BMCG 3333: MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING DESIGN

CHAPTER 1-2: DESIGN AGAINST

STATIC FAILURE
Dr. Muhd Ridzuan Mansor
Dr. Shamsul Anuar Shamsudin
Dr. Roszaidi Ramlan
Mdm. Mastura Taha

Chapter 2:STATIC LOADINGS

What is STRENGTH?

Strength is a property or characteristic of mechanical

element

Type of Loadings
The type of loading on a system can be divided into
several classes based on the character of the applied loads
and the presence or absence of system motion.

These loads may be constant or may be varying over time.

The elements in the system may be stationary or moving.
The most general class is that of a moving system with
time-varying loads. The other combinations are subsets of
the general class.

Type of Loadings
Table 2-1: 4 Possible Classes

Constant Loads

Time-Varying
Loads

Stationary
Elements

Class 1

Class 2

Moving Elements

Class 3

Class 4

Class 1:
Stationary
system with
constants loads

Type of Loadings
Table 2-1: 4 Possible Classes

Constant Loads

Time-Varying
Loads

Stationary
Elements

Class 1

Class 2

Moving Elements

Class 3

Class 4

Class 2: Stationary
system with timevarying loads

Type of Loadings
Table 2-1: 4 Possible Classes

Constant Loads

Time-Varying
Loads

Stationary
Elements

Class 1

Class 2

Moving Elements

Class 3

Class 4

Class 3: Moving system

with constant loads

Type of Loadings
Table 2-1: 4 Possible Classes

Constant Loads

Time-Varying
Loads

Stationary
Elements

Class 1

Class 2

Moving Elements

Class 3

Class 4

Class 4: Rapidly
moving system
subjected to
time-varying
loads

Chapter 2:Static Loadings

What is STATIC LOAD?
Stationary force applied to a member. To be stationary
the force should be unchanging in magnitude and
direction.
A static load can produce axial tension or
compression, a shear load, a bending load, a
torsional load or and combination of these.
Purpose: relationship between strength and static loading
in order to make decisions concerning material and its
treatment, fabrication, geometry, safety, reliability,
usability, manufacturability, etc.

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing & Bending

Principle of Stress and Deformations
Direct Stresses: Tension and Compression.
Stress: Internal resistance offered by a unit area of

material to an external load.

Perpendicular to element.
Compressive stresses: crushing action. Negative by
convention.
Tensile: pulling action. Positive by convention.
Direct stress formula:

force F
normal stress ,

area
A

mm2

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing & Bending

Principle of Stress and Deformations
Conditions:
load-carry member must be straight.
line of action of the load must pass
through the centroid of cross section of
the member
member must be of uniform cross
section
member must be short in the case of
compression members

Chapter 2:Static Stresses; Tensile,

Compressive, Bearing & Bending
Principle of Stress and Deformations
Direct Shear Stress

Occurs when the applied force tends to

cut through the member as scissors.
Apply force is assumed to be uniformly
distributed across the cross section.

shearing force F

area in shear
As

mm 2

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing & Bending

Normal Stress due to Bending

Mc
I

mm 2

Where:
M = magnitude of bending moment at the
section
c = distance from the neutral axis to the
outermost fiber of the beam cross section
I
= moment of inertia

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing & Bending

Shear Stress due to Torsion

A torque will twist a member, causing a shear

stress in the member

max

Tc

N mm2
J

A general shear stress formula:

Tr

J
where:
T
c
J
r

= torque
= radius of shaft to its outside surface

= polar moment of inertia

= radial distance from the center of
the shaft to the point of interest

The distribution of stress is

not uniform across the
cross section.

Tensile, Compressive, Bearing & Bending

Combined Normal Stress: Superposition Principle
Used to compute resulting normal stresses due to direct normal

tensile/compressive stress and bending stresses due to bending

When the same cross section of a load-carrying member is
subjected to both a direct tensile and compressive stress and a
stress due to bending, the resulting normal stress can be computed
by the method of superposition:

Mc F

I
A

mm2

Safety Factors
Factor of safety (FS) is defined by either of
the equation;

strength S
Factor of Safety, FS

stress

For ductile material;

For brittle material;

Safety Factors
FS = ratio of strength to stress; preferably between 2
and 3. It depends on standards too.
What designer should do?
Maintain the stress less than the strength to
prevent failure.
How to reduce stress?
Increase the area.
How to increase strength?
Change the material material properties
changed
FS < 1 Failure (stress is bigger than strength)

THANK YOU!

Challenge Your Understandings

a) What are the type of loading which can be subjected to
b)
c)
d)
e)

a structural object?
What is strength?
What is stiffness?
What is factor of safety?
What is the minimum F.o.S value allowed for safe
design?

Challenge Your Understandings

Consider that the maximum load on a structure is known

with an uncertainty of 20% and the load causing failure

is known within 15%. If the load causing failure is
nominally 9 kN,
a) determine the design factor (sometimes referred to
factor of safety), and
b) the maximum allowable load that will offset the absolute
uncertainties.
Answer: nd =1.4; 6.4 kN

Challenge Your Understandings

A rod with a cross-sectional area of A and loaded in

tension with an axial force of P=9 kN undergoes a stress

of =P/A.
a) Using a material strength of 168 N/mm2 and a safety
factor of 3.0, determine the minimum diameter of a solid
circular rod.
b) Using Table A-15 (page 1011, Shigleys book), select a
preferred fractional diameter and determine the rods
factor of safety.
Answer: dia.=14.3 mm; FoS=3.75

Challenge Your Understandings