What Is Management?

Management is what managers do

There are two specific categorization schemes to explain what managers do, result of many
years of research and study:

Functions (Henry Fayol)

Roles (Henry Mintzberg)

Management function
According to function approach, managers perform certain activities or function as they
efficiently and effectively coordinate the work of others.
The functions are as under:
1. PLANNING
2. ORGANIZING
3. LEADING
4. CONTROLLING

PLANNING
Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a
course of action for achieving these objectives. Planning requires that managers be aware of
environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires
that managers be good decision-makers.

ORGANIZING
Organizing is the function of management that involves developing an organizational structure
and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives. The structure of
the organization is the framework within which effort is coordinated. The structure is usually
represented by an organization chart, which provides a graphic representation of the chain of
command within an organization. Decisions made about the structure of an organization are
generally referred to as "organizational design" decisions.

LEADING
Leading involves influencing others toward the attainment of organizational objectives. Effective
leading requires the manager to motivate subordinates, communicate effectively, and effectively
use power. If managers are effective leaders, their subordinates will be enthusiastic about
exerting effort toward the attainment of organizational objectives

CONTROLLING
Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from standards. Controlling
consists of three steps, which include establishing performance standards, comparing actual
performance against standards, and taking corrective action when necessary. Performance
standards are often stated in monetary terms such as revenue, costs, or profits, but may also be
stated in other terms, such as units produced, number of defective products, or levels of
customer service.

Management roles:
Henry Mintzberg a well known management researcher, studied actual managers at work. In his
first comprehensive study, mintzberg concluded that what managers do can best be described
by looking at managerial roles they engage in at work.
Roles are as under:

Interpersonal Roles
The ones that, like the name suggests, involve people and other ceremonial duties.
a) Leader
b) Figurehead
c) Liaison
a) Leader Responsible for staffing, training, and associated duties.
b) Figurehead The symbolic head of the organization.
c) Liaison Maintains the communication between all contacts and informers that
compose the organizational network.

Informational Roles
Related to collecting, receiving, and disseminating information.
a) Monitor
b) Disseminator
c) Spokesperson.

a) Monitor Personally seek and receive information, to be able to understand the

organization.
b) Disseminator Transmits all import information received from outsiders to the members
of the organization.
c) Spokesperson On the contrary to the above role, here the manager transmits the
organizations plans, policies and actions to outsiders.

Decisional Roles
Roles that revolve around making choices.
a) Entrepreneur
b) Negotiator
c) Resource Allocator
d) Disturbance Handler
a) Entrepreneur Seeks opportunities. Basically they search for change, respond to it,
and exploit it.
b) Negotiator Represents the organization at major negotiations.
c) Resource Allocator Makes or approves all significant decisions related to the
allocation of resources.
d) Disturbance Handler Responsible for corrective action when the organization faces
disturbances.

Link between functions of management and roles of

management

Functions
a) Planning
b) Organizing
c) Leading
d) Controlling

Managerial Roles:
a) Interpersonal roles (Figurehead, Leader, Liaison)
b) Informational roles (Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson)
c) Decisional roles
Negotiator)

(Entrepreneur, Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator,

PLANNING:
Planning and Interpersonal Roles (Figurehead, Leader, Liaison):
Link between planning and figurehead:
Most of the time there is no link between figurehead and planning because he is symbolic head
of the organization and planning is how to achieve organization goals. But you can say he can
help in planning in some cases if he is in decision making or planning committee. But most of
the time there is no link.
For example:
Imran khan is figurehead of Shaukat Khanam Memorial Hospital and he only attends
the ceremonies of it and he has no influenced in it.
Chairman of PCB he has no influenced in team selection he only attend the main event
of it.

Link between Planning and leader

There is strong link between planning and leader. Planning is how to achieve goals and leader
is responsible for hiring and told people how to do work. So leader must plan things how to
achieve organization goals.
For example:
Misbah Ul Haq is the leader of the Pakistan cricket team so he must plan to achieve
victory.
Prime Minister is the leader of the house so he must plan things to keep country
prospers.

Link between planning and liaison

There is no relation of planning and liaison. Planning is how to achieve organization goals and
liaison is to maintain the communication between all contacts and informers that compose the
organizational network. It develops a network which obtain information from outside.
For example:
A college professor may meet with professors in a separate department on campus to
obtain information on a prospective doctoral student.

Link between informational role and planning

Link between planning and monitor

There is no relation between planning and monitoring. Planning is how to achieve organizational
goals and monitors means evaluates the performance of others and takes corrective action to
improve that performance.
For example:
In school in every class there is monitor he only check the class that who is talking not.
He has nothing to do with class achievements.
In the construction of building you select youre relative to monitors the work of workers.
He has nothing to do with construction.

Link between planning and disseminator

There is no relation between planning and disseminator. Planning is how to achieve organization goals

and disseminator work is to distribute information within the organization that would otherwise
be inaccessible to them.
For example:
Those who tells workers that today CEO will address the workers so these are
disseminators and they have nothing to do with organizations goals.

Link between planning and spokesman

There is no relation between planning and spokesman. Planning is to achieve organization
goals and spokesman speaks on behalf of the work unit to people inside or outside the
organization.
For example:
One who give press release on behalf of organization is spokesman and he has nothing
to do with planning.

Link between decisional roles

Link between planning and entrepreneur
There is good relation between planning and entrepreneur. Planning is to how to achieve
organizational goals and entrepreneurs are risk takers, they take risk for organization
betterment. They plan when to take risk who to take it and where to take it.
For example:
When the manager receives a good idea, he or she launches a development project to
make that idea a reality. They do to achieve organizational goals.
In PTCL Etislat president or any manager is entrepreneur because he takes risk for
betterment of company.

Link between planning and disturbance handler

There is relation between planning and disturbance handler. Planning is how to achieve
organizational goals and disturbance handler is corrects unanticipated problems facing the
organization from the internal or external environment.

For example:
When workers strikes and create disturbance so one managers controls the
environment so he plan something by calling police or send a negotiator. So it
eventually helps organization.

Link between planning and resource allocator

There is relation between planning and resource allocator. Planning is how to achieve org goals
and resource allocators will decide who will get what resources. Resources of org will distribute
according to him.
For example:
Finance minister is the resource allocator because he give budget of country.

Link between planning and negotiator

There is relation between planning and negotiator. Planning is how to achieve org goals and
negotiators negotiate with people to achieve that goals.
For example:
When there is strike in org the disturbance handler sends his negotiator to them to talk
to them. They do this to achieve goals.

ORGANIZING:
Link between organizing and interpersonal roles
Link between organizing and figurehead
There is no relation between organizing and figurehead. Organizing is to develop an
organizational structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of
objectives and figurehead is head of organization.
For example:
Imran khan only attends the functions of his hospitals. He did not organize it.

Link between organizing and leader

There is link between leader and organizing. Organizing means developing an organizational
structure and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and
leader means to lead. Leader also organize an structure to achieve the goals
For example:
Misbah ul haq is captain of Pakistan cricket team he organize his team to win the
match.

Link between organizing and liaison

There is relation. Organizing means developing an organizational structure and allocating
human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and liaison is to maintain the
communication between all contacts and informers that compose the organizational network. It
develops a network which obtains information from outside.
For example:
A college professor may meet with professors in a separate department on campus to
obtain information on a student. After taking information he organize information and
behave him accordingly.

Link between organizing and informational roles

Link between organizing and monitor
There is no relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure
and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and monitor is to
evaluate performance of others.
For example:
Monitor in the class only check the class not organize the class.

Link between organizing and disseminator

There is no relation between them. Organizing is to develop an organizational structure and
allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and disseminator work
is to distribute information within the organization that would otherwise be inaccessible to them.
For example:

 One who tells worker that CEO will address them today has nothing to do with
organizing the business.

Link between organizing and spokesman

There is no relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure
and allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and spokesman
speaks on behalf of the work unit to people inside or outside the organization.
For example:
One who gives press release of org has nothing to do with organizing business.

Link between organizing and decisional roles

Link between organizing and entrepreneur
There is relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure and
allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and entrepreneur are
risk takers they take risk for betterment of org. They organize how to take risk.
For example:
When the manager receives a good idea, he or she launches a development project to
make that idea a reality. 1st they organize the idea.

Link between organizing and disturbance handler

There is relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure and
allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and disturbance
handler corrects unanticipated problems facing the organization from the internal or external
environment.
For example:
When there is strike they organize the team to reduce it.

Link between organizing and resource allocator

There is relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure and
allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and resource allocator
will decide who will get what resources. Resources of org will distribute according to him.

For example:
Finance minister 1st organizes the resources of country and then present the budget in
the assembly

Link between organizing and negotiator

There is relation between them. Organizing means is to develop an organizational structure and
allocating human resources to ensure the accomplishment of objectives and negotiator who
negotiate with people.
For example:
When there is strike negotiator organize himself that how to talk and what to talk to
workers so that they should be convinced.

LEADING:
Link between leading and interpersonal roles
Link between leading and figurehead
There is relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of organizational

objectives and figurehead is head of the organization. If leader is good then other will also be
influenced by him.

For example:

If Imran khan works hard then the other member of his hospital will also influenced by him.

Link between leading and leader

There is relation between then. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of organizational

objectives and leader is to lead. If leader do not work hard then no one will influenced from him.

For example:
If Misbah will not play good no one will influenced by him.

Link between leading and liaison

There is no relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and liaison is to maintain the communication between all contacts and

informers that compose the organizational network. His work is to communicate

information.

the

For example:
If a professor gets information of a bad student and tells the principal. There is no leading
here.

Link between leading and information roles

Link between leading and monitor
There is no relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and monitor is to check the performance of other.

For example:
If you are taking care of worker who is constructing building there is no leading here.

Link between leading and disseminator

There is no relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and disseminator work is to distribute information within the organization
that would otherwise be inaccessible to them.

For example:
One who tells worker that CEO will address them today. This is nothing to do with leading.

Link between leading and spokesman

There is relation between them. . Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and spokesman speaks on behalf of the work unit to people inside or
outside the organization. If company has good spokesman than people will rely on them.

For example:
In ads company used to hire actors so that people should rely on there product.

Link between leading and decisional roles

Link between leading and entrepreneur

There is relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and entrepreneurs are risk takers they take risk for betterment of org. If
risk takes are taking beneficiary risk then it will influenced people.
For example:
If a manager take risk and it is helpful or then many employees will influenced by him.

Link between leading and disturbance handler

There is relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and disturbance handler corrects unanticipated problems facing the
organization from the internal or external environment.
For example:
If in strike the decision of sending negotiator to the workers is beneficial then the other
will also be influenced by his leading skill.

Link between leading and resource allocator

There is relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and resource allocator will decide who will get what resources.
Resources of org will distribute according to him.

For example:
If finance minister give great budget according to resources then all the members of
assembly will influenced by his/her leading.

Link between leading and negotiator

There is relation between them. Leading is influencing others toward the attainment of
organizational objectives and negotiator who negotiate with people.
For example:
If there is strike and disturbance handler sends negotiator to them and negotiator convince
them then people will influenced by his leading.

CONTROLLING:
Link between controlling and interpersonal roles
Link between controlling and figurehead
There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and figurehead is head of org.

For example::
Controlling is there for figurehead. If Imran khan is doing corruption then there should be
check and balance and it is controlling.

Link between controlling and leader

There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and leader means to lead. Leader also organize an structure to achieve the
goals.

For example:
If Misbah is not leading the team good and team is losing then he will
be removed and it is controlling.

Link between controlling and liaison

There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and liaison is to maintain the communication between all contacts and informers
that compose the organizational network.
For example:
If professor not getting the proper information about any student then he should be
removed this is controlling.

Link between controlling and informational role

Link between controlling and monitor
There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and monitor is to check the performance of other.

For example:
If someone is not monitoring well then he should be removed.

Link between controlling and disseminator

There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and disseminator work is to distribute information within the organization that
would otherwise be inaccessible to them.
For example:
If someone is not properly giving information to the workers that CEO will address today
then he will no longer be the disseminator he will be removed.

Link between controlling and spokesman

There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and spokesman speaks on behalf of the work unit to people inside or outside the
organization.
For example:
If spokesman is not properly doing his job then controlling will sack him.

Link between controlling and decisional roles

Link between controlling and entrepreneur
There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and entrepreneurs are risk takers they take risk for betterment of org.
For example:
If risks are giving negative impact on org then the entrepreneur will be sacked.

Link between controlling and disturbance handler

There is relation between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate
from standards and disturbance handler corrects unanticipated problems facing the organization
from the internal or external environment.
For example:
If the disturbance handler is not taking good decision then he will be sacked.

Link between controlling and resource allocator

There is link between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from
standards and resource allocator will decide who will get what resources. Resources of org will
distribute according to him.
For example:
If finance minister is not giving the proper budget them he will be removed by controlling
department.

Link between controlling and negotiator

There is link between them. Controlling involves ensuring that performance does not deviate from
standards and negotiator who negotiate with people.
For example:
If negotiator is not doing good job then he will be punished.

Name:

Muhammad Ammar Khalid

Class:
Subject:
Assignment No.:
Submitted To:

BBA II A
POM
1