Tensile

Discussion : By compare the data obtained from tensile test of aluminum and that of
PBT, the yield strength of aluminum is 5 times more than that of PBT. The tensile
strength of aluminum is 5 times more than that of PBT. The fracture strength of mild
steel is about 5 times more than that of PBT. The elastic modulus of mild steel is
much higher than that PBT. The percent reduction in area shown in the PBT is lower
than that of aluminum. With the same rate of applied load to aluminum and PBT,
PBT will necking and fracture first. While aluminum still keeping uniform elongated
in its smaller section area portion. The elastic module shows aluminum is a much
stiff material than PBT. The impurity inside the specimen is affecting the results.
When the specimens get closer to fracture, the thickness of specimen is relatively
thin; the effect of impurities may significantly affect the results. The accuracy of the
results can be improved by repeating the experiment several times and taking the
average, each time using different dimensions. The different manufacturing process
of the specimen of PBT and aluminum may cold work the specimen, changing their
properties; make it harder and brittle than before. This may affect the data
accuracy. Use one tensile test machine to test all the specimens can increase the
accuracy, since no two machines are exactly the same.
Conclusion
The specimen exhibited elastic properties up to a load of approximately 40 kN. The
maximum load was approximately 80 kN, after which necking commenced. After
this point the stress increased until the specimen fractured. This occurred at a load
of approximately 60 kN.

Calculations showed that the specimen had a tensile strength of 453 Newtons per
square millimetre and a percentage elongation of 22%. These results indicate that
mild steel has relatively high tensile strength and ductility.

Torsion
Torsion test is applicable for testing brittle materials such as mild steel a and the
test has also been used to determine the forge ability of the materials by
means of torsion testing
at elevated temperature
The torque is the product of tangential force multiplied by the
radial distance from the twisting axis and the tangent, measured in a unit of N.m.
1b. in torsion testing, the relationship between torque and degree of rotation is
graphically presented and parameters such as modulus of rigidity, modulus of
rapture and shear strength at proportional limit are generally investigated more
ever fracture surfaces of specimens tested and torsion can be used to determine
the characteristics of materials whether it would fail in a brittle or a ductile manner.
we did this experiment to determine the modulus of rigidity of
mild steel. But when we are doing this experiment there are some mistakes can be
happened. This apparatus has been used for a long time for this experiment so the
rod has been subjected to torque many times. It may have been more twisted so
the apparatus has to put more effort to twist the rod.
When we adjusted the telescopes the scales may be change.
because the telescopes were placed so closer to each other so we must pay our
special attention on adjusting the telescopes. And also we must focus the telescope
properly. Otherwise we can't read the scale well.
When apply the load we must be careful otherwise on additional
force will occur and it cause to the error readings. In this experiment we had to take
the scale readings using telescope. When we doing that, human errors also
happened.
If we be more careful during conduct of the experiment we can
minimize the mistakes and errors in this experiment and we can get a more
accurate result. In many areas of engineering applications, materials are some
subjected to torsion in service. For example drive shaft , axial and twisted drill. More
ever structural applications such as bridges, springs car bodies, air plane fuselages
and boat hulls are randomly subjected to torsion. The material used in this case
should not required only adequate strength but also be able to withstand torque in
operation. Even through torsion test is not as universal as torsion test and do not
have any standardized testing procedure, The significance lies on particular
engineering applications and for the study of plastic flow materials.