores vital bibliographic data including a unique ID number
to identify each item.4
Self check-out station :The Self Check-out station is a computer with a touch screen and a built-in
RFID reader, software for personal identification, document handling and circulation. Considering
the high levels of circulation per day, the staff is always over burdened with the issue and return of
books. With the use of Self Check-out system, the patrons can check out the documents themselves
by following the touch screen menu without taking any assistance from library staff.5
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Book-Drop (Return Station) :The book drop system consists of book drop with screen and receipt
printer. It allow patrons to automatically return the library documents. A reader installed in a book
drop allows reading of the RFID tags as patron drops off the documents. It eliminates the labourintensive steps of check-in and deactivation of the security protection by the library staff. It
automatically checks- in the document, takes them off the patrons library account and reactivates
the security function.6
Security gates :Security gate/ EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) is an anti-theft system used by
libraries. It plays a crucial role in detecting un borrowed or improperly checked-out library
document. Theft detection is an integral feature of the chip within the RFID tag which performs both
the item identification and antitheft function.7
Automated sorting station : Automated sorting station take books from the return station, checks
them in, sorts and distributes the books to multiple bins or areas for re-shelving. Books are reshelved by determining their shelving location in less time with less staff work. Libraries with large
circulation eliminates the check-in and sorting of returned library documents by combining a sorter
with one or more book drop readers. The sorters include conveyers to move materials from the book
return to the sorter.8
Staff work Station :Staff work station is a staff assisted station which is used in a library for
charging and discharging documents, programming of new documents, sorting of documents, etc. It
consists of a reader and a PC. For doing programming/tagging of a new library document with the
help of staff workstation, it is first put on the reader, the accession number of the document is read
with the help of barcode scanner and then the data is downloaded from the library management
system.9
Inventory Control :Inventory and shelf reading can be carried out with a portable reader. The
reader transmits identification number to the server, which in turn sends it to library management
software and response is returned in real time. Alternatively, information may be downloaded with
library management software for inventory control. Shelf Management system makes it easier for
the library staff to locate and identify the documents on the shelves.10
How RFID Works in Academic Libraries
The RFID technology works through flexible, paper-thin RFID tags, which can be placed inside the
cover of each and every document. Complete information about each document is entered into the
Library Management Software. Whenever a user brings a document for issue-return purpose, the
RFID reader from the tag reads the information pertaining to that book and transmits the data into
the software and document is issued in a few seconds without the assistance of the library staff. As
the user takes the document outside the library, the antenna placed at the exit gate automatically
reads the information contained on the RFID tag to verify whether the document is properly issued
or not. In case, it is not issued to the user as per library norms or it is being stolen from the library,
the antenna senses it and gives an instant alert. Thus, it results in successful theft reduction of
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documents. RFID technology is not only being used for circulation purpose in the libraries, it is also
used for stock taking purpose.11
Figure 1 : RFID System Works 12
Figure 2 : Library RFID Management System13
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Use of RFID in Library Management System

1.Book Drops: The Book Drops can be located anywhere, within or outside the library. Possible
remote locations outside the library . This offers unprecedented flexibility and convenience of
returning library items at anytime of the day, even when the library is closed.
2. RFID Transponder or Tagging: It is the most important link in any RFID system. It has the
ability to store information relating to the specific item to which they are attached, rewrite again
without any requirement for contact or line of sight. Data within a tag may provide identification for
an item, proof of ownership, original storage location, loan status and history. RFID tags have been
specifically designed to be affixed into library media, including books, CDs, DVDs and tapes.
3. Counter Station : It's a staff assisted station on services such as loan, return, tagging, sorting
and etc. It is loaded with arming/disarming module, tagging module and sorting module.
Arming/Disarming module allows EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance) bit inside the tag of the
library material to be set/reset so as to trigger/not trigger the alarm of the EAS gate.
4. The Patron self check-out station: It is basically a computer with a touch screen and a built-in
RFID reader, plus special software for personal identification, book and other media handling and
circulation. After identifying the patron with a library ID card, a barcode card, or his personal ID
number (PIN), the patron is asked to choose the next action (check-out of one or several books).
After choosing check-out , the patron puts the book in front of the screen on the RFID reader and the
display will show the book title and its ID number (other optional information can be shown if
desired) which have been checked out.
5. Shelf Management: This solution makes locating and identifying items on the shelves an easy
task for librarians. It comprises basically of a portable scanner and a base station.
The solution is designed to cover three main requirements:
1.Search for individual books requested
2.Inventory check of the whole library stock
3.Search for books which are miss-helved
6. Anti-theft Detection: RFID EAS Gates is the anti-theft part of the Library RFID Management
System using the same RFID tags embedded in the library items. Each lane is able to track items of
about 1 meter and would trigger the alarm system when an un-borrowed item passed through them.
The alarm will sound and lights on the gate will flash as patron passes through with the un-borrowed
library material.14
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ADVANTAGES OF RFID FOR LIBRARIES

1.RFID tags replace both the bar code and traditional security systems and creating a smart
library.
2.Check-out stations can be automated with easy, intuitive interfaces, since several items in a pile
can be grabbed at a time;
3.Book returns can be automated with check-in and database updates completed simultaneously in
the book return chute.
4.Fast and convenient on-the-shelf inventory allows accuracy in collection management;
5.Automatic book sorting.
6.Reduce material handling time.
7.Improve ergonomics of the repetitive tasks of librarians.
8.Improve customer service.
DISADVANTAGES OF RFID FOR LIBRARIES

1. High cost : The major disadvantage of RFID technology is its cost. While the readers and gate
sensors used to read the information typically cost.
2. Accessibility to compromise : It is possible to compromise an RFID system by wrapping the
protected material in two to three layers of ordinary household foil to block the radio signal. It is
also possible to compromise an RFID system by placing two items against one another so that one
tag overlays another. That may cancel out the signals. This requires knowledge of the technology
and careful alignment.
3. Removal of exposed tags : RFID tags are typically affixed to the inside back cover and are
exposed for removal. This means that there would be problems when users become more familiar
with the role of the tags. In Indian libraries, it is a major challenge to keep the tags intact.
4. Exit gate sensor (Reader) problems : While the short-range readers used for circulation charge
and discharge and inventorying appear to read the tags 100 percent of the time, the performance of
the exit gate sensors is more problematic. They always dont read tags at up to twice the distance of
the other readers. There is no library that has done a before and after inventory to determine the loss
rate when RFID is used.
5 .User Privacy Concerns : Privacy concerns associated with item-level tagging is another
significant barrier to library use of RFID tags. The problem with todays library RFID system is that
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the tags contain static information that can be relatively easily read by unauthorized tag readers.
This allows for privacy issues described as tracking
6. Lack of Standard : The tags used by library RFID vendors are not compatible even when they
conform to the same standards because the current standards only seek electronic compatibility
between tags and readers. The pattern of encoding information and the software that processes the
information differs from vendor to vendor; therefore, a change from one vendors system to the
other would require retagging all items or modifying the software.15
Conclusion : Over the last few years RFID has grown dramatically. Librarians started using RFID
to provide more effective and efficient circulation services as well as for security of library
collections. it will speed up the circulation process and the staff can perform other user centric
services. Lots of libraries should not yet implement RFID systems because of their high cost. RFID
technology can be applied best in middle or larger size libraries. In the future, it is expected that this
technology will be adopted also in the book publishing industry, meaning that books are going to be
tagged with RFID labels already before shipping them to libraries. This will make RFID's future in
library management more apparent and positive.
References:
1.Yu,Dai(2011).Implementation of RFID Technology in Library Systems Case Study:
Turku City Library.Bechelors Thesis in Business Information Technology,1-62
2. Kern C (2004). Radio-frequency-identification for security and media
circulation in Libraries. Electro. Lib, 22,317-324.
3. http://www.igcar.gov.in/igc2004/sird/readit2005 . (Access on November 2015)
4. Singh,Neeraj Kumar, MAHAJAN, PREETI (2014). APPLICATION OF RFID TECHNOLOGY
IN LIBRARIES. International Journal of Library and Information Studies,4(2) , 1-9
5. http://www.rfid library.com/shelf.html(Access on November 2015)
6. http://www.rfid-library.com/drop.html(Access on November 2015)
7. http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/16129/1/esentialofrfidinlibrarymanagement-aview.pdf (Access on
November 2015)
8. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6051/2/RFID_SS.pdf (Access on November 2015)
9 . http://www.igcar.gov.in/igc2004/sird/readit2005 . (Access on November 2015)
10. http://roar.u el.ac.uk/1771/1/Awaking%20Stocktaking%20practices.pdf (Access on November
2015)
11. Singh, Neeraj Kumar, MAHAJAN, PREETI (2014). APPLICATION OF RFID
TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES. International Journal of Library and Information Studies,4(2),1-9
12. http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1944/1120/1/69.pdf( Access on November 2015)
13. http://www.rfid-library.com/(Access on November 2015)
14. http://eprints.rclis.org/15253/3/RFID.pdf ( Access on November 2015)
15. Chavan ,Subhash P.(2012,July-Aug). Use of RFID Technology in Libraries. Online International
Interdisciplinary Research Journal, II(IV),235-241
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RFID Technology in Libraries: Advantages & Disadvantages

Bhagyashree Tamhane
Librarian
K.P.B. Hinduja College of Commerce
315, New Charni Road, Mumbai 400 004
Shreebala896@gmail.com
Abstract :
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is the latest technology to be used in library theft detection
systems. Unlike EM (Electro-Mechanical) and RF (Radio Frequency) systems, which have been
used in libraries for decades, RFID-based systems move beyond security to become tracking
systems that combine security with more efficient tracking of materials throughout the library,
including easier and faster charge and discharge, inventorying, and materials handling. Present paper
mainly focuses on advantages and disadvantages of RFID Technology in the Libraries.
Keywords : RFID in Library, Library Services, Theft detection, Preservation of Books.
1. Introduction
RFID is a combination of radio -frequency-based technology and microchip technology. The
information contained on microchips in the tags affixed to library materials is read using radio
frequency technology regardless of item orientation or alignment (i.e., the technology does not
require line-of-sight or a fixed plane to read tags as do traditional theft detection systems) and
distance from the item is not a critical factor except in the case of extra-wide exit gates. The
corridors at the building exit(s) can be as wide as four feet because the tags can be read at a distance
of up to two feet by each of two parallel exit sensors. [The devices used for circulation and
inventorying are usually called "readers" while the ones used at building exits are usually called
"sensors."]
2. Advantages of RFID systems
2.1
Rapid charging/discharging
The use of RFID reduces the amount of time required to perform circulation operations. The most
significant time savings are attributable to the facts that information can be read from RFID tags
much faster than from barcodes and that several items in a stack can be read at the same time. While
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initially unreliable, the anti-collision algorithm that allows an entire stack to be charged or
discharged now appears to be working well.
The other time savings realized by circulation staff are modest unless the RFID tags replace both the
EM security strips or RF tags of older theft detection systems and the barcodes of the automated
library systemi.e., the system is a comprehensive RFID system that combines RFID security and
the tracking of materials throughout the library; or it is a hybrid system that uses EM for security
and RFID for tracking, but handles both simultaneously with a single piece of equipment. [3M has
developed readers that can do both concurrently except for videotapes and audiotapes. These have to
be desensitized and sensitized in a separate operation]. In either case, there can be as much as a 50
percent increase in throughput. The time savings are less for charging than for discharging because
the time required for charging usually is extended by social interaction with patrons.
2.2 Simplified patron self-charging/discharging
For patrons using self-charging, there is a marked improvement because they do not have to
carefully place materials within a designated template and they can charge several items at the same
time.Patron self-discharging shifts that work from staff to patrons. Staff is relieved further
whenreaders are installed in bookdrops.
2.3 High reliability
The readers are highly reliable. Several vendors of RFID library systems claim an almost 100
percent detection rate using RFID tags. Anecdotal evidence suggests that is the case whenever a
reader is within 12 to 14 inches of the tags, but there appears to be no statistical data to support the
claim. There are fewer false alarms than with older technologies once an RFID system is properly
tuned. The libraries contacted that have experience with both EM and RFID security systems, report
a 50 to 75 percent reduction.
Some RFID systems have an interface between the exit sensors and the circulation system to
identify the items moving out of the library. Were a patron to run out of the library and not be
intercepted, the library would at least know what had been stolen. If the patron card also has an
RFID tag, the library will also be able to determine who removed the items without properly
charging them. However, the author has not been able to identify a library that has implemented this
security feature.
Other RFID systems encode the circulation status on the RFID tag. This is done by designating a bit
as the "theft" bit and turning it off at time of charge and on at time of discharge. If the material that
has not been properly charged is taken past the exit sensors, an immediate alarm is triggered.
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Another option is to use both the "theft" bit and the online interface to an automated library system,
the first to signal an immediate alarm and the second to identify what has been taken.
2.4 High-speed inventorying
A unique advantage of RFID systems is their ability to scan books on the shelves without tipping
them out or removing them. A hand-held inventory reader can be moved rapidly across a shelf of
books to read all of the unique identification information. Using wireless technology, it is possible
not only to update the inventory, but also to identify items which are out of proper order.
2.5 Automated materials handling
Another application of RFID technology is automated materials handling. This includes conveyor
and sorting systems that can move library materials and sort them by category into separate bins or
onto separate carts. This significantly reduces the amount of staff time required to ready materials
for re-shelving. Given the high cost of the equipment, this application has not been widely used.
There were approximately 40 systems in use in North America as of the first quarter of 2004.
2.6
Long tag life
Finally, RFID tags last longer than barcodes because nothing comes into contact with them. Most
RFID vendors claim a minimum of 100,000 transactions before a tag may need to be replaced.
2. Disadvantages of RFID Systems
3.1 High cost
The major disadvantage of RFID technology is its cost. While the readers and sensors used to read
the information are comparable in cost to the components of a typical EM or RF theft detection
system, typically $2,500 to $3,500 or more each; a server costing as much as $15,000 may be
required and the tags cost $.60 to $.85 each. It may be some time before the cost of tags comes down
to $.50 or less, the figure which polling of librarians has determined is the key to their serious
consideration of the technology. Gemplus, a European manufacturer of RFID tags, has predicted
that it will bring a $.50 tag to market within two years, but there is considerable skepticism in the
industry.
3.2
Vulnerability to compromise
It is possible to compromise an RFID system by wrapping the protected material in two to three
layers of ordinary household foil to block the radio signal. Clearly, bringing household foil into
Alibrary using RFID would represent premeditated theft, just as bringing a magnet into a
libraryusing EM technology would be.It is also possible to compromise an RFID system by placing
two items against one another so that one tag overlays another. That may cancel out the signals. This
requires knowledge of the technology and careful alignment.
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3.3
Removal of exposed tags
3M, which recommends EM for security and RFID for tracking, argues that EM strips are concealed
in the spines (30 percent of customers) or the gutters (70 percent of customers) of books and are,
therefore, difficult to find and remove; while RFID tags are typically affixed to the inside back cover
and are exposed for removal. The author found no evidence of removal in the libraries he visited,
nor did any of the library administrators contacted by telephone report a problem. That does not
mean that there wont be problems when patrons become more familiar with the role of the tags.
If a library wishes, it can insert the RFID tags in the spines of all except thin books, however, not all
RFID tags are flexible enough. A library can also imprint the RFID tags with its logo and make
them appear to be bookplates, or it can put a printed cover label over each tag.
3.4
Exit sensor problems
While the short-range readers used for circulation charge and discharge and inventorying appear to
read the tags 100 percent of the time, the performance of the exit sensors is more problematic. They
must read tags at up to twice the distance of the other readers. The author knows of no library that
has done a before and after inventory to determine the loss rate when RFID is used for security.
Lacking data, one can only conjecture that the performance of exist sensors is better when the
antennae on the tags are larger.
3.5
Perceived Invasion of Patron Privacy
There is a perception among some that RFID is a threat to patron privacy. That perception is based
on two misconceptions: (1) that the tags contain patron information and (2) that they canbe read
after someone has taken the materials to home or office.The vast majority of the tags installed in
library materials contain only the item ID, usually the same number that previously has been stored
on a barcode. The link between borrower and the borrowed material is maintained in the circulation
module of the automated library system, and is broken when the
material is returned. When additional information is stored on the tag, it consists of information
about the item, including holding location, call number, and rarely author/title.The RFID tags can
only be read from a distance of two feet or less because the tags reflect a signal that comes from a
reader or sensor. It is, therefore, not possible for someone to read tags from the street or an office
building hallway.
3. Conclusion
It is quite clear from the above discussion that an RFID system may be a comprehensive system that
addresses both the security and materials tracking needs of a library. RFID in the library is not a
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threat if best practices guidelines followed religiously, that it speeds up book borrowing and
inventories and frees staff to do more user-service tasks. The technology saves money too and
quickly gives a return on investment.It is important to educate library staff and library users about
RFID technology before implementing a program. It may be good for librarians to watch
developments in RFID until the cost of tags comes down to $.20 or less, the figure which some
librarians have determined is the key to their serious consideration of it.
References:
1. Boss. R. W. (2003). RFID technology for libraries [Monograph].Library Technology Reports.
November-December 2003.
2. Koppel, T. Standards in Libraries: What's Ahead: a guide for Library Professional about the
Library Standards of Today and the Future. 2004.
3. Molnar, D., Wagner, D. A..Privacy and security in library RFID: Issues, practices and
architectures. 2004
4. Sarma, E. S. Weis, S. A., Engels, D.W. RFID systems, security & privacy implications.,White
paper.Cambridge 2002.
5.www.rfid-library.com
6.www.ala.org
7.www.libsys.co.in
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QR Code and Libraries

Sahadeo Taware
Librarian,
Thakur College of Science and Commerce, Kandivli (E), Mumbai
Dr. Balaji Dhakne
Sheshabai Mundhe Mahavidyalay, Gangakhed, Parbhani
Abstract
With the rapid growth of technology, libraries are coming with new dimensions to make their
services more friendly and attractive to their reader. QR codes are a relatively new tool for libraries
to provide service to patron with mobile-accessed devices. QR Code are changing the way of library
and information services and provide that unique bridge between the physical material and the
digital material that librarians are seeking today. The present paper discusses the current
functionalities, benefits and uses of QR Codes in library services field.
Keywords: QR Codes, ICT, 2D Code, camera scanner,
Introduction
QR or Quick Response Code is a type of two-dimensional barcode that can be using smart phone or
dedicated QR reading devices. The code consists of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a
white background that link directly to text emails, websites, phone number and more! QR codes can
hold much more information than a regular barcode. They are referred to as QR because they allow
the contents to be decoded at high speed. QR codes were developed in 1994 by Denso-Wave, a
Toyota subsidiary.
Figure 1 : QR Code for URL http://tcsc.org.in
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What can be encoded into a QR Code?

In its simplest sense a QR Code is an 'image-based hypertext link' that can be used offline any
URL can be encoded into a QR Code so essentially any webpage can be opened automatically as a
result of scanning the barcode. If you want to encourage someone to like your Face book page
have your Face book profile page as the URL. Want your video to go viral encode the URL in
your QR Code. The options are endless.
In addition to website URLs a QR Code can also contain a phone number so when it is scanned it
prompts the user to call a particular number. Similarly you can encode an SMS text message, V-card
data or just plain alphanumeric text. The smartphone or 2D barcode reading device will
automatically know which application to use to open the content embedded within the QR Code.
How are QR codes generated?
Generation of QR code is a simple process. There are many free QR code generators available on
the Internet. This code generator allows different content types, a URL, text, phone number, or SMS
and a choice of sizessmall, medium, large, or extra-large. Creating a code is as simple as choosing
a content type, adding your URL or other data, and clicking the generate button. The QR code is
immediately created and can be copied, saved, or embedded.
Some QR Code generators which are currently available
http://www.qrstuff.com/
http://www.qr-code-generator.com/
http://www.qrcode-monkey.com/
You can use the following file formats when creating a QR Code:
HTML Code
PNG File
Tiff File
SVG
EPS
PNG files work particularly well as they can be resized very easily, meaning that you can easily
scale the QR Code depending on where you want to put it.
How to use the QR Code?
We have seen that how to generate a QR Code. To use the code or to get embedded information
from the code we need three things, those are:
A Camera as a scanner
A QR Code reader application
An internet connection (for linking websites only)
All the above three features are available in a Smartphone or a Tablet computer.
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It works like this:

1. The user opens the QR Code app on his or her phone.
2. The user points the camera at the QR Code and allows it to focus (this
may take up to a few seconds and is usually accompanied by a buzz).
3. Depending on how the app works, the reader either automatically takes
a photo of the code or the user manually takes the photo.
4. The phone decodes the data, executes it and serves it.
Usage of QR Code in general

The most popular commercial use for QR Codes is in the telecommunications industry, where the
increasing adoption of Smartphone seems to be the biggest driver of their popularity. With the
technology of mobile phones constantly evolving, especially in the area of mobile internet access,
QR Codes seem to be an adequate tool to quickly and efficiently communicate URLs to users. This
also allows online media such as magazines, newspapers, business cards, public transport vehicles,
signs, t-shirts or any other medium that can accept the print of a QR Code to be used as carriers for
advertisements for online products.
It becomes a tool for marketing and promoting the products by the companies and manufacturers.
Apart from that QR Codes are found in
Receipts
Televisions Commercials
Electricity Bills
Certificate authentication
How are Libraries using QR Codes?
Many individuals do not know what QR code are, how to use them and potential usage; therefore
librarians need to start looking at this new tool of providing access to services and materials for their
patrons and spend majority of time in educating and marketing QR Codes. Librarians will need to
gather ideas from other libraries and then use a trial and error method to investigate what works for
their particular library and its patrons.
Examples of QR Code uses in libraries include:
1. Library exhibitions that include a QR Code link to songs, videos, web sites, surveys,
contests, etc. or other information that augments the exhibits.
2. Codes in the library stacks/end caps or magazine/journal areas that point to online electronic
holdings of print materials or related subject guides.
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3. Linking to library audio tours for orientations.

4. QR Code with text that loads the librarys text message reference service and other contact
information into the patrons phone.
5. Art shows or permanent art in libraries with a QR Code linking to the artists web sites.
6. Taped to video/DVD cases, linking to mobile-friendly video trailers.
7. Code placed on staff directory pages and research guides that go to mobile friendly sites for
later reference.
8. Face book, LinkedIn, YouTube or other social media connection
9. Journal and publication articles
10. Code placed on audio book cases for author interviews or books for reviews.
11. Library video tutorialsindividual videos or create a QR code to a YouTube playlists of
videos, which create a great mobile home screen app that can be saved for easy access, as
needed.
12. Linking from subject areas in the stacks to related electronic resources.
13. Running brief instruction videos.
14. Connecting to useful websites for further information.
15. Offering contact details for library staff.
16. Putting QR Codes on your print magazine and journals that link to their online counterparts.
17. Placing QR codes in books that link to your catalog's online renewal process.
18. Sharing video tutorials on how to print, use a copies, etc. so that are available in the library.
An initiative like this can make your content and services more discoverable and it places the library
in the position of a technology leader.
Conclusion
QR codes are a simple tool to disseminate content to the hands of a growing mobile user
demographic. A simple QR code strategy for your library is a low-cost and innovative way to
interact with your users and provide them with easy access to library resources on their mobile
device of choice. However, for this to succeed, we need to take care to implement QR codes where
they really make our users lives easier. Blanketing a library with QR codes that provide little value
could backfire, leaving users less apt to try other QR codes. This could result in a lost opportunity
for libraries and campuses to leverage a really useful technology. It's good to keep in mind that QR
codes do not replace print, but they can supplement it in new, unique, and interesting ways.
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References:
1. Garrett, T. (2012). QR Codes & Libraries. Florida Libraries, 55(2), 27-30.
2. Ashford, R. (2010). QR codes and academic libraries: Reaching mobile users. College &
Research Libraries News, 71(10), 526-530.
3. Lamb, A., & Johnson, L. (2013). QR Codes in the School Library: A Dozen Practical Uses.
Teacher Librarian, 40(3), 63-67.
4. Chakraborty, Sharmitha Mitra & Sengupta, Shuvadeep. QR Code and Indian Library
5. Parsons, J. (2010). Quick Response. American Printer, 127(7), 12-15.
6. Ahearn, C. c. (2014). QR CODES. Knowledge Quest, 42(4), 71-75.
7. http://www.whatisaqrcode.co.uk/
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SKILLS REQUIRED FOR TODAYS LIBRARIAN

Rajesh Gore
Librarian, Sant Gadge Maharaj Mahavidyalaya, Loha, Nanded
Sangeeta Kalwale
Former Asst. Librarian, Thakur Institute of Management Studies, Career Development and
Research
Abstract:
This paper focuses on skills required for todays librarian the skills are discussed in this paper which
are required for a successful librarian. A librarian spends more than 60 percent of his/her day
working hours in the library, with users, vendors, colleagues etc. Apart from the professional skills,
a librarian must have effective soft skills like listening, speaking, reading, interpersonal
communication, etc. With the help of these soft skills librarians are able to provide services to the
user in a calm and patient manner. Besides this, librarian is also needed some technical skills such
as knowledge of computer hardware, software, system, knowledge of web etc. These skills help to
solve the technical problems of the users. Librarians must be aware with the new technologies and
how to preserve the document in digitized form. So that they will be able to give the better services
to their users and keep always them satisfied.
Keywords:- Professional skills, Communication skills, New technology, Hardware knowledge,
Digital preservation.
Introduction:Todays librarian having professional degrees in library and information science is not enough
unlike the past. Today, there is demand for librarian having multidimensional aptitude in the areas
of technical work, administrative work etc. There are many skills and abilities that librarian need in
order to succeed. Like any other profession librarians require soft skills & technical skills to carry
their day to day work more effectively. Some soft & technical skills that I think everyone who
works in a library should have are as follows:
1.
Professional skills :The person who wants to be a librarian must get a Master Degree in Library Science. The
MLIS degree provides general preparation for library work. A Ph.D. in library &
information science is advantageous for a college teaching position or a top administrative
job in a college or university library or a large public library system. Education is the key
factor to become a librarian.
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2.
Listening skills:To deal with the different types of users librarian must have good listening skill. By
carefully listening they can identify the exact requirement of the user and accordingly
provide the service.
3. Communication skills:Librarian also requires good communication skills. Command on language will improve the
communication skill and improve the self confidence. It is very important that a librarian should
be able to communicate efficiently with users who come in search of information.
4.
Interpersonal skills:Librarians have to deal with all level of people like management, users, vendors, colleagues
etc. To deal with each one in a rightful manner librarian requires interpersonal skill, which
helps in managing the library and provides better services to everyone. Good relationship
with every one which provides a healthy library environment and will ensure success.
5. Customer service:Here customer means the library user. To satisfy library users need of information is
nothing but it is the customer service. The librarian provides services through CAS, SDI or
other specialized services.
6. Leadership skills:Library management especially the big library is team exercise. Therefore librarians have to
require leadership skill to manage and guiding the team time to time, as every subordinate is
important for carrying out their work efficiently for smooth running of library.
7. Writing and presentation skills:This skill is required in report writing , library committee meetings, preparing budget and
even in daily work.
8. Teaching skills:In many big institution at the beginning of new session user orientation programmes were
held at this time teaching skill is useful for librarians. It also includes motivating reading
habits in users.
9. Basic knowledge of a personal computer:Knowledge of file folder structure, how to save and retrieve documents, how to navigate
between folders, knowledge of different file format, downloading and installing programs,
understanding the system setting, connecting an auxiliary device to a computer such as
printer, scanner etc.
10. Knowledge of web:Todays librarians, apart from the basic catalogue and database searching , have to do so
much on line these days. They need to help patrons teach basic internet skills. They have to
be able to troubleshoot problems users are having accessing online library resources. For
that they have to be able to use search engines well. They must know the usability of web
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and how it applies to library. Reference librarians also provides reference service on line via
e-mail. We cant provide reference service without basic knowledge of internet.
11. Software knowledge:It is necessary for every librarian to have the software knowledge, anti-virus software,
personal firewall software-ftp,telnet,HTML editors. Librarian have the ability to test and
learn new software, understanding of POP vs I map.
12. Hardware knowledge:Librarian must be familiar with CPU understanding where your USB/Fire wire port is,
understanding of into where your mouse, keyboard & monitor and possibly barcode scanner
plug- familiarity with laptops, tablets and PDAs knowledge of MP3 players and iPods.
Librarians must be familiar with printer and how to be troubleshoot printing problems.
13. New technologies and librarianship:Five years ago, people were talking about blog and IM in libraries, but now many libraries
are using these tools to provide services to patrons. We need to be able to keep up with
whats new in technology and what libraries are (or could be) doing with it. Learning about
a technologies is definitely a skill. Librarian need to learn these new technologies to give
better services to the user
14. Systems:Knowing what different library systems do and how they work together to provide users with
access to information resources. (e.g. Integrated Library System (ILS), OPAC, discovery
service, openURL link resolver, ERMS, digital repository system, content management
system, proxy server, etc.
15. Digital preservation:Traditionally librarians have held physical resources like , books, magazines, map etc. Now
those physical assets are increasingly digitized. Therefore librarians must know how to
preserve and manage digital assets, and to be familiar with the system and tools that are used
in this process.
16. Technical skills:To be proficient in technology and computers is essential to being a successful librarians.
With the help of computers, librarians must be able to navigate on the machine and access
information from the internet as well as other digital sources. Today many libraries are using
such web 2.0 sites as Twitter, Facebook and Myspace to connect with their patrons and
update them on special events, announcements and library programs.
208
Conclusion:Every librarian has a good sense of soft skills and technical skills. Technologies will come
and go, changes are always inevitable. If librarian can adopt and embrace change, can easily
learn technologies, and keep up with changes in profession. They will be better able to meet
the challenges of changing user population and changing technologies.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
References:1.http://lac-group.com/top-five-skills-required-for-librarians-today-tomorrow/(Acess on
feb.2016)
2.http://www.bohyunkim.net/blog/ (Access on feb.2016)
3.http://meredith.wolfwater.com/wordpress/2006/07/17/skills-for-the-21st-centurylibrarian/(Access on feb.2016)
4.http://www.slideshare.net/dheerajsnegi9/soft-skills-for-librarian(Access on feb.2016)
5.https://scruffynerf.wordpress.com/2006/07/19/technical-skills-the-librarian/(Access on
feb.2016)
209

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23.2.

Editorial & Technical Committee

National Advisory Committee

Hope we are providing you a grand feast of knowledge.

Managing Modern Libraries

BEST PRACTICES IN COLLEGE/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

TQM: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MANAGING COLLECTION

ANALYTICAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND

INFORMATION LITERACY IN COLLEGE LIBRARIES: A CASE

INNOVATIVE PRACTICES IN DEVELOPING READING HABITS

DIGITAL LIBRARIES AN OVERVIEW

DIGITAL LIBRARY IN INTERNET ERA ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

A ROLE OF LIBRARIAN IN DIGITAL ERA.

DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICE

Open Source Software

AN ANALYSIS SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT IN ADVANCED

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE FOR LIBRARIES: AN OVERVIEW

Networking and Resource Sharing

EVALUATING THE AWARENESS AND USE OF INFLIBNET- N LIST

USE OF E-JOURNALS CONSORTIUM IN MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

DIGITIZATION OF INSTITUTIONS INFORMATION USING DSPACE

Librarianship in the Internet Age

INFORMATION LITERACY IN THE COLLEGE LIBRARY

INFORMATION LITERACY IN COLLEGE LIBRARY

LIBRARIANSHIP IN 21ST CENTURY NEED OF SOFT SKILLS

MARKETING SKILLS FOR LIBRARIANS IN THE 21ST CENTURY.

USE AND MANAGEMENT OF E- RESOURCES IN LIBRARIES: A

CLOUD COMPUTING AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN LIBRARIES

CLOUD COMPUTING IN LIBRARIES: ISSUES AND CONCERNS

CLOUD COMPUTING AND ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: WINDS OF

USE OF RFID TECHNOLOGY IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

RFID TECHNOLOGY IN LIBRARIES : ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

QR CODE AND LIBRARIES

SKILLS REQUIRED FOR TODAYS LIBRARIAN

BEST PRACTICES IN COLLEGE/ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

LCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings

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1. Computerization of library (standard digital software)

LCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings

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TQM: AN EFFECTIVE TOOL FOR MANAGING COLLECTION

3. TQM leadership from top management

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Analytical Study of Knowledge Management and New Generation of Libraries

Knowledge, Libraries, Information

is formal and easy to communicate to others. It is the knowledge of

LCCP-2016 Conference Proceedings

4. Information Science and Librarians

9. References:1. Bansal A (2000). Knowledge management: A Review. DESIDOC

8.Stratigos A (2001). Knowledge management meets future information users.

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Information Literacy in college Libraries:

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College is a Research center: M.Phil and Ph.D Programme affiliated to University of

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To familiarize the users with the N-LIST resources.

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Innovative Practices in Developing Reading Habits among Students

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6. How to develop reading habits among students:

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