4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE 2015)

IGEE, Boumerdes, December 13th -15th, 2015

Selective Harmonics Elimination Based on Cuckoo

Search Optimization for Four-Legs Multilevel
Inverter
A. Kouzou
LAADI Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology
Ziane Achour University of Djelfa.
Djelfa, Algeria
kouzouabdellah@ieee.org
Abstract This paper describes the application of the Selective
Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (SHE-PWM) to
Four-legs Multi-level inverter based on an off-line meta-heuristic
algorithm called Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) which has
been recently developed. The objective of using the SHE-PWM is
to ensure the elimination of some specific low order harmonics
contained in the output voltage. furthermore in this paper the
proposed method is used also for the elimination of the zero
component voltage at the terminals of the three-phase load
independently of the nature of the load. To achieve these main
objectives, two constrained nonlinear objective functions are
defined that has to be minimized for the determination of the
switching angles vector solution presenting the best minimal
value for the predefined objective functions independently. The
obtained results proves clearly the effectiveness of the SHE-PWM
based on the Cuckooo Search Optimization for the elimination of
the specific harmonics from the output voltage of the four-legs
Multi-level inverter four four-wires applications.
Keywords-component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key
words)

I.

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, the DC/AC power conversion based on power

electronics converters are widely used in several applications
such as; power generation from renewable energy sources,
uninterruptable power supply storage based, adjustable speed
devices and other vital domestic and industrial applications.
This enormous proliferation of these devices is attracting great
attentions of researchers and users
to develop their
performances and to improve the quality of their AC output
voltage to fulfill the new operational characteristics and
standards requirements of the electrical equipments in
industrial, domestic and other sensible utilities at the same
time. On the other side the recent developments in the field of
power electronics devices, especially the DC/AC converter or
inverters under diversified topologies and control techniques,
makes this kind of converter of great interest mainly in the
electrical power system utility interfaces. In several
applications there are two primordial challenge concerns, the
first is the capability of the power electronics switches to
support medium and high voltages and power conversion, the
second is the compensation and the ride through of the neutral
currents in case of the existence of the unbalanced loads, non-

linear loads, the time varying loads, the zero sequence

harmonics currents and voltages, the use of the one-phase
loads. As a result, to solve the first challenge, the multilevel
inverters have been introduced; Indeed it is attracting very
important attention from researchers as well as industrial users
due to their many advantages, especially low voltage stress on
switches, reduced dv dt , low harmonic distortion and low
output voltage electromagnetic interferences (EMI). several
topologies were introduced in the last years. Whereas, a lot of
researches are directed mainly to the use of these converters in
high-voltage and high-power applications and [1-11]. Where,
their main performances assessment is based on the output
voltage harmonics contents. It is found that with an increased
number of levels, the total harmonic distortion of the output
current decreases without increasing the switching frequency
and without adding any complexity to the power circuit [8],[911]. to act faced to the second challenge, the four-legs inverters
have been introduced. This kind of inverter has a special
topology because of the existence of the fourth leg; therefore it
needs special control algorithm to fulfill the subject of the
neutral current circulation which was designed for. It is clear
that the classical three-phase voltage-source inverter can be
adapted to the new topology by adding a four-leg, indeed for
this proposition two main solutions were advocated, the first
solution consisting on adding a fourth leg with a split capacitor,
the second solution is based on the addition of a similar leg to
the existent three legs. This last solution has been proved to be
the best, even though it needs more complicated control
algorithm, whereas, the drawbacks of the first solution make it
not suitable, especially the problem of the fourth leg capacitors
voltage unbalance, and the need of capacitor with a large size
in the situation when the current in the fourth leg has important
magnitude. In the present work, a four-legs NPC five-level
inverter is presented to overcome the problems resultants from
the two aforementioned challengers. Figure 1 presents the
selected topology of one phase of the three-phases (that are
similar) of the four leg five-level NPC inverter, where the midpoint of the fourth leg is used to compensate the neutral
current. On the other side to ensure a simple and effective
control for the application of this kind of inverter where the
output voltage and the frequency required are predefined, the
SHE-PWM (Selected Harmonics Elimination PWM) strategy
based on evolutionary and heuristic algorithms is used. The

2015 IEEE

main aim is to eliminate completely the low order output

voltage harmonics in the three-phases using optimization
methods
without taking into account the harmonics
components with frequency multiply of three of the
fundamental frequency [9-16] whereas, the control method
used is required to fulfill the generation only of the voltage
harmonics components with frequency multiply of three of the
fundamental frequency to ensure that the voltage around each
phase load due to these components is equal to zero.
a

T14

Vdc/4

T21

D13

D21

T13

Vdc/4

T22
D12

Van

Vdc

D22

T12
Vdc/4

T23

D11
D23

T11

Vdc/4

T24
n

Figure 1. One-leg of three-phases of a four-leg NPC Five-level inverter.

Vdc/4
Vdc/4

Tn22
TD12
DD11

Vdc

Dn21
Vdc/4

TD11

VDn

Tn21

Vdc/4

Figure 2. the fourth-leg "D" of a four-leg NPC Five-level inverter.

Classical optimization techniques have many limitations,

such as the difficulty in finding a global optimum in the
presence of many local optima, and convergence issues. As
relatively new and quickly developed optimization
methodologies, which have outstanding abilities for solving
complex optimization problems and finding global optima,
there are several modern heuristic tools evolved in the last two
decades that facilitate solving optimization problems those
were previously difficult or impossible to solve. In the present
work the cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) technique is used
to minimize or even to eliminate the undesired harmonics
components from the output voltage feeding of the inverter.
II.

FOR-LEGS MULTILEVEL INVERTER OUTPUT VOLTAGE

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of the current designations. The elimination of specific loworder harmonics from a given voltage waveform generated by a
voltage source inverter can be achieved using, programmed
or selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation
(SHE-PWM) techniques. The PWM pattern must be adapted to
the related inverter topology and must take into account
technical aspects that could lead to unsafe commutation of the
semiconductors. The common characteristics of the techniques
used in this domain to improve the power quality are basically
based on the Series Fourier. This paper is focusing chiefly on
the use of the CSO to find the global optimum of two objective
functions modeling the required selective harmonics PWM
used to achieve the control of four-legs five-level inverter,
where the main aim is to ensure a less number of iterations and
short time searching. On the other side, as it is usual for all the
meta-heuristics algorithms, the good choice of the initial values
has an important effect to guarantee the convergence. The
optimization will be handled offline, and there are two
objective function to be minimized. The first one is to ensure
the selective harmonics PWM of the output voltage of the
three-phases under special selection of the harmonics to be
eliminated. The second one is to ensure the harmonics output
voltage generation for the fourth leg, where the main aim is to
generate the fundamental with a frequency multiply of three of
the fundamental of the three-phases output voltage. The
obtained minima, for the two objective functions allow having
the best PWM switching angles, where the aim is to ensure the
minimization
and generation of specific harmonics
components from the three-phase output voltages and the fourleg output voltage respectively. The proposed general
waveform of the N level output voltage presented in this paper
for the three-phases output voltage includes (N 1) equally
intervals per half-cycle, each interval is equal to (N 1) and
has k 2 chops. It is assumed that this periodic waveform has
quarter-wave symmetry. k presents the number of switching
angles, it is supposed to be even. The switching angles for
conduction are [9-11]:
1 , 3 ,........., k 4 , k 2 , k
and the switching angles for extinction are:
2 , 4 ,........., k 3 , k 1
These angles are supposed to be symmetric to 2 in a
half period and to in the full period. Fig. 1. presents the
proposed waveform of seven level inverter. The output voltage
can be presented by the Fourier series as follow:

Vs = A0 +

Ah cos(h t ) +

h =1

B sin(h t )
h

(1)

h =1

Because of the symmetry, the even harmonics are not included

in V s , on the other side the coefficients Ah and A0 are equal to
zero. Equation (1) can be simplified to

Vs =

B sin (nt ) , h = 2 + 1, N
h

h =1

(2)

4 Vdc
[ Bh1 + ( 1) (Bh 2 + Bh3 )]
h =1
n

Where: Bh =

n = 2 1 , Bh1 =
2

Bh 2 =

( 1)

i +1

i =1

Bh 3

( 1) cos(h (
k

i =1

cos h ( 1)k +i

1)k + i

(3)

Where:

is the magnitude of the DC input voltage of one partial

source, it is supposed that the input DC sources have equally
magnitude. B h is a non-linear function with k variables
Vdc

presented by: l where l = 1, k .

5
2V dc

5 6

V dc

3 4

4
t

1 2

F ( ) = e r2 + c h2

(6)

Ac Bc

(7)

Subject to:

= 2 sin h
sin (2 1) h

4n
4n

3V dc

problem where the function F ( ) is the objective function to be

minimized. This function is presented as follow:
F ( ) = F ( 1 , 2 ,............., k 1 , k )
(5)
In this paper the proposed objective function is expressed as
follows:

V d c
2V dc

B1

er = Vref

r Vdc
2

(8)

1 h 2

Bh
2 h =1

ch =

And:

(9)

presents the maximum number of the selected low

frequency harmonics to be eliminated. The matrix constraints
Ac is defined as:
Sh

if i = j +
1

Aci , j = 0
else where
(10)
+ 1 if i = j + + 1

j 1
Where: = int
, i = 1,2......(k + 1) n , j = 1,2....k n
k
and:

= 1.. k , k +1 .. 2 k ..... (n 2) k , ( n2) k +1.. ( n1) k , (n 1) k +1.., nk

(n 1) (n 1)

Bc = 0..0, L L 0, L
2n 2n
n

3V dc

, Vref =

2n

2n

L 0,
n

,
Figure 3. The output voltage of the three-phases seven level NPC inverter
V D (3

1 2 3

4 5

For the proposed topology of four-megs multilevel DC/AC

converter, the harmonics with frequency equal to multiply to
three will not be included in the objective function. this
components magnitudes will be calculated based on the
switching angles obtained from the minimization of the first
objective function. Once more the obtained value will be used
by the second objective function. Therefore, ch will be
expressed as:
S

ch =

h
1

Bh2 and r, n N +
2 h = 2 r +1

(11)

r 3.n +1

Figure 4. Case1: The output voltage of fourth-leg five-level NPC inverter.

The objective of this problem is to find the switching angles

which satisfy the following expression.

B1 = 2 Vref

(4)

And to force the selected harmonics Bh to be eliminated or

reduced to low magnitude level. Vref is the maximal magnitude
of the reference or the desired magnitude of the fundamental
output voltage. This can be presented as an optimization

In this work two objective functions are tested subject to the

same constraints, where the aim is to minimize these two
functions to fulfill the principle of the SHE-PWM. This test is
done with the three algorithms above mentioned. The second
objective function is due essentially to the fourth leg. where the
fourth leg has to generate an output voltage which has a
fundamental frequency multiply of three of the fundamental
frequency of the three-phases output voltage Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
It is obvious in this case that this generated voltage will contain
only and only the components with order multiply of three
based on the frequency of the three-phases out put voltage,
such as 3, 9,15,21,27,33,39,45 etc. where the proposed fourth

leg is a two level, this means that only two static

semiconductor switches are used. It is important to clarify that
the wave form of this voltage is depending on the obtained
switching angles based on the minimization of the first
objective function. On the other hand, the following constraints
has to be satisfied to ensure that the voltage harmonics
components between the terminals load in each phase of
frequencies multiply of three are eliminated based on the
selected order. this constraints can be expressed as follows:
BBi = Bh

2
(12)
i
=
n + 1, n N

h = 3i

during the calculation of the fundamental BB1 = B3 , there are

two possibility for B3 , it may be positive or negative. To solve
this problem and to avoid an off-line huge repetitive
calculation, and to avoid the obligatory situation for B3 to be
positive as it was proposed in previous works [15-16]. to
waveform are suggested in a simple and easy way without the
need to any other effort calculation. the two figures Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4 are presenting the case of B3 positive and negative
respectively. the second objective function proposed for
finding the switching angles of the fourth-leg
ll where
ll = 1, kk , kk is the number of the swathing anglers for the
fourth leg corresponding to the first quarter of the voltage
waveform. can be expressed as follows:

F ( ) = F ( 1 , 2 ,....., kk 1 , kk ) =

Sh

(BB

B3i ) (13)
2

i = 2 n +1, nN

1 2 3 ,............., kk 2 kk 1 kk

III.

This algorithm can be extended to more complicated case to fit

the required problems studied in this paper, where each nest
has multiple eggs representing a set of solutions. This
algorithm uses a balanced combination of a local random walk
and the global explorative random walk, controlled by a
switching parameter pa . The local random walk can be
expressed as follows [16-26]:
xi (t + 1) = xi (t ) + xTi (t )
(15)

xi (t + 1) , xi (t + 1) and xTi (t ) are: is the nest state/location, the

current state/location and the transition probability
state/location respectively.
xTi (t ) = s H ( pa ) x j (t ) xk (t )
(16)

by random permutation, H is a Heaviside function, is a

random number drawn from a uniform distribution, and s is
the step size, is the step size scaling factor ( f 0 ). On the
other hand, the global random walk is calculated based on the
use of the Lvy flights equation which is a stochastic equation
presenting a Markov chain expressed as follows:

xi (t + 1) = xi (t ) + s L(s, )

In this paper, an efficient optimization method recently

developed, known as Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) is
used for finding the global minimum of two objective
functions defined for modeling the problem of the SHE-PWM.
Cuckoo search (CS) is one of the latest nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, developed in 2009 by Xin-She Yang and
Suash Deb. CS is based on the brood parasitism of some
cuckoo species. In addition, this algorithm is enhanced by the
so-called Lvy flights rather than by simple isotropic random
walks. Recent studies show that CS is potentially far more
efficient than other meta-heuristic algorithms. The CSO is
mainly characterized by the three following idealized rules [1626]:
Each cuckoo lays one egg at a time and dumps it in a
randomly chosen nest.
The best nests with high-quality eggs will be carried over to
the next generations.
The number of available host nests is constant, and the egg
laid by a cuckoo is discovered by the host bird with a
probability pa [0,1] . In this case, the host bird can either
get rid of the egg or simply abandon the nest and build a

(17)

where;

(14)

CUCKOO SEARCH OPTIMIZATION

x j (t ) and xk (t ) are two different solutions selected randomly

L(s, ) =

object to the constraint:

completely new nest. under this assumption ,it can be said

that a host nests fraction pa of the n previously existing
nests can be replaced by new random nests solutions.

( ) sin ( 2) 1

s1+

and s ff s0 f 0

To be sure that the system will not be trapped in a local

optimum, a substantial fraction of the new solutions should be
generated by a far field randomization, under the constraint that
their locations should be far enough from the current best
solution [16-26].
IV.

APPLICATION AND RESULTS

For the validation of the proposed control algorithm

simulations were performed for three scenarios of number of
variables used by slot ( k = 4, k = 6 and k = 8 ) for the first
objective function. whereas for the second objective function
the number of variables is fixed for all the mentioned scenarios
k = 2 . The parameters of the SCO are as follows:
The number of the host nests n = 50 , the Levy flight factor
= 1.5 , the probability discovery rate pa = 0.25 , the scaling
step size factor = 0.01 .
A. SCENARIO1 k = 4 by Slot.
In this case, the number of variable of the first objective
function is eight ( 2.k ) which is used to achieve the
requirement of three-^phase legs 'A', 'B' ,'C'. for the forth leg

'D' the number of variable par slot are two, means a number of
four variables par quarter of period, this number is kept the
same in all the scenarios. The initial values solution for the offline calculation are taken randomly. the main aim of this
application is the elimination of the lower order harmonics 5th,
7th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 19th and 23, where the other harmonics
greater than 23th can be eliminated using moderate low-pass
filter Table. I. On the other side the harmonics with frequency
multiple of three of the fundamental frequency (Triplen
harmonics) are not eliminated such as: 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21th as it is
shown clearly in Table. I. The obtained switching angles are
presented in Table. II.
The output voltage harmonic magnitude of the fourth leg is
presented in Table III. It has a fundamental frequency multiply
of three of the fundamental frequency of the three-phases
output voltages. It is very clear that this voltage has same
magnitudes as those of the three-phases out pout voltage;
therefore these voltage components at the terminals of the
three-phase load will not appear and the current harmonics due
to these harmonics are totally eliminated. the switching angles
are presented in Table IV.
TABLE I.

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE THREE-PHASES

OUTPUT VOLTAGE UNDER SHEPWM (K=4)

h
(p.u) x10-4
15
98

1
9878
17
-21

TABLE II.

3
2791
19
-9

5
-7
21
191

7
-38
23
-16

9
-2765
25
43

11
-26
27
-628

13
-22
29
930

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE THREE-PHASES (K=4).

15.4296

17.4296

21.2295

43.8372

49.1586

52.8214

58.2015

79.6783

TABLE III.

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=4).

16.2183

44.7580

55.5470

67.8249

TABLE IV.

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=4).

h
(p.u) x10-4

1
2791

3
2765

5
98

7
191

B. SCENARIO2 k = 6 by Slot.
In this case, the number of variable of the first objective
function is twelve ( 2.k ) which is used to achieve the
requirement of three-phase legs 'A', 'B' ,'C'. The magnitude of
the output voltage harmonics and the obtained switching
angles corresponding to the global minimum of the objective
function are shown in Table V and table VI respectively. the
magnitude pf the output voltage components of the fourth leg
and their corresponding switching angles solution of the
minimization of the second objective function are shown in
Table VII and Table VIII respectively. It is clear that the
elimination of the triple harmonics are eliminated due to the
equality of these voltage components between the three phase
legs and the forth leg.

TABLE V.

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE THREE-PHASES

OUTPUT VOLTAGE UNDER SHEPWM (K=6).

h
(p.u) x10-4
15
901

1
9899
17
-1

TABLE VI.

3
2755
19
1

5
-1
21
-368

7
-1
23
1

9
-250
25
-2917

11
-1
27
-979

13
0
29
-300

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=6).

9.4925

13.9356

20.9144

30.2768

32.4079

43.4226

46.1009

59.9128

10

11

12

64.4885

72.0087

77.6107

84.6107

TABLE VII.

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=6).

26.1690

33.0527

67.8603

77.3018

TABLE VIII.

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=6).

h
(p.u) x10-4

1
2755

3
250

5
901

7
368

C. SCENARIO3 k = 8 by Slot.
In this case, the number of variable of the first objective
function is sixteen ( 2.k ). The output voltages components
and the obtained switching angles are presented in Table. IX
and Table X respectively. the output voltage components of
the fourth leg and the switching angles are presented in Table
XI and Table XII respectively.
TABLE IX.

h
(p.u) x10-4
15
3532

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE THREE-PHASES

OUTPUT VOLTAGE UNDER SHEPWM (K=8)

1
9899
17
0

TABLE X.

3
2307
19
0

5
-1
21
-198

7
1
23
0

9
-110
25
-1198

11
0
27
-943

13
0
29
-2070

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE THREE-PHASES (K=8).

4.3183

6.4197

14.2163

19.2464

24.5620

31.7618

34.8618

43.2788

10

11

12

45

55.4656

58.2134

65.8797

13

14

15

16

70.6244

77.5144

81.5961

88.1044

TABLE XI.

THE SWITCHING ANGLES OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=8).

13.6573

23.1012

81.7120

89.1419

h
(p.u) x10-4

1
2307

3
110

5
3532

7
198

0.35
0.3

Finally, in Fig. 5, the evolution of the first objective

function over 700 iteration was tested for different number of
variables (2,4,6 and 8). As it can be seen in Table XIII, the
minimum value of the objective function in the tested cases. It
was found that the best values are for umber of variables (6
and 8). It is important to clarify that the number of iteration
does not reflect the time of execution, because in the CSO
there are only very few calculation. The spectrum of the
output voltage for the different cases of number of variables
are presented for the output of the three-phase legs and for the
fourth leg in Fig. 6 and fig. 7 respectively. It is clear that the
triple harmonics magnitude are nearly the same for the threephase voltages and the four leg voltage.
TABLE XIII.

Number of
Variables by slot
k=2
k=4
k =6
k =8

TABLE. TABLE TYPE STYLES (K=8)

Min of the
Objective function
0.1377
0.009211
0.0003916
0.0001202

Number of
iterations
78
633
638
446

0.2
0.18
0.16

O b jectiv e fu nctio n

0.14
0.12
k=2
k=4
k=6
k=8

0.1

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0

0.4

THE MAGNITUDE OF HARMONICS OF THE FOURTH LEG (K=8).

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Iteration

M agnitude (p.u)

TABLE XII.

Case k=8
Case k=6
Case k=4

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0

Harmonics order

Figure 7. The Spectrum of the fourth-leg output voltahe under SHEPWM.

V.

CONCLUSION

In this paper it has been proved that the meta-heuristic

algorithms can be a competitive computational solution
compared to other analytical and iterative mathematical based
methods and software for solving optimization problems.
Indeed the application presented in this paper can be a typical
demonstration, where the Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO)
algorithm has been used for the improvement of the output
voltage of four-legs five-level NPC inverter which can be used
in several four-wires applications, especially with renewable
energies sources and uninterruptible power supply. the idea is
basically very simple, where two objective functions has
proposed, the first one to ensure the elimination of low
frequency non triple harmonics from the three-phases output
voltage, the second one is the ensure the generation of triple
harmonics at the flying neutral point of the three phase load,
under the constraint that their magnitudes have to be the same
as the ones produced by the three phases, hence the
elimination of the triple harmonics voltage at the terminal of
the load. On the other side the aim of the use of the fourth leg
is to ensure the circulation of the neutral current in case of
unbalanced three phase loads. the simulation results have
proved the effectiveness of the proposed SHE-PWM strategy
for the mentioned application of four-legs five-level NPC
inverter. A real time implementation will be performed for
uninterruptible power supply for four-wires low power range
for domestic application.

Figure 5. The first objective function version iterations.

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M agnitude (p.u)

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k=4
k=6
k=8

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[3]

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[4]
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13

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17

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21

23

25

27

29 30

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Figure 6. The Spectrum of the three-phases output voltahe under SHEPWM.

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