Magnetism:

Laws:
Like poles repel
Unlike poles attract
F k

P1 P2
R2

k 1 10

N m2

A m 2

Magnetic induction:
k

Pp

2
F
P
R k 2
P
p
R
N dyne
unit:
,
A m p

Angular velocity:
q

m
Period:
2 m
T
q

Force on moving charge:

Lorentzs Expt:
F q v sin
F= 0 if charge is parallel to
F qv

:max Force

Motion of charged body:

mv
R
q

q v sin mv 2 / R

Magnetic Force on Current

conductor:
Current:
Same direction (attract)
Opposite direction (repel)
F I L sin

F= 0 if charge is parallel to field

F I L :max Force

circular defence:

c 3 10 8 m / s

In term of flux

4 10 7 web / Am
o 8.85 10 12 c 2 / N m 2

web
, 2
m
A

Application of Amperes Law

I
center of the complete

2R
I R
horizontal

3/ 2

2 a2 R2

N I

center at flat coil

2R

2k I
d
I

2 d

Two conductor:
F 2k I1 I 2
N dyne

,
L
d
m cm
Torque:
T I A cos (one loop)
T N I A cos (coil)

N - number of turns

Light:

straight conductor

N I

c speed

Reflection:
Law of reflection:
incident reflection
Refraction:
Snells Law
n1 sin incident n 2 sin refracted
n

c
vm

n air 1
n water 4 / 3
n I solenoid

L
N no of turns
n no. of turns per unit length

permeabili ty
permittivi ty

N I
Lm

R Ri
L m 2 o

n glass 1.5
sin c

n2
n1

Effect of Refraction:
Shallowing Effect:
n
h1 h 2
n1
h1 apparent depth observe
h actual depth of object

Mirror:

Lens:

Relativity:

Type:
Plane
Spherical
o Concave (converging)
o Convex (diverging)

Type
Converging Lens
Diverging Lens

Lens Maker Equation:

1
1 n2
1

f n1
R
R
2
1

v
L Lo 1
c
to
t
2
v
1
c

1
1 1

f
p q
q
m
p
m

hi

ho
Sign conversion:
f (+) concave mirror
f (-) convex mirror
q (+) real image
q (-) virtual image
p always +
hi & ho(+) above PA
hi & ho(-) below PA
m (+) image is erect
m (-) image is inverted
m =1 image is same size
m > 1 magnified
m < 1 diminished

Combined magnification:
m m1 m 2 m 3 ....... m n
mn

qn
pn

1
; diopter
f
1
1 1

f
p q

m
m

q
p

Diffraction / Interference:

mo
v
1
c

Eo mo c 2
E mc

KE E E o

Other formula in relativity:

eV

mc 2
E mc 2

1
v c 1

Double Slit:
nth order interference(bright)
y
n
sin n
L
d
nth order interference (dark line)
n 1 / 2 L
yn
d

hi

ho
Sign conversion:
f (+) convex lens(converging)
f (-) concave lens(diverging)
q (+) real image
q (-) virtual image
p always +
hi & ho(+) above PA
hi & ho(-) below PA
m (+) image is erect
m (-) image is inverted
m =1 image is same size
m > 1 magnified
m < 1 diminished

Diffraction Grating:
Yn
sin

nm Lnm
m= no. of lines per cm
n= order of interference

Atomic Spectra:
Bohr Model:
nh
L
2
h = 6.6252 x 10-34 joule-sec
rn = 5.31 x 10-11 n2 (meter)
Eo = -13.6 ev / n2
R = 1.097 x 10 7 / m
r

n 2 h 2 4 o

4 2 mZe 2
f 1 / n 2 e 2 / h 4 o

1
1
R 2 2
n

n i
f
1