Durkheim-objective starting point

Subjective: understand society without

privileging the interpretation people give to
their own actions.
Agency: property of humankind as a whole
-hindi pwede na isang individual
makakagawa ng kasaysayan
-all humans have the capacity to reach
human potential while meeting material
needs but as a result of class societies, some
are more able to reach their creative
potential.
-working class will exercise praxis and make
history in a conscious way informed by
Marxist theory.
Durkehim
; sociology is a science of social facts
: draw a parallelism between natural and
social sciences
>natural: natural facts
> sociology: social facts
What makes something a fact?
: examine his intellectual debts
: Durkheim did not owe debts to catholic
counter revolutionaries
: debts to comte in terms of method
: effect of comtes positivitsm philosphy on
Durkheim
: comte: goal to produce positive philosphy
carried out by durkehim as well
: why positive: comte-one consesuquence of
enlgitnen philosphy uneding debate ofwhat
ought to be, ano ba tunughin ng lipunan?
Natural sciences; helped people in shaping
world and granting freedom so its possible
to develop a social science that will lead to a
positive philosophy to end debate on what
ought to be, by studying what society is like,
or prescribe what ought to be.
: by studying what society is like ,it will be
possible scientifically to prescribe what
reform should take place in society
: Durkheim-because of debts to comte, by
focusing on study of social facts, by

: peopl

explaining social by the social. We should

always explain a social fact by another
social fact.
: suicide-a cetain social fact or variable can
explain probability of another variable or a
social fact.
: Dukrhiem on suicide: many people think
that suicide is an ividiual or lonely of acts,
what dukrhiem studied about suicide;
indicator ng suicide daw ay there is a
general pattern after sutid people lacross
countries; more protestants thatn catholics
commits oucide; people in military; people
in single or divorced;
Social fact ang suicide; every way of acting
which ins independent oof its individual
manifiestations and generalized through
society ; way of acitng universal in society;
independent of specific manifiestaitions.
: are external and coercive to inidivudals
: some oscieites it is the exisiting norms and
values are unclear during times of rapid
change, people or not certain what norms an
values they should still follow so they
experience anomie. Ex; times of sudden
economic loss or prosperity
: laws of probabili not inevatibality
: may loss of boudanries
: exerts an external constraint on indviduals
influenceing them to do certain acts
: way of acting general or universal in
society which is indivepent of its
manifestions.
: durkhiem concerned with general pattern
of suicdens across time and countries
: universality as an imporantat feature eos
ocial facts
: to identity soicla fact; look for empirical
referent of that socla fact
: social sodilidary: what binds society
together is not somiehting that we can
directly see or touch so look for an indicator
of changes in types of soiclidary in social
society; bcauseit will lchagen ias history
changes
: LAW: differnet societiies have laws

: rule of sanction conduct, it is normativeor

prescribes how people ought to act
: clear cut sanction
: 2 kinds of sanctions
-criminal sactions: repressive sanctions, pay
with life or liberty or part of your body
:when we define social fact, dapat define
using objective meaning disregard dapat
common sense notion; suicide product of
social structure; deter indivuls from
commting offenses kaya repressive
: functional ang crime kasi when crime ay
punished it is a means that normal people
who believe in common values in society
area susured that their values still remain in
society
: if one commits a crime, against our values
or collective sentiments of society as a
whole.
: crime is a violation of the common
sentiment of the people ins ociety;
punsihemnt of values ipmporant to them
: crime ispunished because it is meant to
reassure community remain s as values in
society
: 2 the rise of law with reparative functions
or civil law
-return in the state of things
- law as a social fact can be used as an
emprialca indicaltor of tyeps of soicldary in
society; crime is an indaictor of
meahcinaical soridlary; law with reparative
functions: organical solidarity which is the
outcome of division of labor in society
: one example
; in defining social fact; question common
sense
: certain level of crime; healty for siceyt
: define certain acts as deviant to ensure
solidcariy
: durkheims method emphasize social fat
must indientyf universal feature in society
: external to and eoercive ao factors
: so result is constraint as a reslt of social
factor

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S Method used by Marx

>intellectual debts
:Marx owed debts to Hegel
:Central to Hegelian philosophy: not idealismhstory is a product of a conflict of ideas, marx
made hegel stand on its head; marx notions is
history: starts with a materialist premise
: we cannot understand ideas that prevail in our
time not unless we examine that goods
oareproudced or distrubted in society or mode of
production (referred to as)
: Hegel is known for the method of the dialectic:
use examples from mathematics
: dialecti: reconcialition of what seems to be
irreconcilable opposites
: something that contains itself as non-x
: hegel: described as concerned with dialectic of
ideas
: how does history tae place acc to him? Human
kind as a whole is the thinkin subject that seeks
to recover throughout history. Knowledge that is
necessary to free itself from constraits.
: hegel: if we examine history, there is an
uderlaying pattern explained by the dialectic.
: there is athesis , antitheseis, there is a
sysntheises
: hegel tried to reconcile dualisms (object and
subject)
: history takes place because of conflict in ideas
: humanity as achieved freedom at thee end of
history; marx
: Working class: do not own any property that is
used for production; they can only sell their
labor power
: realtions of products: set of fetters
: transition from feudalism to capitalism-change
in the private owndership of the means of
production
: idnviduals right to private property
: marx applied dialiectsc: we see society is made
up of of two parts: that come into conflict, base
made up of productive and relaitons of prodcuss
which will come into conflictthis conficlit:
will lead to a change in the superstructure
: dualisms of theory and method: mahirap
maging Hegelian Marxist-isnsit that to
understand to understand feature in society
kailangan always relate to society as a whole
and more importantly to relate it to history as
awhole; underand wher society is at a certain
point in history

: akala natin na universal ay hindi universal,

result dawn g changes in history
: dualism of universalism and particualirm
-place society in human hostyr to examine
possibilities for future emancipation
: capitalism witin itself the capcity to make
productsion of goods efficient
: frist act of human beings-when they began to
produce for their existence
: the onlwy to free humanisty as ahwhoel is to
reradicate private ownership of the maens of
production
: problem with marx: class lang basis of
oprresion pero maraming kinds of inequaliites
: structure and action
: Hegelian ps: reconcile irreconclible oppostites
: marx-reocnicle structure and action
: humankind as a whole has agency by meeting
ther material needs, human beings produce
society,
: men make history at conditions which ar not
chosen by men,
; objective subjective meaing
-hindi tayo pwede sumaly aly sa sinasabi ng tao,
marx discounts common sense ideas,
-human beings are subjected to false consciuness
- using the dialectic: requires seeing unity of
oppostions or reconciliation of oppositions
-see where society stands in history
-history entails progress, history come to an end
when humanity as a tolotaliy have become free
-hegel: what drives history is the conflict of
ideas, people are not aware of it; ther is progress
because oppoison ideas reconcile using a theory
that sytehsis both.
-kant: reconcile empiricism and rationalism
: dualism between subject and object: if we think
about humanity itself, humankind is the
hthinking subject which throughout history
thrats aitself as its kown object of knowledge,
will gather kanowldge necessary to free itself
from constraints
-marx: rather than focusing on conflict of ideas,
human beings are not simply creatures of ideas,
we need material needs, firstact of hhua nistory
produce iown existence, they will need to obtain
reosucres from nature, relate to other beings and
in turn produce, society they produce will
implications on their actions/agency
: humanity as a whole has agency

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-humanity seeks to meets its needs and produce

society
-society should be understood interms of
dialectic
Components: base and superstructure
Base: made up of opposting elements, the
productive and relations
-history takes place when there is a conflict
between relations of productions
-marx: nto consciousiness that etermines, it ist
heirs social being that determines their
consciusness
-capitalist society: represents progress over
feudal society, it is through capitalism that
science and technology tit is harnessed as part of
productive forces, to make production of goods
and services more efficient
-whoel goal of capitalism is to make profit
-method of dialectic: reconflipiation of
oppostions
-strcuture/ action: aas humanity trieds to meets
its needs,
-isubejct/ object: human thinking object, has
what is its necessary to fre itself from
-

Weber
: neo-kantian philosophy (debts)
: d and w, paralelleism between natural and
social science
: kant-are huan beings just like other obejcts
that we find in nature? What is stressed is
that what hamekas us haumans is that we
live in a world of consciuness
-before huan beings act the intereprt the
world
-while natural scentists are concierned with
universal laws, social sciences are different
from natural sicence because we are not
concerned with lookoing at universal laws of
history, concern is examining what is unique
or partirucalr in society at a certain point of
history
: basis of knowledge is conscisouness; by
discounting what senses tell us, we know
that we exist
: kant: reconcile rationalism and empiricism
-sociology is a science of social action

-for scientist to identity what is unique in

society, they have to develop ideal(it is
purley a mental construct;walang ganun in
reality) typical constructs
-in line with neo Kantian philoospy, huan
beings possess a consicnues they interpret
natural social in accordance tot therivalues,
thats why sociology as a social should start
with social action( individual attaches
meaning; dapat look at subjective meaning
or interpretaitons people have abt their
world) oriented towards others
-soicoogy concerned with origins of social
actions and unitended consequences
- when we examine webers account of
various religions, we see nitnend
conseuqences of religions activiites on
economic activity
-examine what people intend when they do
certain things
-protestant method-----iron cage
-in the iron cage: it is the value of
praciticality that overrides other values
-types of actions
: traditional:
: affect
: religious action-rational in relation to
values
: west- characted by instrumental action,
means and ends ---: science is a form of knowledge that is
instrumental and rational tells us most
effeciient way of attaining ends
: beueraracy : most dominant form of
organization in western society; most
efficient form of organization; make
decisions based on exisiting norms; such
that cases are treated in the same way by the
beaurahcy
-xxx universal laws, dapat look at whats
unique in society
: stars with subjective menaig, but also
discusses sturctre but only structure of west
at a certain point in time

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Integration
>Durkheim: influence of comte on
durkheims method, comte and urkheim
argue that socilog shouldbe patterned after
natural sciences to disguise politilc nature of
sociology as a science.
>Durkheim and marx tended to follow
ancient philosophy theory. Durkheim
followed positive philosophy of comte.
While we exmine wahta societ is like by
examing realitionship among social facts.
Explain social by another social act. Wecan
come up universal laws to be able to not just
describe society but prescribe what out to
be. Ochanges should take place in society
given universal pattern found in society.
> dukrheim divison of lablor thesis, study
universl pattern in history, tasiotn from
mechanic to organic solidarity. One will
provide sci basis what reforms should take
place in society to becoe a modern society
with the individual as the sacred subject.
(fact and value)
> because of comtes positive philosophy, by
having a science of society which will
iexamine society as it its nits it is possible to
describe what reforms should take place in
society in accordance to the patterns that
happened in history.
Englithement-unednig debate on what
outght to be. So dapat mya sicen of society,
study what society is like to have sci basis of
social reform
: Durkheim just like marx and weber had
assumption on human beingswhat is a
social fact---^^^.
: suicide-looking at genral patterns in suicide
rites within and across countries and
nakadiscern sya ng genral pettern indiepent
of manifiestions of suicide.
: Durkheims sicience is a strucaltul
socience.
: a SOCIAL fact is external to and coercive
of individuals, has an existence indeptnt of
its manifestatinos

: it is structre that influences the action of

human
: suicide is a product of social structure
:objective meaning rather subjective
ameaing; for ust o identiy a social fact, if we
relly on prenotions of people no. science is
abll aobut questioning subjective
inerpreations of people. Indivual acts
explained by structure of society itself.
: major problem affecting ttransional
societies is the rise of anomie-state where
exiting values of society become less clear.
: discuss definition of osical fact.
: u niversalismsocial fact
: sociology sciene with objective maning,
we have to disregard common sens
interpretations of things.
: crime is functional for society which goes
against common sense thinking
: subjectivinty- how people understand
social world but we have to discount
Marx: subjective maning as ideology
(Durkheim-prenotions)
-sees sociology as a social science
-they are not aware that their class postion
affects their interpration iof the world
-eople who dominant is coiety dictate what
is beautiful.
: what does it mean to be sicienti? Discount
ideology. Hegalian idea- explain hpehonoma
using society as a whole using base
subeprsturugure metapohor, t
: the dominant ideas of the society are ideas
of dominant class
: dominant ideas abt what makes us human;
nothing contingent product of history; see
where society stands in human history.
: by studying what society is like,
: serfs and nobilities
:how to study societyUniersalim/partucliarm
: go back to universal pattern of the
dialectic; understand society suing base
situatie society whithin world history
: structure/action

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: marx is not saying that agency is a property

of humanity as a whoe. What makes us
human is our material bodies, we need
amterial needs to surivive. Firsta ct of
history is the act when human eings s
produce. ;
: diff modes of production I hirostyr that wre
collectively produced by generations helped
to develop structures that will graudatlly
inncrase capacity of human kind as whole
to be free of social and natural contstans.
: in capitalis society people deveop idea they
are entitled to freodm and equality, those
ideas are outcomes of economic exchange in
capitalism.
:that is what universal that they have rights
to private property, that they are free, they
are equal
: people produce socla sturure by producitn
ghistory; history is made by everyone in
society; or humankind as a whole; first act
ofhuman history. We should discuss history
from the presepctive of the slaev. First act of
hiuman ihotry-act when they pbegan to
produce for thieir own existence.
: hegialian dilactel interplay between action
and structure; attempt to reconcile
univeralims and particularism
For objective and subjective meaning
: hegel : humanking as a thinking subject
will treat itself as its own object of
knowledge; thorugh ohitory , they will
gather knowledge to free themselves. But to
free people from social costrant; our starting
point shouldbe an objective science. In the
end, for ust to ounderstand idas in society
we have to examine economic base, it is not
the consciness that determine social being
but the other way around.
: our universal ideas-producto f society at as
certain point in history
Weber
: owed intellectual debts to neo Kantian
philosophy; they wouldr aw distiniction
btetween natural sicneces and social
sicences

: for neo kantians the proper coern of social

science what is unique or paturuclar about
ones society at acertain point in time
: ther I a need to develp universal concepts
or ideal typical construct
: follows neokantial principles human beings
are diff from other pehnomeno whe find in
nuature because thye have conscinousness
and soiclogy should start with that, the idea
that what makes us human is that we live
with values, we interpret soicla world ain
accordance with our values
: sociology is a science of social actions;
soicla ction-indiviual attaches meaning and
osicla because it I oriented towards others
: soiclogy as a sicience concerne with
origins and unanticpaited consequences of
osical action
:people may ngage in social actions but part
of the sicne of soiclogy it is concernd with
explaining where actions came from or

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origin of social actions as well as there as

ther unintend consequnces
: instrumenta lratinoal action, not all
religions wich we see thorugout the wolrd
are necessirly raitonal bu rationalizing,
rationalizing in a sense that they require
systematic or logical interpeations of
pricnples
: starts with asubejctiv meaning ; we have to
styd orgins and consequences of socla action
: it is not possible for sociology as a sicen to
prescribe what ought to be, that can b
explained that weber owed debts to Kantian
philosophy or partnly nietzchsceian
philosophy
: can only provide decriptions with facts
: prodvid emost efficient way of attaining an
end but no ciscnenw ay of detemrinig what
value is more impoartnat.
:
Dilacetal-reonciile what seems to be
irrepcnlcioppsitotions