CHAPTER

Differential Analysis of Fluid Flow

differential analysis

Hele-Shaw cell
1 mm
D. H. Peregrine.

196

6.1

Fluid Element Kinematics

6.1

t

6.1

6.1.1

4.1
V

Vx, y, z, t xy z t 4.1.1
Eulerian method

6.1

u w x y z

xyz t

xyz t
4.2.1

6.2

6.1

6.1

197

6.3a
6.3b
6.3c

6.4

6.5

material derivativesubstantial derivative

6.6


 2
6.7

6.1.2

6.2

t O O

x
y
z 6.3 a
u x O B x u A C
x u 
u x
x

u x

x

t
t OA BC

198

6.2

6.3

OA BC 6.3 b


V 
x
y
z


V 
u x

V

6.8

 y w z

6.9

volumetric dilatation rate

incompressible fluid

u x

 y w z

linear deformation
u y

 xangular deformation

6.1

199

6.1.3

x  y

6.4 a
t OA OB


 OA OB 6.4 b
OA OA

6.10

 x OA OB

OB

6.11

6.4

200

u y OB OA OB 1
OA OB
z z
6.12

6.13

6.14

x y z

6.15

6.16


V

vorticity

6.17

6.12 z
OA   OB u y  

 x

6.12 u y 
z z OA OB

 x z

6.1

201


V  0
irrotational 6.4
6.4

EXAMPLE

6.1

6.12 6.1 6.14

Ans
x  y
 0

x y u

z  0

 x

 u y 6.4 OA OB

6.4 b

u y

 x

angular deformation
6.4 b OA OB



202



rate of shearing strainrate of angular deformation 6.10 6.11



6.18

6.7
6.18 u y  

 x

6.2

Conservation of Mass
5.2

6.19
continuity equation
cv 6.19

6.19

6.2

6.2.1

203

6.5 a
 u w
6.19
6.20

x 6.5 b u
x

6.21

6.22
u

x2

x3
6.21 6.22
y
z 6.5 b

6.23
6.5 b x

6.5

204

y z x

6.24

6.25

6.26

6.196.20 6.26
6.27

6.27
6.27
6.28

6.29

incompressible 
6.28
6.30

6.31
6.31 6.9

6.2

205

6.31

6.2.2

6.6 r z
r z x
z z 6.6

P
6.32
6.6

r z

6.33

6.34

6.6

206

6.35

6.2.3

x  y u
6.31 6.36
6.36
u

y
V


u y


 x

6.36

stream function

x, y

6.37


x, y
u
x, y

x, y


x, y

4.1.4
6.7

x, yx  dx, y  dy 

6.7

6.2

207

d  0 



x, y



 
6.8 a
   d
dq x  y

AC 6.8 a AB BC

6.38
6.38 d
6.39

6.8

208

6.8 b 1 2 q 6.39

6.40
2 1 q
1  2
6.35

6.41


r, 
6.42

6.41

EXAMPLE

6.2

6.37

6.2

209

f1
x x

f2
y y

Ans
C

C  0

1 Ans

  C  0
    0

 
0

E 6.2

210

  0 E 6.2

   x  4x x  0

 0 x  0

 0

E 6.2

6.3

Conservation of Linear Momentum

6.43
F P

D
Dt 4.2.1
6.43

6.44

6.43
V

m 6.44


m
6.43
m

F
m
m

DVDt a
6.45

6.3

211

m 6.44
1

F

6.3.1

surface force
body force

Fb

6.46
g
6.47a
6.47b
6.47c
gxgy gz x y z
6.9

A

Fs
Fs

Fs
Fn
F1
F2
Fn
A

F1
F2
A normal stressn

shearing stress

Fn

Fs

A

F2

F1

6.9

212

 

6.10
6.10 a ABCD y  z
xx xy xz

6.10 a ABCD x
6.10 a xxxy xz 6.10 b
ABCD x
6.10 b xxxy xz

6.10

6.3

6.11

213

6.11

6.11 x
x

6.48a
x
y z
6.48b

6.48c

6.49

F b
m

F
F 
Fs 
Fb

214

6.3.2

6.45
6.45

m  
x
y
z 6.3
6.47 6.48
6.50a
6.50b
6.50c

x
y
z
6.50

6.4

Inviscid Flow
1.6

inviscid nonviscousfrictionless
2.1
xx  yy 

6.4

215

zz p
p
3

6.4.1

p
6.50

6.51a
6.51b
6.51c
,
Euler s equations of motion
Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler

6.52
6.51

u u x

u y

6.52

216

6.4.2

3.2

6.53
6.12
z z

6.53

6.12 ds ds

6.54
ds ds V V



V
yu
ds
z

y
x

6.12

6.4

217

ds  dx  dy  dz
pds 
p xdx 
p ydy 
p zdz  dp6.54

6.55

pV z 6.55

6.56

6.56
 p
6.56
ideal fluid
6.56

6.57

3 Bernoulli equation
6.57
1
2
g
6.58

6.57 6.58

218

6.4.3

irrotational
6.1.3

V  0  
V

0

6.12 6.13 6.14

z 6.12

6.59

6.13 6.14

6.60

6.61

6.13
u  U  0 w  0 6.59
6.60 6.61

u  U]
0

w0
x
z

6.13

6.4

6.4.4

219

6.4.2 6.54

ds V 
V  06.54
ds
6.55 dpd
V 2 dz 6.55

6.62

6.63

6.63 6.58

6.4.5

6.59 6.60 6.61

x, y, z, t
6.64

 velocity potential 6.59

6.60 6.61 6.64
6.64

6.65

220

V  

6.66

2
  
 Laplacian operator

Laplace equation

potential flow

6.64
6.63

r z

6.67

 = 
r, , z
V  

6.68

6.69

6.70

6.71

6.4

EXAMPLE

221

6.3

E 6.3 a 90

r  m2s
a

b
1 30 kpa
2
103 kgm3 x  y
1
2

a 6.42

E 6.3 a

222

6.3 bc

f1


2
f2
r r 1 2

Ans
C C
C  0
Ans

E 6.3b

6.5

b

6.4

223

1
2

r
16 s2

3
Ans

x  r cos y  r sin

 E 6.3 c