Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Yacine Salhi
I. INTRODUCTION
The production of electric energy resulting from fuel
combustion generates gas emissions harmful to the
environment. It is necessary to go to the exploitation of
natural energies such as solar and wind power and overcame
to reduce gas emissions [1]. The US Air Act Amendments of
1990 mandates that the electric utility industry reduce its SO2
emission by 10 million tons/yr from the 1980 level. The NOx
emission is required to be reduced by 2 million tons/yr from
the 1980 level [2].
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the
process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical
power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy
in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power
can be used for a generator can convert this mechanical
power into electricity.
The economic load dispatch problem allocates loads to
plants at minimum cost while meeting the constraints. It is an
optimization problem which minimizes the total fuel cost of
all committed plants while meeting the demand and losses
[3]. Each technology used for generating electricity has its
associated harmful environmental impacts. For example,
Fi ( Pi )
bi Pi
ci
(1)
1) Constraints
Power balance constraints
Pi
PD
PL
(2)
PL
B ij Pi Pj
(3)
i 1 j 1
Pi min
Pi
Pi max
(4)
2015 IEEE
min FT (P ) min
Fi (Pi )
(5)
i 1
min PL
min
B ij Pi Pj
(6)
i 1 j 1
PL'
PL
PW
(9)
PT X
(e
kBT
Ei
)/(
kBT
(10)
1,
e
( E x E y )/ k BT
if E X
EY
if E X
EY
(11)
= 1.
If e t
0,1
Accept the new solution Sj to replace Si
Step 5: If the stopping criterion is not satisfied, reduce
temperature using parameter : T (t )
T and go to Step 2.
TABLE II.
Load(MW)
GA[15]
Fuel
PSO[15]
cost
GAMS[16]
($/h)
QP [17]
SA
GA[15]
Emission
PSO[15]
output
GAMS[16]
(kg/h)
QP [17]
SA
350
18566
18564.6
18564.484
18564.4
18564.4840
164.395
164.359
164.951
164.951
164.9509
400
20828.5
20812.4
20812.294
20812.2
20812.2936
206.056
205.716
206.359
206.358
206.3598
500
25469.3
25465.6
25465.469
25465.4
25465.4691
317.362
317.233
318.021
318.021
318.0209
B.
550
27875.4
27872.6
27872.405
27872.4
27872.4051
387.796
387.673
388.557
388.557
388.5578
600
30335
30334.2
30333.986
30333.9
30333.9858
468.168
468.092
469.089
469.089
469.0890
650
32852.7
32851.3
32851.046
32851.04
32851.0461
558.751
558.639
559.767
559.767
559.7665
700
35426.8
35424.7
35424.442
35424.4
35424.442
659.623
659.467
660.744
660.744
660.7435
1.
3-generator system
The injection of wind energy (Pw = 10 MW) into the
network is estimated by 4 levels: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%
from Pw.
TABLE III.
P1
P2
P3
Losses (MW)
Fuel cost ($/h)
Emission output (kg/h)
25 % Pw
166.2748
307,7989
300,6504
27,2241
37922,1486
766,3550
750
38058.9
38055.4
38055.052
38055.05
38055.0518
770.977
770.732
772.177
772.177
772.1778
50 % Pw
165.6538
306.8252
299,5569
27.0359
37789.3907
760.5590
75 % Pw
165.0331
305.8517
298.4637
26.8485
37656.7778
754.7894
100 % Pw
164.4113
304.8805
297.3699
26.6617
37524.3098
749.0472
REFERENCES
[1]
250000
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
200000
[2]
[3]
150000
100000
[4]
50000
[5]
0
0
10
15
20
25
Number of iterations
[6]
Figure 1. Convergence curve for Fuel Cost minimization with wind energy
variation.
[7]
[8]
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
40000
[9]
[10]
38000
[11]
0
10
15
20
25
Number of iterations
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the effect of wind energy in the some
electrical power systems is studied on cost, losses and on the
environment. The environmental economic dispatch problem
is solved via the Simulated Annealing Algorithm. This work
strengthens the idea and gives a method for the integration of
renewable energies in the classical system.
In this paper, 2 test systems are tested (3-generator and 6generator systems) with and without wind energy.
The obtained results by SA are compared with MODE,
PDE, NSGA, SPEA, and GSA methods. By these simulated
results, SA method provides superior result than previously
reported methods.
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]