Module: 6

Lecture: 1
Response Due to Harmonic Excitation Forces

F (t ) F 0 sin t

amplitude of forces
C x

k x

m x

F0 sin t

Equilibrium Equation
m x C x k x F0 sin t
Homogeneous solution transient solution decays exponentially with time

m x C x k x 0
x A exp ( n t ) sin (d t )
On the other hand particular solution does not vanish as time unfolds and is known as steady
solution.

Particular solution A steady state oscillation of frequency . We can assume the particular
solution to be of the form
x X sin ( t )
Where is the angle by which the displacement x lags the force F0 or the response lagsbehind
the applied force.

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m 2 X

F0

C X

Force Polygon

kX

Referance

x X sin ( t )
x X cos ( t ) X sin ( t

x 2 X sin ( t )
Considering the above vectorial representation we can write
(kX m 2 X ) 2 ( C X ) 2
X
tan

F02

F0
m 2

C
k m 2

Complete solution
x A exp n t sin d t

Transient Solution

F0 sin ( t )

k mC

2 2

Steady state oscillation

The total response is the sum of

Starting transient (complementary function) response which decreases exponentially
I)
with time and
II)
Steady state response (particular integral)
If the first few cycles are of interest, the total response must be studied. But in most cases, the
response after starting transient has died away, is of interest.
Steady state response
Static Response Ast

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F0
k

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A
, Dynamic amplification factor
Ast

k
m

Notifing that n
r Frequency ratio

2k

Cc

1
2
2

1 C

k
n

C
Cc

C
C
2k

2 r
and
k
k
n
n k

After substituting the above relations, the dynamic amplification factorbecomes

A

Ast

1 r 2r
2

Dynamic magnification factor in terms of r and

tan

2 r
1 r2

Response of second order systems to harmonic excitation (Algebraic Approach for

Particular Integral

m x(t ) Cx (t ) kx(t ) F (t )
F (t ) kf (t ) k A sin t
Where is the excitation frequency, sometimes referred to as driving frequency. The above
equation can be rewritten as
m x(t ) Cx (t ) k x(t ) k A sin t
or , x(t ) 2 n x (t ) n 2 x(t ) An 2 sin t
Let the solution is x(t ) C1 sin t C2 cos t
Substituting this in the above equation we can write the left hand side (LHS) as
2 C1 sin t C2 cos t 2 n C1 cos t C2 sin t n 2 C1 sin t C2 cos t

n 2 C1 sin t C2 cos t 2 n C1 cos t C2 sin t

2

C1 n 2 2 C2 2 n sin t C2 n 2 2 C1 2 n cos t

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Equating the coefficient of sin t & cos t respectively on the both sides of the equation, we
obtain two algebraic equations

2
n

2 C1 2 nC2 n 2 A

2 n C1

2
n

C2
2

(1)

0 ( 2)

Solving the above equations

(2)

C1

n 2 2
C2

2 n

Substituting in equation (1) we get

2 2
(n2 2 ) n
2 n

C2 2 nC2

2 2 2 4 2 2 2
n
C2 n
2

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n 2 A

2
n A

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C2

2 n
2
n

2 n

2 2

n 2 2


2 n

and C1

n2 A

2
n
2 2

1
n

2
n A
2
2 n

2 n

2
n

x(t )

n 2 2
2
n

2 2

n2 A

2 2

sin t 2 cos t

n
n

A
2

2
2

1 2

n
n

1
n

Define

2
n

2 2
2

n
n

Where,

2 2
2

n
n

X ( ) sin t cos sin cos t

X ( ) sin ( t )

X ( )

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tan -1

cos

sin

A
2 2
2

1
2

n
n

2
and

n
1

x(t )

1
n

2 2
2

1 2

n
n

1
n

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