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Basic Rules on
Citations
Dan Kevin Mandocdoc
Legal Research
Sept. 6, 2016

Presentation Overview
n Introduction
nGeneral

Rules of Usage

nCitation

Forms

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Introduction

Why cite?
nAvoid

plagiarizing anothers work

nAid

the future researcher find ones

sources

nProvide

evidence for ones argument

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How long does it take to cite?

nNot

an overnight thing

nTip:
nComplete

the citation details while writing

the body

Which sources should one cite?

nPrimary

authorities

nSecondary

authorities

nBooks
nJournal

articles

nTheses
nNews

clips
nReliable websites

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General Rules of Usage

Introductory Signals
n

Direct citation v. See

Example 1
n

Apples are red and green

Example 2
n

Section 3 of the Lemon Law violates the equal protection clause

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Introductory Signals
n

See, e.g.

See also

See generally

Cf.

Introductory Signals
n

See, e.g.,
n

See also
n
n

Additional direct authorities

Case 1, Case 2, Case 3. Book 1.

See generally
n
n

There are different opinions regarding the validity of X Law

Background material
The Competition Act prohibits three activities.

Cf.
n
n

Distinct, yet parallel, support.

Example: undue delegation of powers

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Signals for Comparison

n

Compare X with Y.

Contrast X and Y.

Signals to Indicate Divergence

n

Contra
n

X. Contra Y.

But see
n

Views

But cf.

Use Contra to contradict another direct source.

Use But see to show that there is a view contrary to the text.

Use But cf. when citing an authority that contradicts the text by
analogy.
n

Example undue delegation of powers.

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What are short citation forms?

n

Short citation forms -- subsequent citations of previously fully

cited authorities.
Id.
n

Requirements:
Same footnote or immediately preceding footnote AND
n Footnote only contains one authority
Note: 5-Id Rule; double citations
n

Supra
n

Cited in full previously but not in the immediately preceding footnote

Hereinafter
n

Too burdensome to cite repeatedly (author of multiple books)

Double Citations
nSource

being cited is citing another source

nFormula:
n X

(citing Y).
n X = source being cited by the student
n Y = source being cited by X

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Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
nQuotations

49 words or less

n In

line with text

n Inside quotation marks
n Placement of footnote reference
n After punctuation/quotation mark
n ________.2
n ________?3

Paraphrasing v. Quotations v.
Block Quotes
nBlock

Quotes 50 words and above

nSingle-spaced, indented on both sides,
justified
nNo more double quotation marks
nQuotations within block quotes single
nPlacement of the footnote reference
nLast sentence of the last paragraph

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Alterations and Omissions

nBrackets
nAlterations

or substitution
nUnchanged significant mistakes in the
original
nOmitted letters or punctuations
nEllipsis
nOmissions

in the middle of the quotation

nHe said that [t]he rules provide[.]

Emphasis
nEmphasis

supplied

nEmphasis

omitted

nEmphasis

maintained?

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Citation Forms

How to cite?
nFootnotes
nALJ

Legal Citation Guide

nThe Bluebook
nFull

citations v. subsequent citations

nRequires

precision

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Basics Footnotes
nPhilippine

Constitution:

PHIL. CONST. art. ___, ___, ___.

Note:
Always cite the Constitution in full.
1.

PHIL. CONST. art. II, 3.

2.

PHIL. CONST. art. II, 3.

Basics Footnotes
nCodes/Statutes:

Full Title [Short Title], Statute Number,

subdivisions, (year).

3.

An Act to Ordain and Institute the Civil

Code of the Philippines [CIVIL CODE],
Republic Act No. 386, art. 21 (1950).

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Basics Footnotes
nSubsequent

citations:

Short Title, subdivisions.

4.

PHIL. CONST. art. I.

5.

CIVIL CODE, art. 3.

6.

Id. art. 207.

Basics Footnotes
nSupreme

Court Decisions:

Case Title, volume number SCRA/

SCAD/Phil. first page, cited page
(year).

7.

Villamiel v. Mandocdoc, 436 SCRA 30, 41

(2016).

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Basics Footnotes
nSubsequent

citations:

First Party, volume number SCRA/SCAD/

Phil. at cited page.
8.

PHIL. CONST. art. I.

9.

Villamiel, 436 SCRA at 54.

10. Id.
11. Id. at 52.

Basics Footnotes
nSeparate

opinions

Cite like an ordinary case (J. Surname of

Justice, separate/concurring/dissenting
opinion).
12. Philippines v. Mandocdoc, 416 SCRA
20, 31 (2007) (J. Matsumura, dissenting
opinion).
13. Id. at 59 (J. Castillo, concurring opinion).

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Basics Footnotes
nBooks

with Single Author

AUTHOR, TITLE cited page (year of

publication or edition number year of
publication).
14. FLORENZ D. REGALADO, CRIMINAL LAW
CONSPECTUS 45 (4th ed. 2009).
15. Id. at 342.

Basics Footnotes
nBooks

with Multiple Authors

AUTHOR 1 & AUTHOR 2 OR AUTHOR 1, ET

AL., TITLE cited page (year of publication
or edition number year of publication).
16. JOSE C. VITUG & ARNESTO D. ACOSTA, TAX
LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE 89 (3d ed. 2006).

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Basics Footnotes
nSubsequent

Citations

SURNAME OF AUTHOR(S), supra note

footnote, at page being cited.
17. REGALADO, supra note 14, at 13.
18. VITUG & ACOSTA, supra note 16, at 432.

Basics Footnotes
nConsecutively

Paginated Journals

Author, Title of the Article, volume number

JOURNAL first page, cited page (year).
19. Ryan Jeremiah D. Quan, Revisiting the
Element of Exploitation in the Definition
of Trafficking in Persons in Republic Act No.
9208, 57 ATENEO L.J. 402, 405 (2012).
20. Id. at 408.

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Basics Footnotes
nUnpublished

Theses

Author, Title of the Article, at page number (date)

(description, institution that awarded the degree)
(source).
21. Jose P. Tejada, A Critique of the Jurisprudence
on the Matter of Supreme Courts Administrative
Supervision, at 11 (2002) (unpublished J.D.
thesis, Ateneo de Manila University) (on file with
the Professional Schools Library, Ateneo de
Manila University).

Basics Footnotes
nWebsites

Author, Title of the Article, available at

URL (last accessed date).
22. United Nations Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights, What are
human rights?, available at http://www.ohc
ch.or/en/issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.
aspx (last accessed June 26, 2016).

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Basics Footnotes
nNews Articles

Online

Author (if available), Headline, NEWSPAPER, date

of publication, available at URL (last accessed
date).

23. Maila Ager, Tupas on disclosure of

evidence: Whats wrong?, PHIL. DAILY
INQ., Jan. 4, 2012, available at http://
newsinfo.inquirer.net/122301/tupas-ondisclosure-of-evidence-whats-wrong (last
accessed June 26, 2012).

Basics Footnotes
nSubsequent

Citations

24. Quan, supra note 19, at 430.

25. Tejada, surpa note 21, at 35.
26. Ager, supra note 23.

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Short Citation Forms Rules

Constitution
Laws, Cases
Secondary Sources

Id.

Supra.

Basics Footnotes
nOther

uses of footnotes: Explanations

Has the Philippines successfully transitioned

from its Marcosian26 past?
26. The Proponent uses the term Marcosian
to refer to the massive violations of civil
and political rights and the economic
plunder committed by those in public
office during the time of Marcos.

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Thank you.

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