1 | Jeanne Moroa | 2DPH | BioSci Lec

CHAPTER 7
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
MUSCLES OF THE BODY
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS (Figure 7.16)
MUSCLE
ORIGIN
INSERTION
ACTION
Buccinator
Maxilla and
Orbicularis oris @
Refracts angle of
mandible
angle of mouth
mouth; flattens
cheek
Depressor anguli
Lower border of
Skin of lip near
Depresses angle of
oris
mandible
angle of mouth
mouth
Levator labii
Maxilla
Skin and orbicularis
Elevates upper lip
superioris
oris of upper lip
Occipitofrontalis
Occipital bone
Skin of eyebrow and
Moves scalp;
nose
elevates eyebrows
Orbicularis oculi
Maxilla and frontal
Circles orbit and
Closes eye
bones
inserts near origin
Orbicularis oris
Nasal septum,
Fascia and other
Closes lips
maxilla, and
muscles of lips
mandible
Zygomaticus major
Zygomatic bone
Angle of mouth
Elevates and
abducts upper lip
and corner of mouth
Zygomaticus minor
Zygomatic bone
Orbicularis oris of
Elevates and
upper lip
abducts upper lip
MUSCLES OF MASTICATION (Figure 7.16)
Temporalis
Temporal fossa
Anterior portion of
Elevates and
mandibular ramus
retracts mandible;
and coronoid
involved in
process
excursion
Masseter
Zygomatic arch
Lateral side of
Elevates and
mandibular ramus
protracts mandible;
involved in
excursion
Leteral pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Condylar process of
Protracts and
plate and greater
mandible and
depresses
wing of sphenoid
articular disk
mandible; involved
in excursion
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Medial surface of
Protracts and
plate of sphenoid
mandible
elevates mandible;
and tuberosity of
involved in
maxilla
excursion
TONGUE AND SWALLOWING MUSCLES (Figure 7.17)
Intrinsic
Inside tongue
Inside tongue
Changes shape of
tongue
Extrinsic
Bones around oral
Onto tongue
Moves tongue
cavity or soft palate
Suprahyoid
Base of skull,
Hyoid bone
Elevates or
(geniohyoid,
mandible
stabilizes hyoid
stylohyoid,
hyoglossus)
Infrahyoid
Sternum, larynx
Hyoid bone
Depresses or
(thyrohyoid)
stabilizes hyoid
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Soft palate

Skull or soft palate

Elevators

Soft palate and

auditory tube
Larynx and hyoid

Constrictors
Superior
Middle
Inferior

Palate, tongue,
pharynx
Pharynx

Moves soft palate,

tongue, or pharynx
Elevate pharynx

Pharynx

Constrict pharynx

NECK MUSCLES (Figure 7.14, 7.16, 7.22)

Flexors
Anterior side of
Base of skull
Flex head and neck
vertebrae
Extensors
Posterior side of
Base of skull
Extend head and
vertebrae
neck
Sternocleidomastoid
Manubrium of
Mastoid process and
Individually rotate
sternum and medial
nuchal line of skull
head, together flex
part of clavicle
neck
Trapezius
Posterior surface of
Clavicle, acromion
Extends and
skull and upper
process, scapular
laterally flexes neck
vertebral column
spine
(C7-T12)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN MUSCLES (Figure 7.18)
Erector spinae
Sacrum, ilium,
Ribs, vertebrae,
Extends vertebral
- Iliocostalis
vertebrae, ribs
skull
column
- Longissimus
- Spinalis
Deep back muscles
Vertebrae
Vertebrae
Extends vertebral
column; help bend
vertebral column
laterally
MUSCLES OF THE THORAX (Figure 7.19, 7.22)
scalenes
Cervical vertebrae
First and second
Inspiration; elevate
ribs
ribs
External intercostals
Inferior edge of
Superior edge of
Inspiration; elevate
each rib
next rib below origin
ribs
Internal intercostals
Superior edge of
Inferior edge of next
Forced expiration;
each rib
rib above origin
depress ribs
Diaphragm
Inferior ribs,
Central tendon of
Inspiration; depress
sternum, and
diaphragm
floor of thorax
lumbar vertebrae
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL (Figure 7.14, 7.20, 7.22)
Rectus abdominis
Pubic crest and
Xiphoid process,
Flexes vertebral
pubic symphysis
inferior ribs
column; compresses
abdomen
External abdominal
Ribs 5-12
Iliac crest, inguinal
Compresses
oblique
ligament, fascia of
abdomen; flexes
rectus abdominis
and rotates
vertebral column
Internal abdominal
Iliac crest, inguinal Ribs 10-12, fascia of
Compresses
oblique
ligament, lumbar
rectus abdominis
abdomen; flexes
fascia
and rotates
vertebral column
Transversus
Costal cartilages 7Xiphoid process,
Compresses
abdominis
12), lumbar fascia,
fascia of rectus
abdomen
iliac crest, inguinal
abdominis, pubic
ligament
tubercle
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MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC FLOOR AND PERINEUM (Figure 7.21)

Levator ani
Posterior pubis and
Sacrum and coccy
Elevates anus;
ischial spine
supports pelvic
viscera
Bulbospongiosus
Male: central
Dorsal surface of
Constricts urethra;
tendon of perineum
penis and bulb of
erects penis
Female: central
penis
Erects clitoris
tendon of perineum
Base of clitoris
Ischiocavernosus
Ischial ramus
Corpus cavernosum Compresses base of
penis or clitoris
External anal
Coccyx
Central tendon of
Keeps orifice of anal
sphincter
perineum
closed
Deep transverse
Ischial ramus
Midline CT
Supports pelvic floor
perinei
Superficial
Ischial ramus
Central tendon of
Fixes central tendon
transverse perinei
perineum
MUSCLES ACTING ON THE SCAPULA (Figure 7.14, 7.22, 7.23)
Levator scapulae
Transverse
Superior angle of
Elevates, retracts,
processes of C1-C4
scapula
and rotates scapula;
laterally flexes neck
Pectoralis minor
Ribs 3-5
Coracoid process of
Depresses scapula
scapula
or elevates ribs
Rhomboid Major
Spinous processes
Medial border of
Retracts, rotates
of T1-T4
scapula
and fixes scapula
Rhomboid Minor
Spinous processes
Medial border of
Retracts, slightly
of T1-T4
scapula
elevates, rotates
and fixes scapula
Serratus anterior
Ribs 1-9
Medial border of
Rotates and
scapula
protracts scapula;
elevates ribs
Trapezius
Posterior surface of
Clavicle, acromion
Elevates, depresses,
skull, spinous
process, scapular
retracts, rotates,
processes of C7-T12
spine
and fixes scapula,
extends neck
ARM MOVEMENTS (Figure 7.4, 7.22, 7.23, 7.25)
Deltoid
Clavicle, acromion
Deltoid tuberosity
Flexes and extends
process, scapular
shoulder, abducts
spine
and medially and
laterally rotates arm
Latissimus dorsi
Spinous processes
Medial crest of
Extends shoulder,
of T7-L5, sacrum
intertubercular
adducts and
and iliac crest, and
groove
medially rotates
inferior angle of
arm
scapula in some ppl
Pectoralis major
Clavicle, sternum,
Lateral crest of
Flexes shoulder,
superior six costal
intertubercular
extends shoulder
cartilages,
groove
from flexed position,
abdominal muscles
adducts and
medially rotates
arm
Teres major
Lateral border of
Medial crest of
Extends shoulder;
scapula
intertubercular
adducts and
groove
medially rotates
arm
Infraspinatus
Infraspinous fossa
Greater tubercle of
Stabilizes and
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of scapula

extends shoulder
and laterally rotates
arm
Subscapularis
Subscapular fossa
Lesser tubercle of
Stabilizes and
of scapula
humerus
extends shoulder
and medially rotates
arm
Supraspinatus
Supraspinous fossa
Greater tubercle of
Stabilizes shoulder
of scapula
humerus
and abducts arm
Teres minor
Lateral border of
Greater tubercle of
Stabilizes and
scapula
humerus
extends shoulder;
adducts and
laterally rotates arm
ARM MUSCLES (Figure 7.14, 7.22, 7.23, 7.25)
Biceps brachii
Long head:
Radial tuberosity
Flexes elbow;
supraglenoid
and aponeurosis of
supinates forearm;
tubercle
biceps brachii
flexes shoulder
Short head:
coracoid process
Brachialis
Anterior surface of
Coracoid process of
Flexes elbow
humerus
ulna
Triceps brachii
Long head: lateral
Olecranon process
Extends elbow;
border of scapula
of ulna
extends shoulder;
Lateral head:
adducts arm
lateral and posterior
surface of humerus
Medial head:
posterior humerus
FOREARM MUSCLES (Figure 7.24)
Palmaris longus
Medial epicondyle
Aponeurosis over
Tightens skin of
of humerus
palm
palm
Flexor carpi radialis
Medial epicondyle
2nd and 3rd
Flexes and abducts
of humerus
metacarpal bones
wrist
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Medial epicondyle
pisiform
Flexes and adducts
of humerus & ulna
wrist
Flexor digitorum
Ulna
Distal phalanges of
Flexes fingers and
profundus
digits 2-5
wrist
Flexor digitorum
Medial epicondyle
Middle phalanges of
Flexes fingers and
superficialis
of humerus,
digits 2-5
wrist
coronoid process,
radius
Quadratus pronator
Distal ulna
Distal radius
Pronates forearm
Teres pronator
Medial epicondyle
radius
Pronates forearm
of humerus and
coronoid process of
ulna
Brachioradialis
Lateral
Styloid process of
Flexes elbow
supracondylar ridge
radius
of humerus
Extensor carpi
Lateral epicondyle
Base of 3rd
Extends and
radialis brevis
of humerus
metacarpal bone
abducts wrist
nd
Extensor carpi
Lateral
Base of 2
Extends and
radialis longus
supracondylar ridge
metacarpal bone
abducts wrist
of humerus
Extensor carpi
Lateral epicondyle
Base of 5th
Extends and
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humerus

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ulnaris
Extensor digitorium

Supinator

of humerus and
ulna
Lateral epicondyle
of humerus

metacarpal bone

adducts wrist

Extensor tendon
expansion over
phalanges of digits
2-5
Radius

Extends fingers and

wrist

Lateral epicondyle
Supinates forearm
of humerus and
and hand
ulna
MUSCLES MOVING THE THIGH (Figure 7.26)
Iliopsoas
Iliac fossa and
Lesser trochanter of
Flexes hip
vertebrae
femur and hip
capsule
Gluteus maximus
Posterior surface of Gluteal tuberosity of
Extends hip,
ilium, sacrum, and
femur and iliotibial
abducts and
coccyx
tract
laterally rotates
thigh
Gluteus medius
Posterior surface of
Greater trochanter
Abducts and
ilium
of femur
medially rotates
thigh
Gluteus minimus
Posterior surface of
Greater trochanter
Abducts and
ilium
of femur
medially rotates
thigh
Tensor fasciae latae
Anterior superior
Thru lateral fascia
Steadies femur on
iliac spine
of thigh to lateral
tibia thru iliotibial
condyle of tibia
tract when
standing; flexes hip;
medially rotates and
abducts thigh
LEG MOVEMENTS (Figure 7.14, 7.26, 7.28)
Rectus femoris
Ilium
Tibial tuberosity via
Extends knee,
patellar ligament
flexes hip
Vastus lateralis
Greater trochanter
Tibial tuberosity via
Extends knee
and linea aspera of
patellar ligament
femus
Vastus medialis
Linea aspera of
Tibial tuberosity via
Extends knee
femur
patellar ligament
Vastus
Body of femur
Tibial tuberosity via
Extends knee
intermediatlis
patellar ligament
Sartorius
Anterior superior
Medial side of tibial Flexes hip and knee;
iliac spine
tuberosity
laterally rotates
thigh
Adductor longus
Pubis
Linea aspera of
Adducts and
femur
laterally rotates
thigh; flexes hip
Adductor magnus
Pubis and ischium
Femur
Adducts and
laterally rotates
thigh; flexes hip
Gracilis
Pubis near
Tibia
Adducts thigh;
symphysis
flexes knee
Biceps femoris
Long head ischial
Head of fibula
Flexes knee;
tuberosity
laterally rotates leg;
Short head - femur
extends hip
Semimembranosus
Ischial tuberosity
Medial condyle of
Flexes knee;
tibia and collateral medially rotates leg;
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ligament
Tibia

extends hip
Semitendinosus
Ischial tuberosity
Flexes knee;
medially rotates leg;
extends hip
MUSCLES OF THE LEG ACTING ON THE LEG, ANKLE, AND FOOT (Figure 7.14,
7.27, 7.28)
Extensor digitorium
Lateral condyle of
Four tendons to
Extends four lateral
longus
tibia and fibula
phalanges of four
toes; dorsiflexes
lateral toes
and everts foot
Extensor halluces
Middle fibula and
Distal phalanx of
Extends great toe;
longus
interosseous
great toe
dorsiflexes and
membrane
inverts foot
Tibialis anterior
Tibia and
Medial cuneiform
Dorsiflexes and
interosseous
and first metatarsal
inverts foot
membrane
bone
Fibularis tertius
Fibula and
Fifth metatarsal
Dorsiflexes and
interosseous
bone
everts foot
membrane
Gastrocnemius
Medial and lateral
Thru calcaneal
Plantar flexes foot;
condyles of femur
tendon to calcaneus
flexes leg
Soleus
Fibula and tibia
Thru calcaneal
Plantar flexes foot
tendon to calcaneus
Flexor digitorium
Tibia
Four tendons to
Flexes four lateral
longus
distal phalanges of
toes; plantar flexes
four lateral toes
and inverts foot
Flexor hallucis
Fibula
Distal phalanx of
Flexes great toe;
longus
great toe
plantar flexes and
inverts foot
Tibialis posterior
Tibia, interosseous
Navicular,
Plantar flexes and
membrane, fibula
cuneiforms, cuboid,
inverts foot
second thru fourth
metatarsal bones
Fibularis brevis
Fibula
Fifth metatarsal
Everts and plantar
(peroneus brevis)
bone
flexes foot
Fibularis longus
Fibula
Medial cuneiform
Everts and plantar
(peroneus longus)
and first metatarsal
flexes foot
bone