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CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY
7.1 CHARGE AND ELECTRIC CURRENT
Van de Graaf
1. What is a Van de Graaff generator? Fill in each of the boxes the name of the part shown.
A device that .. and .. at high voltage on its dome
dome
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2. How are electrical charges produced by a Van de Graaff generator? And what type of
charges is usually produced on the dome of the generator?
When the motor of the Van de Graaff generator is switched on, it drives the
..
This causes the rubber belt to against the . and hence becomes ..
where it is collected.
A large amount of . is built up on the dome
. charges are usually produced on the dome of the generator.
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Electric Current
1. Electric current consists of a flow of ......
2. The more charges that flow through a cross
section within a given time, the
is the current.
3. Electric current is defined as the
rate of flow of .
Each second, 15 coulombs of charge cross the
plane. The current is I = 15 amperes. One
ampere is one coulomb per second.
I=
Q = .
t =
.....................
(i)
(ii)
I
t
/
)
t
I
4. If one coulomb of charge flows past in one second, then the current is .
ampere.
5. 15 amperes means in second, .. coulomb of charge through a
cross section of a conductor.
6. In a metal wire, the charges are carried by.
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Electric Field
a) An electric field is a . in which an experiences a..
b) An electric field can be represented by a number of lines indicate both the.
and .. of the field
c) The principles involved in drawing electric field lines are :
(i)
Demo: To study the electric field and the effects of an electric field.
Apparatus & materials
Extra high tension (E.H.T) power supply (0 5 kV), petri dish, electrodes with different
shapes (pointed electrode and plane electrode), two metal plates, talcum powder, cooking oil,
polystyrene ball coated with conducting paint, thread and candle.
Method
DEMO
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A)
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Observation:
The polystyrene ball oscillated between the
two plates, touching one plate after
another.
Explanation:
When the polystyrene ball touches the
negatively charged plate, the ball
receives negative charges from the plate
and experiences a repulsive force.
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C)
Observation:
The candle flame splits into two portions in
opposite direction. The portion that is
attracted to the negative plate is very much
larger than the portion of the flame that is
attracted to the positive plate.
Explanation:
1) Switch of the E.H.T and replace the
negative charges.
The positive charges are attracted to the
negative plate while the negative
charges are attracted to the positive
plate.
The flame is dispersed in two opposite
directions but more to the negative
plate.
The positive charges are heavier than
the negative charges. This causes the
uneven dispersion of the flame.
Conclusion
1.
Electric field is a
..
2.
other.
3. Electric field lines are in an electric field. The direction of the
field lines is from .. to
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Exercise 7.1
1. 5 C of charge flows through a wire in 10 s. What is the current in the wire?
2.
A charge of 300 C flow through a bulb in every 2 minutes. What is the electric
current in the bulb?
3.
The current in a lamp is 0.2 A. Calculate the amount of electric charge that passes
through the lamp in 1 hour.
4.
If a current of 0.8 A flows in a wire, how many electrons pass through the wire in one
minute? (Given: The charge on an electron is 1.6 x 10-19 C)
An electric current of 200 mA flows through a resistor for 3 seconds, what is the
(a) electric charge
(b) the number of electrons which flow through the resistor?
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(b)
Y
P
Pressure at point P is
apple is released.
pressure of water
(c) Similarly,
potential at B.
W
Work
V = Quantityofch arg e =
Q
where W is .
Q is .
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Cells
voltmeter
Switch
connecting wire
Constantan wire //
eureka wire
bulb
resistance
rheostat
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(a)
(b)
Figure (a) and figure (b) show two electrical circuits. Why do the ammeters show different
readings? Why do the bulbs light up with different intensity?
Referring to the figure (a) and (b) complete the following table:
(a) Inference
The current flowing through the bulb is influenced by the potential difference across it.
(b) Hypothesis
To determine the relationship between current and potential difference for a
(c) Aim
constantan wire.
(d) Variables
(i)
manipulated variable
(ii)
responding variable
(iii)
fixed variable
Apparatus /
materials
Method
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2.
Turn on the switch and adjust the rheostat so that the ammeter reads the
current, I= 0.2 A.
Tabulation of
3.
4.
Repeat steps 2 and 3 for I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5 A, 0.6 A and 0.7 A.
data
Current,I/A
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Analysis of data
Discussion
Volt, V/V
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2.
V
I
The resistance, R, of the constantan wire used in the experiment is equal to the
gradient of the V-I graph. Determine the value of R.
3.
Conclusion
The potential difference, V across a conductor increases when the current, I passing
through it increases as long as the conductor is kept at constant temperature.
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Ohms Law
(a)
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I
= constant I
or
V
= constant
I
V
I
and
V=
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Factors
Diagram
Hypothesis
The the conductor,
the .. its resistance
Resistance is .
proportional to the length of a
conductor
The ... the cross sectional area, the .
the its resistance
Resistance is .....
proportional to the cross-sectional
area of a conductor
Different conductors with the
same physical conditions have
. resistance
The
.
The
temperature of a conductor, the
... the resistance
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Graph
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Resistance of a conductor,
Resistance of a conductor,
R
R
length
1
cross-sectional area
length
cross-sectional area
Or
or
R= l
Exercise 7.2
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where =
resistivity of the
substance
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1.
False
(d)
point to another.
2 volt is two joules of work done to move 2 coulomb of charge
from one to another in an electric field.
2.
I
t
/
)
t
I
i) Electric charge,
Q = ( It /
W = (QV /
V Q
/
)
Q V
iii) Base on your answer in 2(i) and (ii) derive the work done, W in terms of I, V and t.
W
QV
ItV
3. If a charge of 5.0 C flows through a wire and the amount of electrical energy converted
into heat is 2.5 J. Calculate the potential differences across the ends of the wire.
W
QV
2.5
5.0 (V)
0.5 V
4. A light bulb is switched on for a period of time. In that period of time, 5 C of charges
passed through it and 25 J of electrical energy is converted to light and heat energy. What
is the potential difference across the bulb?
W
QV
20
6 (V)
V
=
3.33 V
5. The potential difference of 10 V is used to operate an electric motor. How much work is
done in moving 3 C of electric charge through the motor?
W
QV
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3 (10)
30 J
VIt
20 (3) (50)
3000 J
Bulb
3A
A
20
IR
0.5 (5)
2.5 V
IR
3.0
2.0 (R)
1.5
R =
IR
2.0
0.5 (R)
R =
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IR
3.0
6 (R)
0.5
R =
IR
0.5 (3)
1.5
V/V
1.2
= gradient
=
= 2.4
0
= gradient
=
= 2.0 x 10-3
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I/A
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IR
12
I (5)
2.4 A
It
2.4 (30)
72 C
QV
72 (12)
or
= 12(2.4)(30)
864 C
= 864 C
IR
3.0
0.3(R)
= VIt
10
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+ 1.5 V -
+ 1.5 V -
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= gradient
=
2
0
= 4
I/A
= gradient
=
= 1
conductors, P, Q and R.
i)
ii)
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V/V
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19. Figure shows a wire P of length, l with a crosssectional area, A and a resistance, R. Another
wire, Q is a conductor of the same material with
a length of 3l and twice the cross-sectional area
of P. What is resistance of Q in terms of R?
Conductor P R
Conductor Q R
R
20. PQ, is a piece of uniform wire of length 1 m
with a resistance of 10. Q is connected to an
ammeter, a 2 resistor and a 3 V battery. What
is the reading on the ammeter when the jockey
is at X?
Resistance in the wire
R is directly proportional to l
= 10
100 cm
Hence, 20 cm =
R
(10)
= 2
Total resistance
2 + 2 = 4
Current, I
=
=
= 0.75 A
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21. Figure shows the circuit used to investigate the relationship between potential
difference, V and current, I for a piece of constantan wire. The graph of V against I
from the experiment is as shown in the figure below.
(a)
(b)
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PARALLEL CIRCUIT
the same.
bulb/resistor
I = I 1 = I2 = I3
V = V1 + V2 + V3
I = I1 + I2 + I3
battery
resistor, we get :
resistor, we get :
V = V1 + V2 + V3
IR = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
I = I 1 + I2 + I3
V
V
V
V
R = R1 + R2 + R3
R = R1 + R2 + + R3
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= R + R + R
3
1
2
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(a)
(b)
(c)
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(d)
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Effective resistance, R
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(h)
(g)
(i)
(j)
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Exercise 7.3
1.
V = IR
2.5 =I(5)
= 0.5 A
2.
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3.
4.
The voltage supplied to the parallel is 3 V. R1 and R2 have
a resistance of 5 and 20. Calculate
V = IR
3 =I(4)
= 0.75 A
5.
20 :
6.
V = IR
3 =I(5)
I = 0.6 A
(b) is closed?
Effective R = 4
V = IR
12 =I(4)
I=3A
(a)
(a)
(b)
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V = IR
3 =I(20)
I = 0.15 A
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7.
Calculate
resistor.
R = 12
V = IR
= 2(8) = 16 V
I=2A
resistor.
resistors.
V = IR
I=2A
= 2(2.5) = 5 V
(e) The current passing through 6 resistor.
V = V8 + V2.5 +Vparallel
24 = 16 + 5 + Vparallel
Vparallel = 3V
V = IR
3 = I(6)
I = 0.5 A
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8.
The electrical components in our household appliances are connected in a combination of series and
parallel circuits. The above figure shows a hair dryer which has components connected in series and
parallel. Describe how the circuit works.
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Figure (b)
Voltmeter reading,
potential difference, V < e.m.f.,
E
Voltmeter reading,
e.m.f.
E,r
R
Current flowing
No current flow
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where VR = IR and Vr = Ir
= IR + Ir
= I (R + r)
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3.
i. Why is the potential difference across the resistor not the same as the e.m.f. of the battery?
The potential drops as much as 0.4
Ir
1.5
1.1
0.8
0.5 r
IR
1.1
0.5 R
2.2
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Activity :
Dry cell
Ammeter
Switch
Rheostat
Aim
Apparatus /
materials
Method
:
a)
b) Turn on the switch, and adjust the rheostat to give a small reading of the
ammeter, I, 0.2 A.
c)
d) Adjust the rheostat to produce four more sets of readings, I = 0.3 A, 0.4 A, 0.5
A and 0.6 A.
Tabulation of
data
:
Current,I/A
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
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Volt, V/V
2.6
2.5
2.4
2.2
2.0
1.9
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Analysis of data
Based on the
above data,
draw a graph of
V against I
Discussion
1. From the graph plotted, state the relationship between the potential difference, V
across the cell and the current flow, I?
The potential difference, V across the cell decreases as the current flow increases.
2. A cell has an internal resistance, r. This is the resistance against the movement of
the charge due to the electrolyte in the cell. With the help of the figure, explain the
result obtained in this experiment.
When the current flowing through the circuit increases, the quantity of charge
flowing per unit time increased. Hence, more energy was lost in moving a larger
amount of charge across the electrolyte. Because of this, there was a bigger drop in
potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
3. By using the equation E = V + Ir
(a) write down V in terms of E, I and r.
V = -rI + E
(b) explain how can you determine the values of E and r from the graph plotted in
this experiment.
E = the vertical intercept of the V I graph
R = the gradient of the V I graph
(c) determine the values of E and r from the graph.
By extrapolating the graph until it cuts the vertical axis,
E = 2.9 V
r = - gradient
= 1.4
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Exercise 7.4
A voltmeter connected directly across a battery gives a reading of 1.5 V.
E = V + Ir
1.5 = 1.35 + 0.3(r)
r = 0.5
2. A circuit contains a cell of e.m.f 3.0 V and internal resistance, r. If the external resistor has a value of 10.0
and the potential difference across it is 2.5 V, find the value of the current, I in the circuit and the internal
resistance, r.
E = 3.0 V, R = 10 , V = 2.5 V
Calculate current : V = IR
Calculate internal resistance : E = I(R + r)
r = 2.0
A simple circuit consisting of a 2 V dry cell with an internal resistance of 0.5. When the switch is
closed, the ammeter reading is 0.4 A.
Calculate
(a) the voltmeter reading in open circuit
The voltmeter reading = e.m.f. = 2 V
(b) the resistance, R
E = I(R + r)
2
V = IR
= 0.4(R + 0.5)
= 0.4 (4.5)
R = 4.5
= 1.8 V
Find the voltmeter reading and the resistance, R of the
resistor.
E = V + Ir
12 = V + 0.5 (1.2)
V = 11.4 V
V = IR
e.m.f.
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5
/V
Rearrange
:V = E - Ir
Equivalent
: y = mx + c
/A
2
b) the internal resistor, r of the cell
r = - gradient
= - (6 - 2)
2
=2
V/V
1.5
0.2
5
1/A
E = c = intercept of V-axis
= 0.26
R/
1.3
E = I(R + r)
0.5
- 0.2
1 (A-1) Rearrange
I
- r,
:R=
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Energy Conversion
battery
(chemical energy)
(a)
current
(b)
current
battery
(chemical energy)
current
current
Energy Conversion:
Electrical energy Light energy
+ Heat energy
Energy Conversion:
Electrical energy Kinetic
energy
2. When an electrical appliance is switched on, the flows and the .............................. energy
supplied by the source is ................................... to other forms of energy.
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time, t
Electrical Energy, E
From the definition of potential
Electrical Power, P
Power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy,
difference, V
E = VQ
; where Q = It
Hence,
E = VI t
; where V = IR
Hence,
E = I2R
; where I = V
R
Hence,
SI unit : Joule
P = VQ
t
P = VI
2
P= I R
t
P = I2 R
2
E= V t
R
(J)
SI unit : Joule
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1. The amount of electrical energy consumed in a given period of time can be calculated by
Energy consumed
E
Power rating x
Time
Pt
energy, E is in Joules
where
power, P is in watts
time, t is in seconds
2. The unit of measurement used for electrical energy consumption is the
...
1 kWh
1000 x 3600 J
3.6 x 106 J
1 unit
Cost of energy
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Appliance
Quantity
Power / W
Power / kW
Time
Energy
Consumed
(kWh)
Bulb
60
8 hours
Refrigerator
400
24 hours
Kettle
1500
3 hours
Iron
1000
2 hours
Cost
3 x 100
60
5%
3 x 100
12
25 %
Exercise 7.5
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(a)
5V
(b)
R = 10
R = 10
5V
2.
V= 15V
R1=2
R2=4
R3=4
Calculate
(a) the current, I in the circuit
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4. An electric kettle is rated 240 V 2 kW. Calculate the resistance of its heating element and
the current at normal usage.
(b) How much energy will be transferred to the water in the kettle in 2 minutes?
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7. Table below shows the power rating and energy consumption of some electrical appliances
when connected to the 240 V mains supply.
Appliance
Quantity
Power rating / W
Kettle jug
2000
1 hour
Refrigerator
400
24 hours
Television
200
6 hours
Lamp
60
8 hours
Kettle jug,
=1x2x1
= 2 kWh
Refrigerator
Television
= 1 x 0.2 x 6
= 1.2 kWh
Lamp
= 5 x 0.06 x 8
= 2.4 kWh
= 15.2 kWh
(b) How much would it cost to operate the appliances for 1 month?
Cost
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= RM 108.43
8. A vacuum cleaner consumes 1 kW of power but only delivers 400 J of useful work per
second. What is the efficiency of the vacuum cleaner?
9. An electric motor is used to lift a load of mass 2 kg to a height 5 m in 2.5 s. If the supply
voltage is 12 V and the flow of current in the motor is 5.0 A, calculate
(a) Energy input to the motor
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Ampere, A
B.
kelvin,K
C.
Coulomb, C
D.
Volt, V
A.
B.
C.
B.
C.
D.
C. 1800 J
D. 7200 J
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C. 6.0 x 10-5 C
shape of a coil?
D. 3.6 x 10-3 C
E. 2.2 x 10-1 C
a higher resistance.
B. To increase the current and produce
more energy.
C. To decrease the resistance and
produce higher current
A.
B.
A. temperature
B. length
C. cross-sectional area
D. current flow through the wire
points in a circuit is
A. the rate of flow of the charge from
one point to another
B. the rate of energy dissipation in
moving one coulomb of charge
from one point to another
D.
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kettle?
B. P and S
A. 200 W
C. Q and R
B. 2000 W
D. R and S
C. 2400 W
E.
D. 3600 W
E. 4800 W
11. An e.m.f. of a battery is defined as
A. the force supplied to 1 C of charge
B.
charge
is turned on?
charge
A. 1.0 A
B. 1.5 A
charge
C. 2.0 A
D. 9.0 A
E. 10.0 A
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A. 1.2 x 106 J
vertical height of 4 m
B. 1.8 x 106 J
A. 20 s
C. 2.4 x 106 J
B. 40 s
D. 3.6 x 106 J
C. 60 s
E. 4.8 x 106 J
D. 80 s
E. 100 s
measurement of
A.
A. Power
B. Electrical energy
C. Electromotive force
B.
C.
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E. 8.0 W
A. 0.5 W
B. 2.0 W
A. Resistance
C. 4.0 W
B. Potential difference
D. 6.0 W
C. Electric current
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The figure above shows a graph of electric current against potential difference for three
different conductors X, Y and Z.
(a) Among the three conductors, which conductor obeys Ohms law?
Conductor Y
(b) State Ohms law.
The potential difference across a conductor is directly proportional to the current that
flows through it, if the temperature and other physical quantities are kept constant.
(c) Resistance, R is given by the formula R = V/I. What is the resistance of X when the
current flowing through it is 0.4 A? Show clearly on the graph how is the answer
obtained.
From the graph I against V;
resistance, R
1
0.11
= 9.09
(d) Among X, Y and Z, which is a bulb? Explain your answer.
X, because as I increases, the gradient decreases. Hence, the resistance X increases
as I increases which is a characteristic of a bulb.
2.
The figure below shows an electric kettle connected to a 240 V power supply by a
flexible cable. The kettle is rated 240 V, 2500 W.
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The table below shows the maximum electric current that is able to flow through
wires of various diameters.
(a)
diameter of wire / mm
maximum current / A
0.80
1.00
10
1.20
13
1.40
15
What is the current flowing through the cable when the kettle is switched
on?
P = IV
I = P/V
(b)
(c)
State one precautionary measure that should be taken to ensure safe usage of
the kettle.
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Mention one fault that might happen in the cable that will cause the fuse in the
plug to melt.
Short circuit might occur if the insulating materials of the wires in the cable are
damaged.
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1.
The figure above shows a dry cell operated torchlight with metal casing
(i)
(ii)
Why it is safe to use the torchlight although the casing is made of metal?
(iii)
Answer
1. (a)
The work done by a battery to move a unit charge around a complete circuit.
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(b)
(c)
To improve the contact between the dry cells and the terminals of the
torchlight
Current flowing through the torchlight is very small, will not cause
electric shock
To converge the light rays to obtain increase the intensity of the light rays
projected by the torchlight.
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Four different cables and their characteristic of the cables were given. The length and
diameter of all the cables are similar.
(a) Define the resistance of a conductor.
(b) The table below shows the characteristic of the four cables, A, B, C and D.
Resistivity /
m
Maximum load
before breaking/
N
Density /
kgm-3
Rate of
expansion
0.020
500
2800
Low
0.056
300
3200
Low
0.031
400
5600
Medium
0.085
200
3800
High
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the table to be used for a long
distance electricity transmission
(ii)
(c) Suggest how three similar bulbs are arranged effectively in a domestic circuit.
Draw a diagram to explain your answer. Give two reasons for the arrangement.
(d) An electric kettle is rated 2.0 kW.
(i)
Calculate how long would it take to boil 1.5 kg of water from an initial
temperature of 280 C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J kg-1 0C-1]
(ii)
Answer
2.(a) Resistance is the ratio of potential difference to current flowing in an ohmic conductor.
(b)
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Characteristics
Explanations
A low resistivity
braking is high
tower
A low density
Cable A is chosen because it has low resistivity, high max load before breaking, low
density and low expansion rate.
(c) (i) If one bulb is burnt the others is still be lighted up
(ii) Each bulb can be switch on and off independently
(d) (i)
Pt = mc
(2000)(t)
t
(ii)
(1.5)(4200)(100-28)
226.8 s
END OF MODULE
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