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Introduction to Sociology

Definition of Sociology
Importance of Sociology
Areas of Sociology
Relationship of Sociology to
other Social Sciences
Evolution of Sociology

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Definition of Sociology

Derived from the Latin word socius,

meaning "associate" and the Greek
word logos, meaning study of
knowledge
Coined by August Comte (1798-1857),
regarded as the father of Sociology

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Definition of Sociology
A science which studies human
civilization
Systematic study of groups and
societies people build and how these
affect their behavior
Focuses on various social connections,
institutions, organizations, structures
and processes
Gathers social inputs which are
composed of frequent forms and
manners

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Importance of Sociology
Obtain possible theories and principles
about society as well as various aspects
of social life
Study the nature of humanity and
examine our roles within the society
Appreciate that all things are
interdependent with each other
Broaden our familiarity on sociological
facts
Expose our minds regarding the
different perspectives on attaining the
truth

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Areas of Sociology

Social
Organization
Sociological
Theory and
Research

Social
Psychology

SOCIOLOGY
Human
Ecology

Social Change

Population
Studies

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Applied
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Relationship of Sociology
to other Social Sciences

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Relationship of Sociology
to other Social Sciences
History - data collected by historians are
used in Sociology to observe human
behavior
Political Science - politicians analyzes
social behavior for both political and
policy-making purposes
Economics - analysis on economic
activities (such as GNP, savings, etc..) is
based on individual behaviors and social
interactions

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Relationship of Sociology
to other Social Sciences
Anthropology - tackles socio-cultural
behavior and its effects on a persons
way of life
Psychology - psychologists gather
pertinent data like the social structure,
and cultural background to study a
persons behavior

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Evolution of Sociology
French Revolution (1787-1799) changed
the order of the social classes in France
through a series of social and political
upheavals aimed at overthrowing the
monarchy
Industrial Revolution (1800s) was the
transition movement from agricultural
works and hand production to
manufacturing processes

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Evolution of Sociology
August Comte (1798-1857)

Scientific methods should be applied in

studying society
Two specific problems for sociological
investigations:

Social statics - pertains to the

problems of order and stability
Social dynamics - refers to the
problem of social change

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Evolution of Sociology
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)

Famous for coining the expression,

Survival of the Fittest
The evolution of societies is based on
the principles of natural law
Change is inevitable
Societies must adapt to their
surroundings and compete to survive

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Evolution of Sociology
Karl Marx (1818-1883)

Conflict Theory

Societies develop through class

conflicts
The struggle between the proletariat
and the bourgeoisie due to the
exploitation of the latter to the
former is essential in provoking
social change
The only way for the laborers to have
a better social condition is through
social revolution

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Evolution of Sociology
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)

Structural Functionalism Theory

Society is composed of harmonious

elements such as individuals,
organizations and social institutions
These elements must perform their
functions according to their role in
the society
If these elements are not in the state
of equilibrium, then, dysfunction
may occur

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Evolution of Sociology
Development of Sociology in United States
University of Chicago first department of
Sociology was established in 1893

Robert E. Park (1864-1944) introduced the study

of City and Urban Processes and Development
University of Chicago further welcomed notable
scholars such as George Herbert Mead and John
Dewey in 1894
Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) popularized the
Action Theory
Robert K. Merton (1910-2003) postulated
Theories of Deviance and developed the concepts
of "self-fulfilling prophecy" and "role model"

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Evolution of Sociology
Development of Sociology in the Philippines
Sociology course was first offered by Father
Valentine Marin at the University of Santo Tomas
(1896)
Courses on penology and criminology had been
added (1900)

The University of the Philippines offered the first

organized course in Sociology (1911)

Dean Conrado Benitez was the first Filipino to teach

Sociology at UP

Felipe Gamboa taught Sociology at the Philippine

Womens College (1938)

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