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    Revision guide for AS level chemistry ( Edexcel)

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    Revision guide for AS level chemistry ( Edexcel)

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    5K views127 pages

    Edexcel AS Chemistry Revision Guide

    Uploaded by

    leelakdd108
    Revision guide for AS level chemistry ( Edexcel)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 127
    ya 4 echnig 5 swveting extended and multiple-choice questions 6 “nit 1 Core principles of chemistry Topic 1 Formulae, equations and amounts of substance Chemical quantities and formulae 8 ‘Chemical equations and reacting masses 10 Reactions with gases 2 Percentage yield and atom economy 14 Topic 1 Checklist 16 ‘Topic 1 Example exam answers 16 Topic | Practice exam questions 17 Topic 2 Energetics and enthalpy changes Enthalpy changes and enthalpy level diagrams 18 Measuring enthalpy changes 1 Using Hess’ law 2 Bond enthalpy 23 Topic 2 Checklist 25 Topic 2 Example exam answers 25 Topic 2 Practice exam questions 26 Yopic 3 Atomic structure and the Periodic Table Mass spectrometry 27 lonization energy and electron shells 29 Electron configurations and periodic properties 31 Topic 3 Checklist 3B Topic 3 Example exam answers 33 Topic 3 Practice exam questions 34 Topic 4 Bonding tonic bonding 35 Lattice energies and Born-Haber cycles x 4) 4B 4a 45 46 Unit 2 Application of core principles of chemistry Yopic 1 Bonding and intermolecular forces Shapes of molecules and ions 68 Bond polarity and intermediate bonding n Intermolecular forces R Solubility 74 Topic 1 Checklist 7s Topic 1 Example exam answers 5 Topic 1 Practice exam questions 76 Topic 2 Inorganic chemistry 1: Group 2 and titrations Oxidation and reduction 7 Redox reactions 79 Properties and reactions of Group 2 elements 80 Acid-base titrations 82 Topic 2 Checklist 84 Topic 2 Example exam answers 84 Topic 2 Practice exam questions 85 Topic 3 Inorganic chemistry 2: Group 7, equilibria and reaction rates Group 7 and reactions of the halides 86 lodine-thiosulfate titrations 88 Reaction rates and catalysts 90 ‘Chemical equilibria 92 Topic 3 Checklist 94 Topic 3 Example exam answers 94 Topic 3 Practice exam questions 95 Topic 4 Organic chemistry 1 alcohols and spectroscopy ‘Alcohols 96 ‘Mass spectra and infrared absorption 98 Topic 4 Checklist 100 Topic 4 Example exam answers ee Topic 4 Practice exam questions Topic 5 Organic chemistry 2: halogenoalkanes and green chemistry Halogenoalkanes Reaction mechanisms Green chemistry ‘Greenhouse gases and global warming Topic § Checklist ‘Topic 5 Example exam answers 5 Practice exam questions ‘Welcome to your Edexcel AS Chemistry Revision G This unique guide provides you with tailored support, waitten They draw on real "ResultsPlus’ exam data from past Alewe sr: to identity common pitfalls that have caught out other stugents to focus your revision. As you work your Way through the topes following features throughout the text OY Sec Eine %. and have ResultsPlus Examiner Tip These sections help you perform to you and information, analysing the questions y approach answering them. All of this is based on ResultsPlus Watch Out! The examiners have looked back at pitfalls and mistakes made by students - and guide y thern in your exam. Quick Questions Use these questions as a quick recap to test your knowle Thinking Task These sections provide further research or analysis tasks to d understanding and help you revise. Worked Examples The examiners provide step-by-step guidance on complex ¢ Each topic also ends with Topic Checklist Th mmarises what you should know for this topic, which spe ich checkpoint covers and where in the guide you cai your progress as you revise, ResultsPlus Build Better Answers Here you wil find sample exam questions with exemplar answers. © 2 commentary so you can see how to get the highest marks Practice Exam Questions xam-style questions, induding multiple-choice, afer plenty of pratoe the written exams. : oth Voit and Unit 2 conchude with a Practice Unit Test 10 fs! 3 ‘ pease a@ Not intended as timed, fulviength papers, but prove #22" ; Gras ice Questions covering the range of comtent Hcely to be encour ‘unt test The final Unit consists of advice ee and support on the practical your chemist labor pos et fsiny sll. ging guddance to help you "a Aes ne ay Revision techn fed can be the hardest part of revision, but don’t fatten Don't spend too ong on any one section barn e t ate. Rese lc ion, but revisit it several times, Hf there is something you don't understand, ask your teacher for help. ost reading ‘through your notes is not enough. Take an active appr ‘ 1 coxa active approach using some of the revision Active Summarse works be when Test yourself Summarising key ideas ‘Make sure you don’t end up just copying out your notes in full. Use some of these ‘techniques to produce condensed notes. ‘Tables and lists to present information concisely. Index cards to record the most important points for each section. Flow charts to identify steps in a process. Diagrams to present information visually Spider diagrams, mind maps and concept maps to show the links between ideas. Mnemonics to help you remember lists. Glossaries to make sure you know clear definitions of key terms Include page references to your notes or textbook. Use colour and highlighting to pick ‘out key terms. Active techniques Using a variety of approaches will prevent your revision becoming boring and will make more of the ideas stick. Here are some methods to try. Explain ideas to a partner and ask each other questions. ‘* Make @ podcast and play it back to yourself ‘© Use PowerPoint to make interactive notes and tests ‘© Search the Internet for animations, tests and tutorials that you can use '» Work in a group to create and use games and quizzes. Test yourself Once you have revised 3 topic, _ what yout you need to check that you can remember and apply It you use resources fom elsewhere make sure they cover he right content atthe ight evel. objective test (ult ‘Section B contains 2 mixture of short-answer and exten ee including the analysis, interpretation and evaluation of ‘activities. Section C (unit 2 only) includes contempora sections you may be required to apply your knowle to situations that you have not seen before. oie, ded-answer quests experimental and ing HY Content quest Hons. ty ge and understan 6g of che Multiple-choice questions For each question there are four possible answers, labeled A 8, and. multiple-choice question (from an examiner port of view) gies wen and three other possible answers, which all seem plausible. rect answe The best way to answer a multiple-choice question isto read the question ang to answer it before looking at the possible answers. You may need to dean ‘calculations ~ space is provided on the question paper for rough woreny you thought of of calculate is among the possible answers - job done! kx at the other possibilities to convince yourself that you were righ : If the answer you thought of isn’t there, look at the possible answers and eliminate wrong answers until you are left with the correct one. ‘You don’t lose any marks by having a guess (if you can't work out the answer bbut you won't score anything by leaving the answer blank. if you nar number of possible answers, the chances of having a lucky guess at will increase. Toiindicate the correct answer, put a cross in the box following the conectstter change your mind, put a line through the box and fillin your new answer with ac How Science Works ‘The idea behind “How Scence Works’ is to give you insight into the ways a whch ‘work: how an experiment is designed, how theories and models are put toge ‘data is analysed, how scientists respond to factors such as ethics and 500 Many of the HSW criteria require practical or investigative skills and wil be Part of your assessed practical work. However, there will be quest lunits that cover all the HSW criteria, Some of these questions will inv interpretation, including determining quantities (with appropriate un Gradient and intercept of a graph Another common type of HSW question will be on evaluating various steps °°" ‘experiment. For example, ~ explain or justify why a particular piece of apparatus is used + Identity possible sources of systematic or random error = explain why we use an instrument in a particular way ~ what safety precautions would be relevant, and why? You may be asked questions involving designing an investigation: the ‘involve pieces of familiar ‘practical work, cons ane Other HSW questions may concentrate on issues surrounding the 2 ree 3 ic mode! “plications of science {including ethical issues), or an using a scent Predictions, se ae ike Rarer thatit par of ee Atoms, elements and compounds ‘an element is a substance that cannot be broke down by chemical other substances, Ail the atoms in an element have the same atomic number, z of protons in an atom. h {An atom is the smallest part of an element that can take part in a Atoms have no charge, they are neutral The mass number, A, of an atom is the sum of prot '» Isotopes of the same element nee ot numbers s, therefore they have differe 5 leads to an important differenc 2 Mass numiber and relative atom ea cma, cies seicnessehon dere ste me vexinorenere een ‘element's isotopes relative to one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom ST The element titanium has the following isotopic abundance: ad pore) Isotope m [en | at | i emai 0 Relative abundance/% | 60 8 5 toanycakelaton is reserabie So thin cose a oes te so So its relative atomic mass is worked out a ee 1p, = AEX BO) + (47 x 7.3) + (48 x 73.8) + (49 x 5.5) 4 100 =479 + A compound is formed when two or more elements are chemicaly bonded ‘* Amolecule is the smallest part of a covalent compound or element that an = ‘on its own, + onic compounds are formed from ions. An ion is formed when an atom gains or loses one or more ek therefore, charged particles. ‘mass, M,, of a compound is the sum ofthe eatve aor its atoms. This is also called relative formula mass. Calculating amounts of chemicals ‘The mole is the unit of chemical amount, or amount of substance * 1'mole is the amount of substance that contains as many particles 2 atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 ‘The number of atoms in exactly 12 of carbon-12 is 6.02 * 10", asthe Avogadro constant (Lad has the unt pares Pe mol” 25s M The mass, in grams, of 1 mole of substance is known as the molar ™ e The molar mass of an element i its relative atomic mss 912 The molar mass of molecules of an element or compound mass in grams The amount of substance (the number of moles) ~ ‘The amount of substance ina solution = volume of solution * cores Concentrations can also be e ition, ppm. TS <° -xpressed in parts per mil fount by olumeor bys, : i ” and molecular formulae Hformuta of 2 compound shows the simplest atom ratio of the elements of ge, Dierent compounds may have esac eres eee CHa) and benzene (C.H,) have the empirical formula CH Whats the empirical formula ‘of a compound that contains 4 6157% hydrogen end 53.33% oxygen by mass? OM Be e ‘Step What todo Thetis might net be whole 1 Element symbol . 4 ° nuarbes fo eamole he ato 2 Mass or percentage 4000 667 53.33 babii ec trust ble ah ak z oe 40006675333 cua 12.0 10 160 Neem 3.33 667 333 fhe nbs tn enh erg Dts a tee oe bee a | ele Ror teat may 333 Re ive as rene fra Smallest whole ratio 1 2 1 Raa 6 Write the formula cHo You use these same steps for calculating empirical formulae whether the given data is percentage mass of elements in the compound or the actual masses of elements in a sample. For the compound whose empirical formula is CH,0. the molecular mass was found to be 180. What lecular formula? a aca BP ‘molecular mas Moleculat formula = empirical formula % nase © = 12, H = 1,0 = 16, so the empirical formula mass is 12 + 2 + 16 = 30 So the molecular formula = CH,O x 12 = Cai. Bhs Us the same rnb of seat ips in your caiation ant ers ‘as there oe in th dra you we a0 Morte maybe ost or eg a inane ube of sigan Balanced full equations A balanced chemical equation tells us not only what i acting and what pro put also in what proportions the atoms combine duce, For example, the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to produ (team) s described in words as hydrogen + oxygen — water tt we just write the formulae dts othe toate H, + 0, + 4,0 taro tact uce wate the equation is not balanced - there are not the same numbers of axe atoms on each side. So H,0 has to be doubled to give. : Hy +O) ++ 2H,0 But now we have 2 H atoms on the correct this by putting 2H, on the left 2H; +O, — 24,0 hand side and 4 on the other. se ae impo (5) for solids (0 for liquids () for gases (aq) for aqueous solutions ‘cluded in all chemical equatio for the above reaction we should write: 2H,(g) + 0;(9) + 2H,0(9) goed lonic equations tons that appear on both sides of an equation in the same state are spectator 0 OPE, They take no part in the reaction and can be removed from the full equa ‘YOU Wil Be eapectnd to interpret ee Siehidtetenation wa | cece | TT oar 20% werte fall and ion | ee ae. HORS, with state symbols. e cee) Wrte the ‘onic equation for the reaction when an iron nil in conpes Solution displaces the copper: Fe + CuSO, + Cu + FeSOs Putting in the state symbols and showing all the separate ions ave Fels) + CuFag) + S0,?-(aq) — Culs) + Fe" (aq) + SO." (99! {ons in the same state on both sides are identified = : Fets) + Cutaq) + SOj>taq) — Cuss) + Fea) * SO ~TRet0nic equation is therefore: 5 Fas) 6 Cu8sfaq) — Cuts) + Fe? aa) Sent on ae ee CaCO) —+ CadIs) + CO,Ag) ‘Amounts involved Imo -» 1mot ignore CO,) Molar masses, 100g -+ 56.09 4 Divide both sides by 56 il iat 56 56 1.799 +109 L79t + 1.01 5 — Multiply both sides by 100. 179t + 100t 179 tonnes of limestone have to be heated Finding chemical equations from experimental data y measuring the masses of reactants and products, itis possible to confirm the balanced equation for the reaction, A When 11.29 of iron ceacted with excess chlorine, 32.09 of irontt) chloride ' ‘were formed. What is the equation for the reaction? : Amount of on = seit 28.; 0.200" i 3209 tof rot chloe = Fey Spier“ 0197 of technique and accuracy of measurement leads to the he Des of ron in ences chlorine produces 2 moles of ton sieepance mathe ‘i De + 3C + 2FeCl, al data for reacting masses can also be used to find the ‘empirical formula of (see the method on the previous page) ons with gases ‘+ The molar volume of a gas is the volume of 1 mole of i ¢ For all gases, this is 24dm? mol” at standard pressure (1 atm) POreUrO REC oF any, We use chemical equations to calculate volumes of gases i masses. ET What volume of oxygen at standard temperature and pressure burn exactly 6 dm? methane according to the following equati, CH,(g) + 203(9) -> CO,(g) + 24,0(9) All gases have the same molar volume at s.t.p. so we can in the balanced equation as the proporti 6 dm? of methane = From the equation: se the molar ry nate reacting volumes ; molar volume = ! molar volume 1 molar volume of methane reacts with 2 molar volumes of onyge 7 Molar volume of methane reacts with + molar volume of molar volume of oxygen $x 24dm = 12dm? of oxygen What volume of carbon dioxide (at s.tp.) is formed when 23g of hexane | bes ‘that you wall be penalised if burned in excess oxygen? you do not inchide the units. See r See zm a f aca ae nf Write the balanced equation, assuming complete combustion 258. a check thet you ae doing the | Cettll) + 930,(9) —- 6CO,fg) + 74,010) ‘alovlation the right way round. Molar mass of CcHy4 = (6 X 12) + (14 x 1) = 86gmol Te caloiated answers 3819 2 | 239 ~Sipicant figures the seme qumber | Therefore 23.9 C.H,, = 9 = 0.27 mol of igicant gues as inthe question | B6gmol However. you should keep more | From the equation: ‘Accurate values in your calculator I mol of CcHi4 produces 6 mol of co, ‘ing the stop nthe working No | 0.27 1 x 6 = 1.60mol of CO: | Seproxation util the ena 27 mol of CeH,_ produces 0.27 mol x Bat stp This amount of CO, = 1.60 mol x 24dm?mol~! = 38.5dm ats 9F 39.dm? to 2 significant figures. nia das can react with oxygen to produce nitrogen Be teresa ots tare sangentsthae some nitrogen were collected. What is the equation for this reaction? “The volumes of gases at s.p. are proportional to their amounts, therefore: 4.5mol oxygen —+ 3mo! nitrogen Hence, (dividing by 3): 1.Smol oxygen —+ 1 mo! nitrogen 0, more usefully 30, +2N, 2N;on the product side means that there must be 4NH, reacting and 30, on the reactant side will produce 6H,O. a ‘Therefore the equation must be. 4NH, + 30, > 2N, + 6H,0 1:0: 1a Calculate whet volume of oxygen will react exactly with 18.0dm’ of ‘ammonia at s.t.p. according to the equation t 'b Calculate what volume of steam will be produced when 50cm’ of Wei a ieapetes ese hrydrogen sulfide react with excess oxygen according tothe equation: paiiocedigag mr 2H,(9) + 30;(a) — 250360) + 2H,0(0) invelving gases? What isthe 2 Calculate what volume of carbon dioxide is produced at s.p. when a marble eerelpan ere | chip weighing 0.5009 is completely decomposed by heating ‘according to ene ‘equation: thermodynamics? at < CacOJs) + Ca0{s) + COL) 3 Whats forthe reaction when 750

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