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PROCESS CONTROL &

INSTRUMENTATION
(SKKK 3144)
Section: 05
Meeting time: 8.00 am 10.00 am (Monday, Wednesday)
Venue: DK1, N11A / AMTEC Seminar Room
Prerequisite: SKKK 3323 Separation Processes I and SSE
1793 Differential Equations

ABOUT ME
Dr. Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan bin
Othman

B.Sc & M.Eng (UTM); PhD
(Imperial College London)

Office: N29A AMTEC

Phone:(+06) 016-7226503

Email: hafiz@petroleum.utm.my

ADVANCED MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY RESEACH CENTRE /

DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABALE ENERGY ENGINEERING,
FAC. OF PETROLEUM AND RENEWABLE ENERGY ENG.
UNIVERSITY TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA (UTM)
81310 UTM JOHOR BAHRU
JOHOR, MALAYSIA

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Introduction to
Process Control and
Dynamics

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Control Terminology
Controlled variables - these are the variables which
quantify the performance or quality of the final
product, which are also called output variables.
Manipulated variables - these input variables are
adjusted dynamically to keep the controlled variables
at their set-points.
Disturbance variables - these are also called "load"
variables and represent input variables that can
cause the controlled variables to deviate from their
respective set points.
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Identify controlled, manipulated and

disturbance variables

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Control Terminology
Set-point change - implementing a change in the
operating conditions. The set-point signal is
changed and the manipulated variable is adjusted
appropriately to achieve the new operating
conditions. Also called servomechanism (or "servo")
control.
Disturbance change - the process transient
behavior when a disturbance enters, also called
regulatory control or load change. A control system
should be able to return each controlled variable
back to its set-point.
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Feedback Control
Distinguishing feature: measure the controlled variable
Advantages:
 Corrective action is taken regardless of the source of the
disturbance.
 Reduces sensitivity of the controlled variable to
disturbances and changes in the process (shown later).
Disadvantages:
No corrective action occurs until after the disturbance has
upset the process, that is, until after x differs from xsp.
Very oscillatory responses, or even instability
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Feedforward Control
 Distinguishing feature: measure a disturbance variable

Advantage:
 Correct for disturbance before it upsets the process.
Disadvantage:
 Must be able to measure the disturbance.
 No corrective action for unmeasured disturbances.
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Cascade Control
Distinguishing feature: Having one manipulated
variable and more than one measurement

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GROUP DISCUSSION
Consider a home heating system consisting of a natural gas-fired
furnace and a thermostat. In this case the process consists of the
interior space to be heated. The thermostat contains the
measuring element. The furnace is either on (heating) or off.
Draw a schematic diagram for this control system. On your
diagram, identify the controlled variables, manipulated variables,
disturbance variables. Be sure to include several possible sources
of disturbances that can affect room temperature. Suggest a
feedback controller system of this case.
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GROUP DISCUSSION : EXAMPLE 2 (SOLUTION)

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DRAW A FEEDBACK CONTROLLER FOR THE

CHEMICAL PROCESS BELOW:

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