Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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BI GING
MC LC BI GING
STT
NI DUNG
Trang
1.
Gii thiu mn hc
2.
14
3.
127
4.
189
GII THIU MN HC
CBGD
B mn
Tel
: 84-8-8654086
Mc lc
Mc tiu mn hc
Ni dung mn hc
Ni qui v k thut an ton c bn
Gii thiu cng tc khoan khai thc
(video)
Hnh thc nh gi
Ti liu tham kho
MC TIU MN HC
Gip cho sinh vin c iu kin tip xc v
lm quen vi ngh nghip.
To iu kin cho sinh vin c quan st,
thc hnh mt s cng vic khoan a cht
cng trnh, a cht thy vn ti hin
trng.
Tng kt, lm bo co thc tp khoan
khai thc.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 1:
LM QUEN VI THIT B V DNG C KHOAN
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Thit b khoan
2.2. Dng c khoan
2.3. Cc dng c trong b ko th
2.4. Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 2:
KHOAN KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 3:
KHOAN THM D KHAI THC NC
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Phn loi ging v cc phng php khoan
2.2. Mt s yu cu c bn i vi ging khoan
2.3. Cng ngh khoan
2.4. Tnh ton s b v ng lc
2.5. Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
2.6 Trm ging khoan
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
1m: my khoan c nh
Lp t h thng chng st
10
11
HNH THC NH GI
- Np bo co thc tp: 50%
- Thi vn p hoc vit: 50%
12
http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu
http://www.lifewater.ca/
13
BI 1: LM QUEN VI THIT B
& DNG C KHOAN
CBGD
B mn
Tel
: 84-8-8654086
Mc lc
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Thit b khoan
2.2. Dng c khoan
2.3. Cc dng c trong b ko th
2.4. Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
15
I. NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Ni dung:
Tm hiu cng dng, cu to, c tnh k thut v
cch s dng:
Thit b khoan
Dng c khoan
Cc dng c trong b ko th
Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn
Tm hiu s b tr thit b v dng c phc v
cng tc:
Khoan kho st a cht cng trnh
Khoan khai thc nc ngm
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
16
NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Yu cu thc tp:
Theo cng tc thc tp ti xng v cng trng,
yu cu sinh vin
Nhn dng, m t cu to, cng dng, c tnh k
thut v cch s dng cc thit b v dng c
khoan.
Tham gia vo vic vn hnh v s dng cc thit
b v dng c khoan.
M t cu to, cng dng, c tnh k thut ca
my khoan XJ-100.
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c
trong cng tc khoan - khai thc ti xng v ngoi
hin trng.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
17
II. C S L THUYT
18
19
1. MY KHOAN
B my khoan trong khoan xoay ly mu gm c: my khoan,
ng c ko (in hoc diesel), my bm dung dch v thp
khoan.
Cc dng c chnh ca my khoan
gm c:
Cn ma st ng m my
Hp s nhiu cp iu chnh
tc quay khi khoan v ko
th cn
Ti, sc ko ca ti phi
tng ng vi ti trng ln
nht ca ct cn khoan hay
ng chng ca l khoan v h
thng rng rc c dng
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
20
MY KHOAN
B phn iu chnh p lc ln y l khoan ty thuc vo h
thng iu chnh p lc, c th phn loi ra cc my khoan
nh sau:
1. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng tay n
by
2. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng thy lc
3. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng vt vi sai
4. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng n by
vit vi sai
5. iu chnh p lc bng cn ch o v b phanh ti
(khoan rto)
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
21
MY KHOAN
Loi 1 4 th s truyn chuyn ng quay cho cn khoan c
truyn qua trc chnh. Cc my c th khoan ng v khoan
nghing.
Loi 5 khng c trc chnh m dng cn ch o kiu lc lng
hay vung 4 cnh quay ct cn khoan. My khoan rto ch
khoan cc l khoan thng ng cc t cng trung
bnh v mm (cp I VII). Trong t mm b ri khoan rto
rt c li v tc khoan thng mi so vi khoan iu p
thy lc v vt vi sai v khng cn phi tho m mm cp.
rt ngn thi gian di chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc ngi ta
thit k t my khoan ln r mc hoc xe t t hnh, ch
yu p dng cho phng php khoan rto.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
22
MY KHOAN
Hin nay cc kiu my khoan t 1 4
c dng ch yu cho khoan kho st
a cht cng trnh v khoan thm d
khong sn cng nhng loi th 2 (iu
chnh bng thy lc ) ng dng rng ri
nht.
Ty theo nhim v m kch thc v qui
m ca my c th khc nhau, c th
gii thiu cc my khoan h ca
Lin X c nh 1200 A,M,MP;
650 A,M; 300; 150;
75 Cc my khoan ca hng
Longer (USA): Longer 300, 800, 100
Cc my khoan ca hng Koken
(Japan).
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
23
MY KHOAN
Hnh 1.1a gii thiu
cc loi my khoan
1200MR,
650, 150; y l
cc kiu my khoan
iu khin p lc ln
y bng u thy lc
v truyn chuyn ng
thng qua h thng
mm cp v trc
Spindel ch yu dng
cho thm d khon sn
cng v loi nh dng
cho khoan kho st a
cht cng trnh.
8. Ti
9. Thap dang cot
10. au quay
11. en pha
12. Khung bao ve
13. Li khoan guong
xoan
14. Xylanh thuy lc
25
MY KHOAN
Hnh 1.2. Gii thiu v thit b
khoan thm d v khai thc
nc YPb-3AM (kiu in p
ln y bng h thng cn
khoan v thanh hm, truyn
chuyn ng quay thng qua
bn roto)
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
c tnh k thut
Cc c cu chnh
35
c tnh k thut
y l my khoan t trn xe ti t hnh, s dng phng
php khoan roto v dng cn ch o.
My khoan ny khng c trc spinen ln xung trong qa
trnh khoan m thay vo l 1 bn rto c l nh hnh quay
ti ch truyn lc quay cho b khoan c thng qua cn ch
o.
Cn ch o trong qu trnh quay c th trt dc trong l
rto. Nh cu to nh vy nn my khoan ny c th khoan
lin tc t 5-6m (bng chiu di cn ch o) mi phi dng
li tip cn, khng dng li xit chu mm cp v nng
trc chnh nh cc khoan c trc spinden, do nng sut ca
my khoan ny rt cao trong t mm.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
36
c tnh k thut
B my khoan kiu ny c thit k theo kiu t hnh, ton
b cc thit b ti, bn rto, hp tc , thp khoan, my pht
lc hoc my pht in (8,5kw) cung cp in cho ng c
my trn dung dch v h thng chiu sng, u c t gn
trn xe t. Do vy n c tnh c ng cao.
My khoan ny c dng khoan cc ging thy vn, a
cht cng trnh vi chiu su ln nht l 300m hoc 500m
ty theo ng knh m l.
37
My khoan thm d v
khai thc nc YPb 3AM
1. t MA3-500A
2. ng c diesel
3. Thng nhin
liu
4. Ben thy lc
nng h thp
5. Thp khoan
6. Rng rc ng
7. Mc
8. Roto
9. Kch
10.My bm khoan
11.Ly hp
12.Thng du thy
lc
13. Tay iu khin
14. Ti
15. Hp s
16. Bng in
17. My pht in
18.B truyn dn
my pht in
19.Khung
38
Cc c cu chnh
1. Hp bin tc cu to gm:
V 1, trong v ny b tr mt trc ch ng I, trc b ng II,
trc i chiu quay III, mi trc u trn hai bi.
Trn trc I c vu ly hp 2 lp then hoa vi trc; bnh ai
thang 3 lp quay trn bng bi vi trc, bnh rng Z1 v
nhm hai bnh rng Z2, Z3 lp then hoa vi trc nh hai
tay gt thng ra ngoi v hp thay i s n khp vi
cc trc bnh rng II.
Trn trc II c cc bnh rng tr Z4, Z5, Z6 v bnh rng
cn Z7 lp c nh vi trc; vu ly hp 5 lp then hoa vi
trc; trc truyn ng cho bn roto qua trc 6 lp quay trn
bng bi vi trc.
Trn trc III c cc bnh rng Z8 v Z9 lp c nh, bnh
rng Z8 lun lun n khp vi bnh rng Z4 ca trc II v
bnh rng Z9 c kh nng n khp vi bnh rng Z1.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
39
Cc c cu chnh
Vic thay i tc din ra nh sau:
40
Cc c cu chnh
Nguyn l truyn ng: Khi con i chuyn ng sang
phi, cnh tay n bn tri ca n by b nng ln lm
cho cnh tay n bn phi t mnh vo a ma st ch
ng, p ton b cc a ca ly hp thnh mt khi, lc
c chuyn t trc ti sang tang ti, ng thi lc ny l
xo b p. Khi con i chuyn sang tri, cnh tay n bn
tri ca n by h xung, cnh tay n bn phi nng
ln, l xo s y cho cc a ly hp tch ri sau ra, lc s
b ngt, trc ti cng cc a ch o tip tc quay cn a
b ng v tng ti cng cc a ch o tip tc quay cn
a b ng v tang ti th khng quay.
41
Cc c cu chnh
4. H thng thy lc
Trn my khoan YPb 3AM c trang b mt h thng thy
lc vi nhim v dng, h thp v kch nh ng chng
hoc cu s c.
Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Khi dng thp th dng van
iu tit v van lu lng m cho du vo kch dng
thp, van iu chnh lu lng x du v thng qua
iu chnh tc dng thp, khi h thp van lu lng
m hon ton v dng van iu chnh iu chnh tc
h di lc nn ca trng lng thp, du s qua van
lu lng v van iu tit v thng. Van an ton c tc
dng khng ch p lc lm vic ca h thng thy lc.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
42
43
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45
46
MY BM DUNG DCH
47
Khi nim
Dng dung dch lm sch mn khoan y l dung dch
tun hon lin tc trong l khoan, nhm thc hic cc
chc nng sau:
Lm mt v bi trn dng c
Tch v mang mn khoan ra khi y l khoan.
n nh thnh ging khoan
Truyn dn thng tin t y ln ming ging
48
Khi nim
Trong khoan a cht ngi ta dng my bm chuyn dng
thng l bm pittng, v my bm ny c kh nng bm
c dung dch, n c sc y ln thng c sc cn trong
lng ct cn khoan, c th bm dung dch nc v ct nhng
tui th vn cao.
Mt u im ni bt ca my bm pittng l hu nh lu
lng bm khng i khi p sut bm tng trong chng mc
cho php.
Ngc li bm ly tm, lu lng bm gim lin tc v c
kh nng bng khng khi p sut bm tng (iu khng
cho php s dng bm ly tm trong tc khoan).
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
49
Cu to my bm dung dch
1-Ca y;
2a, 2a-Van y;
3a,3b-Van ht;
4-Qu Piston;
5-Xilanh;
6-ng ht;
7-B phn bt kn cn Piston;
8-Con trt;
9-Cn Piston;
10-Tay bin;
11-Tay quay;
12-Bnh truyn lc;
13-Bnh kh;
14-u ni tuy xa nhch
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
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51
52
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55
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3. Thp khoan
Thp khoan l mt b phn ca cm thit b khoan, n l mt cng
trnh gm thp khoan v nh khoan. Thp khoan dng ko th cn
khoan, ng chng v dng cn khoan. Nh khoan t thit b
khoan v che ma nng cho cng nhn khi lm vic.
Ty theo hnh dng c th gp cc loi thp nh sau:
1. Thp 3 chn: Dng ch yu cho khoan tay v khoan kho st a
cht cng trnh.
2. Thp 4 chn: Thng dng cho khoan khong sn cng, khoan
du kh v ging khoan su trn t lin, s dng cc gin khoan
c nh.
3. Thp ch A: S dng cho cc ging khoan su nh khoan du
kh.
4. Thp dng ct: Thng dng cho cc gin khoan t hnh
khoan thm d v khai thc nc, khoan thm d v bn , a
cht, c chiu su di 500M.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
57
Thp khoan
58
59
H rng rc
Cu to rng rc
Khi rng rc tnh: Gm cc rng
rc t treo c nh trn thp
Khi rng rc ng: Gm cc rng
rc chuyn ng ln xung trong
qu trnh lm vic, chng c treo
bi cc nhnh cp, v ng thi
cng l ni mc ni vi ti trng
cn phi nng.
Dy cp: c mc t ti lun qua
cc rng rc tnh v rng rc ng,
k c phn cp ng c chiu di
thay i trong qu trnh ko th b
khoan c.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
60
H rng rc
61
H rng rc
62
H rng rc
Xc nh ti trng ln thp
Tu theo cu to ca h thng rng rc m ti trng tc dng ln
thp c xc nh nh sau:
Mc rng rc theo kiu khng c rng rc ng:
QT = 2Qm (kg)
QT: ti trng ln thp (kg), Qm: ti trng trn mc (kg)
Mc rng rc u cui cp buc vo nh thp hay khi rng
rc ng
Q
= Q
Q m
m .
= Q
2 .Q m
m .
63
S mt s h thng rng rc
64
Xc nh lc cng ca cp v iu chnh p lc
Xc nh lc cng ca cp
Thng thng ngi ta s dng h thng rng rc kiu
12, 23 th lc cng trn mi nhnh cp l:
P =
Q m
m .
65
Xc nh lc cng ca cp v iu chnh p lc
Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
1. Cn B khoan c: Th ton b dng c vo l khoan, cn ch
o c lun qua l roto hoc u quay, dng ti treo ton
b dng c cch y 0,5m. Cho u roto quay, ng thi bm
dung dch vo l khoan vi cc tr s nh khi khoan. c tr s
i din vi kim trn mt k c tr s P, em vi s nhnh cp
ng, s nhn c tr s trng lng b dng c khoan treo
trn mc. C th trong trng hp ny trng lng b dng c
khoan Qm = 2P
2. iu chnh p lc khi khoan trong trng hp tin hnh khoan
theo ch gim ti.
3. Nu gi p lc ln y l khoan l C, th ti nng bt ln mt lc
l P = Qm C trn mc treo. Mun vy sau khi cn xong ngi
ta th ton b dng c ln y l khoan, sau dng tay ti bt
ti sao sao kim p k ch vo tr s l c th bt u khoan
c.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
66
67
68
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2. B ng mu khoan
B ng mu bao gm: li khoan, ng b mu, ng mu
v Prkht
B ng mu c nhim v cha mu t y l
khoan, bo v mu v nh hung cho l khoan.
Trong khoan hp kim cng, b ng mu gm: li khoan,
ng b mu, l xo b mu, ng mu.
Trong khoan bi b ng mu gm: li khoan bi, ng mu,
prkht Slam, ng ng mn khoan.
70
ng mu
1. Cng dng: ng mu l chi tit ni gia li khoan v prkht n c
tc dng n cha mu v nh hng cho l khoan trong qu
trnh khoan.
2. Cu to: ng mu lm bng thp, c dng hnh tr vi chiu di
thng thng l = 1,5, 3, 4,5 v 6m. Hai u ng mu c tin ren
thang, bc ren 4mm on tin ren 40mm ni vi li khoan v
prkht. Trng hp cn tng kh nng nh hng ca ng mu
th cc ng mu c ni li vi nhau tng chiu di.
l
d
Ong mau
71
ng mu
3. Cch s dng v bo qun ng mu: Cht lng ng mu s
dng phi t c cc yu cu sau:
Hnh dng khng mo, thnh ng khng dy mng khc
nhau qu gii hn cho php.
cong ca ng mu khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
72
ng mu
Ren ca ng mu v nhippen phi nhn, khng c st hoc c
nhng bin dng khc. Khi lp vo li khoan hay prkht, lc u
c th vn bng tay nh dng nhng khng c r, sau phi
dng kha vn sit cht.
Trong qu trnh khoan, thy mt ngoi ca ng ch ct ren b mn
nhiu th phi kim tra loi b hoc ct ren li.
Khi khoan bi bng ng mu thnh mng, sau hai hip khoan phi i
u ng ngc li.
Kinh nghim cho thy ng mu thnh dy c s dng rng ri.
Khi di chuyn, khng c qung, qut m bo ng mu khng
b mo cong. Cc ng mu phi ni kh ro c bi m vo ren v
lp vng bo v ren.
Trng hp mun tng chiu di ng mu chng kh nng cong
lch l khoan c th ni cc ng mu vi nhau bng nhppen, nhng
phi ch s ng trc ca chng chng s rung o khi khoan.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
73
Cc li khoan ph
Chong khoan ly mu
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
74
75
a- Vanh li
76
Cc ht kim cng c ht
t 20 50 ht/cara c phn
b thnh mt lp trn b mt
lm vic ca u mt. C 2
n 6 rnh thot nc.
77
78
79
80
Lui khoan ph
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
81
82
83
84
85
Khoan tay
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
86
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89
90
4. Cc u ni chuyn tip
u ni chuyn tip Perkht
1. Cng dng: Prkht l chi tit ni ng mu vi cn khoan, ni ng
mu, cn khoan vi ng slam khi s dng ng slam, ni ct cn
khoan vi ng chng khi phi dng ng chng trong l khoan.
2. Cu to: C 3 loi chnh: prkht phay, prkht slam, prkht
nng i
a. Prkht phay u di tin ren thang ngoi ni vi ng mu
tng ng, u trn mt trong phn vt cn c tin ren tam
gic ni vi giamc ct cn khoan.
Mt ngoi c tin cn v phay cc li ct nhm vic ko
b dng c khoan ln d dng, hoc gp trng hp b
vng ri hay sp l, bao bn vn c th va quay b
khoan c cho cc li ct ca prkht ph cc nt vng,
va ko b dng c ln.
ng knh ngoi ca prkht phi bng ng knh ngoi
ca ng mu v ng chng tng ng.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
91
4. Cc u ni chuyn tip
b. Prkht slam: dng ni cn khoan ng mu v ng
slam li vi nhau. Phn mt ngoi tin ren thang tri
ni vi ng slam nhm chng hin tng ng slam t
tho trong qu trnh khoan, mt trong phn vt cn c
tin ren tam gic ni vi gi mc cn.
c. Prkht nng i: Dng cho ng mu nng i.
90o
Ranh ghi k hieu
40o
92
5. ng slam
Cng dng
Dng ng cc ht mn khoan nng v vn bi m dng
dung dch khng kh nng mang ln ming l khoan
hoc t ri t thnh l khoan xung trong qa trnh
khoan.
Cu to
Ch to bng thp c dng hnh tr rng, u trn vt i 1
gc 300 v un cong vo pha trc.
Chiu di: ty thuc lng mn khoan sinh ra trong 1 hip
khoan, nhng khng nh hn 1,5m
ng knh ngoi bng ng knh ngoi ca Prkht
v ng mu tng ng.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
93
5. ng slam
Phng php s dng
Khi lp vo ng mu, cn sit
45o
cht v m bo s ng trc.
Sau khi ly b ng mu ln
Do
ngc b ng mu ri dng vi
nc cho bm ngc vo hoc
va p va xoay nhng trnh
lm mp mo ng.
94
6. Cn khoan
Da vo cch ni cc cn l vi nhau thnh ct cn khoan,
ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi cn: Cn khoan ni bng mpta
damc v cn khoan ni bng nhippen.
Cn khoan ni bng mpta damc
c s dng ch yu trong phng php khoan hp kim
v khoan bi.
Cu to: L mt ng thp hnh tr, hai u cn, pha ngoi
c tin ren tam gic trn on vt cn ni vi mpta
hoc damc; pha trong c chn dy tng cng
cho ch ni. Chiu di ng vi ng knh 42mm v
50mm l 1,5; 3 v 4,5m, ng knh 63,5mm l 3; 4,5 v
6m.
Cc cn n c ni vi nhau thnh cn dng (gm 2, 3
v 4 cn l) bng u ni mupta.
Cc cn dng c ni vi nhau bng damc.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
95
6. Cn khoan
Mupta: l chi tit ni cc cn l thnh ct cn
dng, hai u c tin ren tam gic, c cn
v bc ren tng ng vi cn khoan.
B damc: dng ni cc cn dng thnh ct
cn khoan c cu to gm c damc dng v
damc m. Damc dng c ni vo u
di, damc m c ni vo u trn ca ct
cn khoan.
96
6. Cn khoan
Cn khoan ni bng nhippen
Phm vi s dng: Thng dng khoan nhng l khoan
nng, cc l khoan ng knh nh.
Cu to: L mt ng thp hnh tr c ch to theo ba
c ng knh ngoi: 33,5; 42 v 50mm, gm c hai loi.
Loi A c mt rnh khc ni cc on cn l thnh cn
dng.
Loi B c hai rnh khc dng ni cc cn dng thnh
ct cn khoan vi nhippen loi A. Nhippen loi B c rnh
khc di dng treo ct cn khoan trn ming l khoan
bng vinca cn, rnh khc trn dng nng, h ct
ct cn khoan bng elevat.
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
7. Cn nng
S dng cn nng to ra p lc cn thit ln y l khoan
v tng cng vng ca phn cui ct cn khoan, gim kh
nng lm cong cn khoan, gim mn ca ct cn khoan.
Kinh nghim cho thy a s cc trng hp gy cn u nm
gn on ng mu.
Phn ct cn khoan hay b gy s c thay bng cn nng.
104
Cn nng
Do c im cu to ca cn nng, cch ni cc cn vi nhau
c th thc hin theo hai cch: bng damc hoc ni trc tip
vi cn, gia cn nng v cn thng c ni vi nhau bng
damc chuyn tip.
Khi s dng cn nng cn ch ti nhng yu cu c bn
sau:
Ct cn nng c ni ngay vo phn cui ct cn khoan
v phi kim tra tht k khi lp ghp v y l on d t
gy.
ng knh cn nng phi ph hp vi ng knh l
khoan (thng chn ln hn t 1 n 2 cp ng knh)
105
Cn nng
Chiu di ct cn nng c tnh theo cng thc
K .C
L =
(m )
q
trong :
L: Chiu di ct cn nng, (m)
C: Ti trng chiu trc yu cu ln y l khoan, (kg)
K: H s, thng ly t 1,25 n 1,5
Q: Trng lng 1m cn nng
106
1. u xa nhch
2. Quang treo
3. Xirga
4. Mc treo gim xc
107
1. u xa nhch
1. Cng dng
u xanhch l 1 chi tit
dng ni gia b phn
quay (ct cn khoan) vi b
khng quay (ng dn dung
dch t my bm ln).
Ngoi ra cn l ni th
ht chn khi b mu, hoc
tip bi vo l khoan bi.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
108
u xa nhch
2. Cu to
Trong khoan xoay s dng ph bin hai loi xanhch khng c quang
treo (n gin) v c quang treo.
a. Loi xanhch n gin:
109
u xa nhch
b. Loi xanhch c quang treo:
110
u xa nhch
3. Cch s dng
Chn loi ph hp vi ti trng nng cho php v chiu
su ca l khoan.
Thng xuyn phi chm sc thay du, bm m ng
nh k theo di cc b phn lm kn chng r r. Trng
hp cc vng m kn, ty xanhch qu mn phi thay mi
bo m kn chc.
phng trong qu trnh lm vic u xanhch c th b
tut ra.
111
112
2. Elevat
Elvat dng mc rnh u
trn ca damc m (hay nhippen
loi B) u ct cn dng trong
qu trnh ko, th b dng c
khoan, nhm gip cho vic lp
vo v tho ra ct cn c
nhanh chng. Vng cht ca
elvat c cht gi c th trt
ln, trt xung theo thn ca n.
Do khi mc elvat vo ct
cn khoan phi nng n ln trn
cng m ca cho ct cn bt
vo, cn khi mc xong phi bt
vng cht xung, xoay cho cht
vo v tr rnh kha gi khng cho
ct cn khoan tut ra trong qu
trnh ko th.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
113
Elevat
Khi s dng elvat, cn ch ti quy nh v ti trng nng,
kch thc loi u ni ca ct cn khoan chn cho ph
hp, trnh nhm ln, v d trn mt ngoi ca elvat ghi k
hiu 2,5H 42, ngha l ti trng nng 2,5tn, dng cho u
ni nhippen ng knh 42mm.
114
3. Quang treo
Dng mc vo di xanhch n gin khi khoan, hoc mc
vo di mupta khi ko, th b dng c khoan nhng l
khoan nng.
115
4. Xirga
Dng ni gia rng rc ng vi ti trng nng thng qua
elvat hoc quang treo. Cc xirga ( quai treo nng) thng
c sc nng 4, 5,10 tn.
116
5. Mc treo gim xc
Mc treo gim xc l chi tit ni
gia
rng
rc
ng
vi
xanhch.
C quang treo khi khoan, hoc
gia rng rc ng vi elvat
khi nng, h b dng c khoan.
117
Mc treo gim xc
Tc dng ca mc treo gim xc;
Gim chn ng trong qu trnh nng b dng c khoan ra
khi l khoan
m bo cho mu khng b tt ra khi ng mu
Mt khc nh c c cu l xo v bc quay nn mc treo
gim xc loi tr c kh nng xon cp trong qu trnh
ko th dng c khoan.
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
BI 2: KHOAN KHO ST
A CHT CNG TRNH
CBGD
B mn
Tel
: 84-8-8654086
Mc lc
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Gii thiu
2.2. Cc phng php khoan
2.3. Ly mu t
2.4. Bo qun v ghi nhn mu
2.5. Cc th nghim trong h khoan
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
128
I. NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Ni dung:
T chc i khoan kho st a cht cng trnh.
Cng tc chun b.
Thc hin quy trnh thi cng l khoan
Qui trnh ly mu nguyn dng
Cch bo qun v ghi nhn mu
Cc th nghim ti hin trng
Ghi chp s liu ti hin trng
Lp l khoan v thu dn hin trng
129
NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Yu cu thc tp:
Ghi chp chung v bui thc tp (ngy thc tp, a im,
c im cng trnh...).
Ghi chp v t chc i khoan.
Tham gia thc hin cng tc chun b trc khi khoan:
(Chun b mt bng, a my khoan vo v tr, dng
thp... ).
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c khoan
kho st a cht cng trnh.
Tham gia vn hnh v thao tc khoan kho st CCT.
130
NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v quy trnh ly mu, m t
v nh gi cht lng mu.
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v cng tc bo qun v
ghi nhn mu.
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v cng tc th nghim ti
hin trng thc tp.
V, m t ct a tng ti v tr thc tp khoan kho st
CCT.
Tham gia cng tc lp l khoan v thu dn hin trng.
131
II. C S L THUYT
2.1. Gii thiu
2.2. Cc phng php khoan
2.3. Ly mu t
2.4. Bo qun v ghi nhn mu
2.5. Cc th nghim trong h khoan
132
133
134
1. Khoan tay
135
Khoan tay
136
2. Khoan p cp nh
Khoan p cp nh l mt bin tng ca cc phng php khoan
ging tiu chun, ni chung, s dng mt gin khoan di ng c
thit k ring cho cng tc kho st t nn.
i vi hu ht cng tc kho st, l gin khoan c ti vi sc
nng t 1 n 2 tn, c vn hnh bng ng c diezen v thp
khoan c chiu cao khong 6m.
Vi nhiu loi gin khoan, cc chn thp gp li c to nn mt
rmoc n gin, c th ko i bng mt xe nh. Mi khoan ct st
c dng trong l khoan kh.
ng khoan ch c s dng khi nc y l khoan ngp phn
di ca ng. Do cn thm nc vo l khoan khi khoan qua
lp t kh khng dnh nu dng ng khoan.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
137
Khoan p cp nh
Cc phng php nu trn c th khng ph hp vi cc i
tng kho st a k thut i hi l khoan phi c khoan
trong iu kin kh, hoc vi mc nc trong h khoan c
gi mc nc di t t nhin.
Trong nhng trng hp , cn chp nhn mt png php
khoan km hiu qu hn vi b khoan p cp.
Chng hn, khi khoan qua st qunh di nc c th phi
s dng chong khoan v ng khoan hay l chp nhn mt
phng php khc nh khoan c kh.
138
Khoan p cp nh
Khoan p cp nh thch hp vi t yu.
Kch thc ng chng l khoan v mi khoan thng l 150mm,
200mm, 250mm v 300mm, khoan c ti su ln nht chng
60m trong a tng thch hp.
B khoan ny c th c mt c cu thy lc iu khin mt b g
khi cn khoan xoay dng cho vic ly li .
Mi khoan p nh cp ti thc hin ng tc p v gm c
chong ct st dng cho t dnh, mi khoan tha hoc ng ng
dng cho t khng dnh, chong p v v nhng lp cng.
Chong ct v ng mc ly ln vt liu b ph hu ni chung l
i din, cho php nhn bit a tng.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
139
Khoan p cp nh
Hin nay nc ta cn c mt s trng hp ci tin khoan p cp
nh trn thnh mt gin khoan c ng v gn nh hn.
Si cp p c chuyn i thnh mt si chc mm, phanh hm
v th b dng c qua mt c cu tang ti ph.
B dng c c nng ln khi y ging khong t 15-25mm ty
theo cng ca t v tn s p thay i 60-80 ln/pht.
Mi ln p cn khoan c xoay i mt gc t 100 -150 nh xoay
tay kha mt kp cn. Lm sch mn khoan trn y bng bm dung
dch kiu piston tc dng kp.
Phng php ny c th khoan ti su 50m trong t cp III v
nng sut khoan t 2-3m/gi trong t ny.
140
141
142
4. Khoan xoay my
Cc my khoan xoay s dng trong khoan kho st cng trnh
thng l c nh vi sc nng ca ti t 1-2 tn, su l
khoan ti a l 100m.
V c bn, thit b v dng c phng php khoan xoay ny
ging cc phng php khoan xoay thm d khong sn cng
v khoan thm d-khai thc nc nhng kch thc v qui m
nh hn.
Mt iu c bit na l cc thit b khoan kho st a cht
cng trnh ch s dng loi iu p thy lc v mm cp, trc
spindel.
143
4. Khoan xoay my
Cc thit b loi ny thng gp Vit nam l XJ-100 (Trung
quc), Zu 75, 150 (Lin x), CANO (Japan), Longer (USA) . .
Li khoan trong phng php khoan xoay my s dng
ging nh khoan thm d khong sn.
144
Khoan xoay my
Trong t mm, b ri s dng cc loi chong ph ton y
nh cc chong 2 cnh kiu ui c, chong 2 cnh c gn hp kim
chng mi mn.
Dung dch khoan c s dng l dung dch nc thin nhin trn
vi t st khi khoan qua cc a tng cn gi l dung dch st t
nhin. N t lm bin i tnh cht ca mu t v cc a tng khoan.
Nhng trng hp c bit khi khoan qua cc a tng b ri, ct
chy c th cho php khoan xoay bng dung dch st nhn to
khng ch sp l thnh l khoan, nhng s dng dung dch long c
nht v t trng cng nh cng tt.
Khi cn ng mu nguyn dng cng dng cc b ng mu theo quy
phm s trnh by cc phn di.
145
2.3 Ly mu t
Cc nguyn tc chung
Cc k thut ch yu ly mu
Cht lng mu
Cc mu ph hoi t dng c khoan hoc t thit b o
ng ly mu h
ng ly mu thnh mng
ng ly mu h ng knh 100mm
ng mu tch dng cho th nghim xuyn tiu chun
Mu li khoan xoay
146
Cc nguyn tc chung
Vic chn k thut ly mu ph thuc vo cht lng mu yu cu v
c im ca t, t bit l mc t b ph hoi do qu trnh ly
mu.
Cn nh rng tnh cht ca t nguyn trng ti hin trng thng
b chi phi bi s hin din bi nhng ch yu v nhng gin on.
Do c th c nhng mu tt nhng
khng i din cho t nguyn trng.
Trong vic chn phng php ly mu
phi xc nh r l xc nh tnh
cht ca t nguyn trng (trong khi)
hay l cc tnh cht ca vt liu t
nguyn vn.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
147
Cc k thut ch yu ly mu
a. Ly mu ph hoi t dng c khoan hoc t thit b o trong qu
trnh khoan
b. Ly mu ng, trong mt ng hoc ng mu tch i c mp ct
st mt di c n vo t bng lc p tnh hoc bng va p
ng.
c. Ly mu xoay trong ng vi b phn ct mt di s xoay
vo t, do to ra mu li.
148
Cc k thut ch yu ly mu
Cc mu ly c bng k thut b, c thng l nguyn vn
c th xem xt kin trc ca t nn bn trong mu.
Cht lng ca nhng mu nh vy c th thay i nhiu, ty
theo k thut v nhng iu kin t v thng cho thy mt
mc ph hoi nht nh.
Cc mu nguyn vn bng k thut b, c thng c ly theo
hng thng ng, nhng c th ly theo hng c bit
kho st nhng c im ring.
149
Cht lng mu
Quy trnh ly mu phi c la chn trn c s cht lng
mu c yu cu v s c nh gi phn ln theo mc
thch hp ca mu cho cc th nghim trong phng tng ng.
Mt phn loi mu t xut c cung cp mt c s
hu ch cho phn loi cc mu theo cht lng.
Cht lng
Loi 1
Loi 2
Loi 3
Phn loi, m
Loi 4
Phn loi
Loi 5
150
Cht lng mu
Nhng th nghim phn loi trong phng ch ph hp vi t cn phn
loi cht lng c th p dng cho cc mu khi xt v cc tnh cht
khc.
Trong mt s trng hp d s dng phng php no ly mu
cng ch c th ly c mu b ph hoi t nhiu. Tc l tt nht ch
l loi 2.
Kt qu th nghim v bn v tnh nn ln tin hnh trn nhng
mu phi c x l thn trng. Cc mu thuc cc loi 3, 4 v 5
ni chung c coi nh mu ph hoi.
iu ny cn xem xt tip trong vic la chn cc qui trnh ly mu
loi 1 l kch thc ca mu. iu ny c xc nh phn ln bi
kin trc ca t m i vi ring t, thng hay gi l kt cu.
Khi t c nhng gin on nh hng bt k, chng hn nh trong
t l st th ng knh mu hoc b rng mu cng ln so vi
khong cch gia cc gin on cng tt.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
151
Cht lng mu
Ni cch khc khi t cha nhng gin on c nh hng r rt,
chng hn nh cc nt n trong , c th cn ly cc mu c nh
hng c bit.
i vi t mn ng nht v ng hng, c th s dng mu c
ng knh nh ti 35mm. Tuy nhin thng th cc mu ng knh
100mm hay c s dng hn, v kt qu th nghim trong phng lc
c th i din cho khi t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit,
cc mu c ng kinh 150mm v 200mm cng c s dng.
BS 1377 v BS 1924 a ra nhng chi tit chnh xc v khi lng
mu cho mi mu th nghim. Khi bit s lng ng chng cc th
nghim, tht d c lng tng lng t cn ly.
Khi cha bit chng trnh th nghim trong phng, bng 1 a ra ch
dn v tng lng t phi ly cho mi lot th nghim. Ni cn
nghin cu vt liu ti ch, nhng chi tit v kch thc mu cn thit
c nu BS 812: phn 1.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
152
Cht lng mu
Bng 1: Khi lng mu t cn thit cho mt s th nghim
trong phng
Mc ch ca mu
Loi t
Khi lng mu
cn thit
1kg
5kg
30kg
25kg n 60kg
St, bi, ct
100kg
Si nh v va
130kg
Si to
160kg
153
154
155
ng ly mu h
Dng c ly mu ng h gm ch yu mt ng h ti mt u v u
kia lp cc phng tin g cn khoan. Mt van chng hi lu cho
php thot khng kh hoc nc khi mu lt vo trong ng v gip
cho vic gi mu khi nng dng c ln khi t.
Hnh 2.1 gii thiu nhng chi tit c bn ca dng c ly mu thch
hp cho s dng chung gm mt ng mu n v mt ct n
gin. Vic s dng cm (khp ni) v b phn gi mu c
cp phn sau. Mt loi ng mu khc th c km theo mt ng lt
bn trong tho lp c.
Yu cu c bn ca mt dng c ly mu l khi c n vo t, n
nho nn v ph hoi t cng t cng tt.
Mc ph hoi c kim sot bi ba c im ca thit k: ct,
ma st thnh bn trong v van chng hi lu (van mt chiu).
156
157
ng ly mu h
Quy trnh ly mu theo nhng bc sau:
1. Trc khi ly mu, y l khoan hoc b mt h o mt l phi
c dn tht sch vt liu tr nn km cht hay b ph hoi.
2. Mt phn hoc ton b vt liu b ti xp hoc b ph hoi s i
vo khong khng bn trn ca ng ng mu.
3. di mc nc ngm th mt s loi t b phn phin, phn
b di l khoan hoc h o c th b ph hoi, nu p lc
nc t nhin trong t phn phin vt qu p lc ca nc
trong l khoan hoc h o.
4. ngn nga hiu ng ny, cn phi gi mc nc trong l
khoan cao hn mc nc di t tng ng ti v tr ca mu.
158
ng ly mu h
5. ng mu c th c ng vo trong t bng phng thc ng
dng qu t ri hoc ba trt, hoc bng lc p tnh lin tc dng
kch thy lc, khi rng rc v dy.
6. Mt s bng chng cng b cho thy cc quy trnh ng ng hay
tnh s gy ra ph hoi mu t hn; v i vi phn ln iu kin t
c l khng c s khc nhau ng k. Lc ng cho mi mu c th
c ghi li lm chng ch v st ca t.
7. Khong tin su ca dng c khi ng phi c kim sot v ghi
li, v tin xa th t s b nn trong ng mu. Mt dng c ly mu
khong khng ng qu xem hnh, cho php ng mu ng y
m khng nguy c lm h hng mu.
8.
159
ng ly mu thnh mng
Cc ng mu thnh mng c s dng cho cc loi t c bit
nhy vi s ph hoi do ly mu; n gm mt ng thp thnh mng
v pha di c tin thnh li ct vi khong h trong nh.
T s din tch khong 10%. Nhng ng mu nh vy ch thch hp t
t mn cho n st qunh v khng c cc ht ln. Chng
thng cho mu loi 1 trong tt c cc t dnh mn, k c st nhy,
min l t khng b ph hoi do vic khoan l.
160
ng ly mu thnh mng
Thng nhn c cc mu c ng knh gia 75mm v
100mm; cc mu c ng knh ti 250mm c ly cho cc
mc ch ring.
Cn nhn xt rng s xy ra s ph hoi y l khoan trong
t yu, di mt su no , do s gii phng ng sut.
V vy ngi ta thch ly mu pittng thm nhp tht su
xung bn di y l khoan.
161
ng ly mu h ng knh 100mm
Dng cho mc ch chung. ng mu h ng knh 100mm l dng
c ly mu hay dng vi khoan p cp v c th dng trong cc loi
t dnh, trong yu. Chng hn nh phn v macn Keuper
b phong ha.
Trong t dnh ht mn, khng nhy c st qunh hoc thp hn,
thit b c th cung cp c mu loi 1, hoc c nhiu kh nng
hn mu loi 2.
Trong st chy, c th ly c mu loi 2.
Trong vt liu dn hoc nt n dy, nh mt s yu v st cng,
cng nh vt liu th ng mu ly c mu loi 3; v vic ly mu
gy ra ph hoi trong nhng vt liu ny, nn cht lng mu s
gim t loi 3 n loi 4, nu c nc vo l khoan.
162
ng ly mu h ng knh 100mm
Thit b ly mu minh ha gm c mt ng mu, di khong 450mm,
vi mt mi ct vt vo bng ren v mt u ng. T s din tch
khong 30%. Cc ng mu c th ni vi nhau bng cc vng ni
to nn mt dng c ly mu di hn.
Hai ng mu tiu chun s to nn mt ng mu khong 1m, thng
c s dng ly mu st yu; tuy nhin s tng chiu di c th
gy ra ph hoi mu t nhiu.
Trong nhng t c lc dnh thp nh bi hoc ct mn ln bi, mu
c th b ri ra khi ko dng c t t ln. Vic thu mu c th c
ci thin bng cch thm vo mt lng chi tit gi li gi mp ct v
ng mu nh nu hnh 2.1. Khi dng chi tit gi li, cht lng mu
khng tt hn loi 3.
Cc ng mu nh hn (khong 50mm hoc 75mm) c th c
dng, nu vic s dung ng mu 100mm gp tr ngi, hoc do kch
thc l khoan. Cc ng mu nh hn cng c thit k tng t,
ngoi tr chn ct khng tho ra c.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
163
164
Mu li khoan xoay
Cc mu c c bng cch khoan ly li theo quy trnh nu
trn. Cht lng mu c th bin i ng k theo cc c
trng ca t nn v kiu thit b ly li dng. Kch thc
ng li v kch thc li c lit k thnh bng.
Trong hu ht cc , li thch hp s nhn c bng cch
dng ng li kp c khp khuyn, vi li c kch thc khng
nh hn khong 70mm ng knh.
165
Mu li khoan xoay
Vic gim c li ti 55mm ng knh, c th thch hp trong
nguyn trng v s tng li ti khong t 100mm v
150mm ng knh, bao gi cng mang li kt qu tt hn
trong yu, b phong ha hoc nt n.
Trong yu, phong ha hoc
nt n li tt nht c th nhn
c bng cch dng ng li ba,
trong ng trong s cha mt
ng mu tho lp c hoc
ng lt.
ng lt c th lm bng nhiu
loi vt liu. Cc loi hnh ng lt
bao gm: ng tch, ng kim loi
khng c ng ni v ng lt
bng cht do, c cng v mm.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
166
nh t
Mu ly bng ng
Ly li khoan xoay v bo qun
167
Khi qut
Cc mu tn km mt s tin ng k mi ly dc nn phi x l
tht thn trng. Tnh hu ch ca kt qu th nghim trong phng ph
thuc vo cht lng mu thi im th nghim.
Do vy iu quan trng l thit lp mt quy trnh thun tin bo
qun v ghi nhn cho mu, cng nh bo qun v chuyn ch
sao cho chng khng b h hng v c th d nhn bit, ly ra t
kho mu khi cn.
Cc mu phi c che ch khi sng gi lm hng chng, khi b
nung nng v chu bin thin nhit qu mc c th lm hng vt
liu bc mu, ng mu v lm h hng thm mu.
Nhit ni ct mu s chu nh hng ca kh hu, nhng c kin
ngh rng mu phi c ct gi nhit thp nht thc t c th
c, l trong khong 2oC n 45oC. Dao ng nhit trong kho
khng vt qu 20oC.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
168
Ghi nhn
Tt c cc mu phi c ghi nhn ngay sau khi ly khi l
khoan hoc h o.
Nu chng c bo qun m t
nhin, chng cn ng thi, c gi
trong hp kn kh, hoc c bc trong
sp.
Nhn phi c nu tt c nhng thng tin cn thit v mu, v vn
c mt bn sao thm c lu gi ring tch khi mu; bn ny
c km v bo co hin trng hng ngy.
Nhn c lm du bng mc khng ty c v bn khi nh
hng ca mi trng v vn chuyn mu.
Bn thn mu phi c hn 1 nhn hoc nhng phng tin khc
xc nh, sao cho c th nhn ra mu nu 1 nhn b hng.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
169
Ghi nhn
Nhn mu in hnh thch hp cho nhng mu khng nh
hng c nu hnh sau.
Cc t c nh s theo tng lot v ng thnh quyn c 2
lin.
Mi t c mt phn c th x c theo mt ng c l v
c dng lm nhn, phn cn li cng x ra c, mang s
lot ca nhn v c th c nh vo nh mt phng tin
ring nhn bit.
170
Ghi nhn
GHI CHP MU
No 1234
V trngythng..nm.
L khoan..ng knh ngoi ti mt t
V tr ly mu, t No 1234
n
.di mt t
Hp ng sKiu loi mu
Nhn xt
No 1234
K tn
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
171
i vi mu c mt cch
thay th l bc mu trong mt
lp sp. Loi parafin vi tinh th
hay c dng, v n t b kh
ngt v nt.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
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173
Mu ly bng ng
Nhng khin ngh sau y c th p dng cho tt c cc mu ly
bng ng tr nhng loi c ly bng ng thnh dy.
Nhng iu cn thn trng v gi v bo qun mu phi c tun
th nh nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi cc mu c ly bng cc
phng php thng thng.
Trong nhng trng hp t bit c th cn phi c bin php phng
nga t m hn.
i vi nhng mu c gi
trong ng hoc ng lt phi tun
theo qui trnh: ngay sau khi mu
khoan hoc o c ly ra phi
gt b cc u mt (chng 25mm)
v mi phn t b ph hoi u
ng mu.
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
174
Mu ly bng ng
Sau phi bc vi lp sp nng chy, tt nht l sp vi tinh, t
mi u mt mt dy khong 25mm. Sp nung chy cng ngui cng
tt. iu ch yu l thnh ng phi sch v khng dnh t.
Nu mu rt xp, nn t trc mt t giy sp ln cc u mu. Mi
khong trng cn li gia u mt ng, hoc ng lt v sp phi
c nht cht bng vt liu t b nn ln hn mu v khng c kh
nng ht nc t mu; ri y mt tm np kn kht hoc vn cht
m c ren ti mi u ng ng hoc ng lt.
175
Mu ly bng ng
i vi nhng mu khc phi tun theo quy trnh sau: cc
mu khng c gi trong ng phi c bc ton b bng
mt s lp parafin nng chy, tt nht l loi sp vi tinh, ngay
sau khi g khi dng c ly mu; ri sau phi nht cht
bng vt liu thch hp vo hp ng bng kim loi hoc cht
do.
Np hp ng phi c gi cht bng bng dnh. Nu mu
rt xp cn ph n bng giy sp trc khi dng sp chy.
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177
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179
180
181
182
Th nghim SPT
Tin hnh th nghim:
Th nghim SPT thng c tin hnh trong h khoan ngay
sau khi thc hin cc thao tc ly mu hoc lm sch l khoan.
Trnh t th nghim nh sau :
Lp t cc thit b th nghim
nh du trn cn khoan ba on lin
tc vi chiu di mi on l 15cm.
Ba nng 63,5 kg c th ri t do
vi khong cch 75cm.
m s ba ng c sau khi xuyn
ngp mi hip 15cm.
S ba ca hai hip sau c gi l
sc khng xuyn tiu chun hoc "Nvalue".
Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
183
Th nghim SPT
Th nghim SPT s c dng li khi mt trong nhng iu kin sau
xy ra :
Tng s ba ng trong mt hip > 50 ba.
ng c 100 ba.
ng mu khng dch chuyn khi ng 10 ba lin tc.
ng mu xuyn 45 cm v khng vi phm mt trong cc iu
khon trn.
184
Th nghim SPT
Cc nhn t c th nh hng n kt qu th nghim SPT :
L khoan cha c lm sch hon ton, cc mn khoan c th
b gi trong ng mu v b nn khi ng mu lm tng s ba.
Khng t mi xuyn trn mu nguyn dng.
Kt cu t nhin ca t b ph hy do p lc ng k ca
ct nc trong l khoan hoc do s dng bm qu mnh.
Ba khng ri t do hoc khng s dng cn dn ba.
S dng cc u mi khng ng tiu chun.
S dng cn khoan nng hn tiu chun hoc cn khoan qu
di.
S dng cc l khoan ng knh qu ln (D > 10cm).
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186
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BI 3: KHOAN THM D
KHAI THC NC
CBGD
B mn
Tel
: 84-8-8654086
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 3:
KHOAN THM D KHAI THC NC
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Phn loi ging
2.2. Cc phng php khoan
2.3. Cc yu cu ca ging khoan thm d - khai thc nc
2.4. Cng ngh khoan, kt cu ging, m va, gi dng v
bm th nghim
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
189
I. NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Ni dung:
T chc i khoan thm d khai thc nc
Cng tc chun b thi cng ging khoan
a tng v cu trc ging
Quy trnh cng ngh thi cng ging khoan
Cc phng php hon thin ging v gi dng sn phm
Cc phng php bm th nghim v khai thc sn phm
Ghi chp s liu ti hin trng
190
NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Yu cu thc tp:
Ghi chp chung v bui thc tp (ngy thc tp, a im, c
im cng trnh...)
Ghi chp v t chc i khoan thm d khai thc nc
Tham gia, tm hiu cng tc chun b trc khi khoan
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c khoan thm d
khai thc nc
Tham gia, tm hiu v bo co quy trnh thi cng ging khoan
Tham gia, tm hiu v bo co v cc cng tc bm th nghim
v khai thc sn phm
M t ct a tng v cu trc ging khoan ti v tr thc tp
khoan thm d khai thc nc.
191
II. C S L THUYT
2.1. Phn loi ging v cc phng php khoan
2.2. Mt s yu cu c bn i vi ging khoan
2.3. Cng ngh khoan
2.4. Tnh ton s b v ng lc
2.5 Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
2.6 Trm ging khoan
192
193
KIU GING
NG DNG
Tm kim-o v
bn
Thm d
Thm d - khai
thc
Khai thc
Khai thc nc
Tho kh hoc
h thp mc
nc
Quan trc
Tng p
194
195
196
khoan
khoan
hoc
(13)
n ng mu (nu c)
(12)
u chuyn tip (11)
Cn khoan (9) (10)
(c th c cn nng)
V trn cng l cn
ch o (7)
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199
200
201
202
203
5. Khoan p cp
Khoan p cp hin nay rt t
s dng v n t c tc
khoan thp, hao tn nng
lng, hay b s c v chiu
su ging khoan b hn ch.
Chong khoan hon ton khc
vi cc phng php khoan
xoay, tit din ngang ca
chong c cc hnh ch I, ch
thp, hnh mng nga v mi
nhn (pick).
204
Khoan p cp
S p trong l khoan c to ra nh my khoan c cc c
cu tay quay, thanh truyn chuyn ng lch tm to ra cc c
p ca chong ln y (hnh v).
Sau mi c p th chong t xoay i mt gc c nh (khong
15 ) theo chiu ty theo chiu bn ca cp (cp thun v
cp nghch).
Nh vy ti trng ln y nh vo s ri t do ca chong t
trn cao nht nh cch y l khoan (thng cao ny
trong khong 0,8-1,2m).
205
Khoan p cp
Tn s p cng quyt nh n tc khoan, nu p nhanh
qu s d xy ra hin tng ri cp v nu chm qu s
khng t nng sut cao.
Khi y ging khoan nhiu mn th tc khoan s chm li,
ngi ta dng ti ko chong ln v dng ti khc th ng
mc xung y mc mn khoan cho sch y.
Nh vy tc khoan c quyt nh bi trng lng
chong, chiu cao nng chong, tng s p v kh nng lm
sch y.
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207
208
209
210
P = p.k
211
Q = F .V =
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220
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223
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225
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
C cu chung ca ng lc c vng bt m kn c t chm
di l khoan trong ng chng c th xt s n gin di
y. Kha mc hnh ch T th ng lc.
226
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
ng knh ca ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
D = 117,58
Q
I K1
trong :
D: ng knh ngoi ca ng lc (mm)
Q: Lu lng khai thc nc ca l khoan theo n
(m3/h).
I: Chiu di phn lc nc ca ng lc (m)
K1: H s lc
227
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Khi chiu dy tng cha nc nh hn 5m, chiu di phn lc
nc ly bng chiu dy tng cha nc.
Khi chiu dy tng cha nc ln hn 5m, chiu di phn lc
nc ca ng lc c xc nh theo :
I=
.Q
D
trong
I: Chiu di phn lc nc (m)
Q: Lu lng khai thc nc ca l khoan theo n
(m3/h)
D: ng knh ngoi ng lc (mm)
228
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Bng 3-1
c tnh ca t tng cha nc
H s
Ct ht nh c h s K1 = 25
90
Ct ht va c h s K1 = 15
60
Ct ht th c h s K1 = 1530
50
Si c h s K1 = 3070
30
229
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Cu trc l khoan c xc nh bi kiu, kch thc v v tr t thit
b bm. Khi t bm trong ng lc, ng knh ng lc (v ng
knh kt thc ca l khoan) s ph thuc vo kch thc ca bm.
Nu cn t bm c nng sut ln th ngi ta a bm ln trn ng
lc, trong ng khai thc. Trng hp ny, ng knh ng khai thc
c xc nh bi kch thc ca bm.
to iu kin d dng trong lp rp bm, sa cha v quan st v
tr mc thy ng trong l khoan nn ly khong h gia thnh ngoi
ca bm v ng knh trong ca ng khai thc khong 50mm.
ng lc c th vo l khoan c th bng ct cn khoan hoc ng
ct chng.
Khi dng ct cn khoan th ng lc th lp thm kha mc vo
cui ct cn ri lp vi vi u on ng ni trn ng lc.
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
230
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Nu thnh l khoan khng n nh, khi th ng lc vo l khoan phi
dng ng chng tm thi bo v (cm ng chng vi tng khng
thm nc pha di tng cha nc).
Sau khi khoan thm mt on lng ct bng chiu di phn ng
lng th th ng lc vo l khoan. ng chng tm thi ny c nng
ln mt on khi phn lc ca ng lc hoc rt hon ton ra khi l
khoan.
Khi khai thc 2, 3 tng cha nc trong cng mt l khoan, ngi ta
dng nhiu ng lc tng ng vi cc tng cha nc. Gia cc
tng khng cha nc c t ng lin ni cc ng lc vi
nhau.
trnh ct v cc mnh vn t ri vo khong h gia ng lc
v ng chng, hoc thnh l khoan, ngi ta dng cc vng bt m
kn bt cc khong h gia u ni trn ng lc v ng chng. Cu
to ca cc vng ny ph thuc vo vt liu sn xut chng, c th
lm bng g, si gai, cao su, ch v.v...
Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
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