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4 ‘System t
Xs) Function ¥(s)
5 H(s)
Fig. 3.2 Transfer Function of a System
The transfer function of a system H(s) is the Laplace transform of the
impulse response A(t). The transfer function H(s) is strictly analogous toApplications of Laplace Transform to System Analysis 147
the frequency response used in Fourier analysis. There is a considerable
similarity between the transfer functions of Laplace transform and
Fourier transform.
The main advantage of transformed functions is that the time-domain
convolution is replaced by frequency-domain multiplication. Hence,
¥(s) = X(s) H(s) (3.19)
If the Laplace transform Y (s) of the output signal is determined, then
its equivalent time determined function y(t) can be determined by
taking the inverse Laplace transform.
3.9.1 Step and Impulse Responses
We know that the Laplace transform of a unit impulse 8(t) is unity,
i.e. (8()} = 1. If the unit impulse is given as the system excitation, i.e.
X(s) = 1, then the output response will be
Y(s) =X (s) H(s)
= H(s)
Thus, it is shown that the impulse response Ah (¢) and the transfer
function of the system H(s) constitute a transform pair, i.e.
Lth(t))=H(s)
£7 {H(s)} = h@)
This implies that the step and impulse responses can be directly
obtained from the system function.
The step response is the integral of the impulse response. Hence, the
integral property of the Laplace transform is used to obtain the step
response a(t) as
ate) = ct {2}
s
The unit ramp response ¥(t) is obtained from the equation given by
y(t)= £71 {#2}
3.10 s-PLANE POLES AND ZEROS
The transfer function of a linear time-invariant system may be
expressed as
1
Y(s) _ @n 8" +@y-18""
X(8) by 8 + by 18" 8 +
The system function is a rational function of s and is expressed as
N(s) _,, (8-21) (8 ~ 29) (8 ~ 25)
Dis) — (s~ py) (8 - P2) (8 ps)
H(s)=
H(s)= (3.21)image
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availableimage
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availableApplications of Laplace Transform to System Analysis 151
Substituting the values of A; and Ay , we get
3 7 6
(s+2) (s+4)
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
i(t) = -3e -* + 6e-*
Ea Plot the poles and zeros for
(s+ 1)(s +3)
F(s) = 4 - —-
. (s+ 2)(s +4)
Solution The poles and zeros are plotted in Fig. E3.11(a). For
evaluating f(t), the degree of the numerator polynomial must be one
degree less than the degree of the denominator polynomial.
I(s)=-
and hence obtain f(t).
Ajo
Fig. E3.11 (a)
Dividing numerator polynomial by denominator polynomial, we get
4 eDG+8) {1 2s+5 |
(s+ 2)(s+4) (s + 2) (s+ 4)
=4-0[ 8228 —
(s+ 2)(s+4)
=i=8' Ay 4 Aa
(s+2) (s+4)
To find the coefficients A, and A,
F(s)=
The poles and zero for the given function Lowey, are plotted
(s + 2)(s +4)
in Fig. E3.11(b) from which the coefficients A, and A, can be
calculated.image
not
availableApplications of Laplace Transform to System Analysis 153
Fig. E3.12(a) Evaluation of A,
h(i) = Ay e Gide +A, e Atibe
= 7.074 e~' elt + 7.0707 J*4 et edt
= 107e [eine o ensaeniare]
= 14.14e~ cos (n/4 + It
(b) At = 2, the phasors from poles and zero are drawn to the testing
point A at j2 as shown in Fig. E3.12 (b)
Fig. E3.12 (b)
Magnitude M(j2) = 10x = 420 =4.47
2
v2 x10a
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book156 Digital Signal Processing
0)
A
O t
T 2T
Fig. E3.14
T
=—_1 A yo-st
- 7? [idee a]
T
=5 = A fte at
eo
0
y)> SD
ew
1
@ le
f
y
me
=
°
1 ‘
ole
ee
os
ib
“—s
a i.
=s
Hoy
os
1
ete
a
3
—
3
=— 4
Ts*(1-e
eames 3.16, Find the Laplace transform of the full wave rectified
output as shown in Fig. E3.15.
0)
T2 T 372 t
Fig. £3.15
Solution The function for the given waveform is
f(t)=Asin@pt for 0You might also like