1

HISORY OF PAKISTAN

PAKISTANI LITERATURE AFTER 1947

Partition of 1947, was not only division of the land but also
gave birth to series of communal violence among Hindus
Muslims and Sikhs. In this violence thousands of people were
killed on the both sides. People who were friends before partition
became harsh rivals of each other after partition. People started
killing, looting each other, Women were raped, looted, killed and
many of them committed suicide to get rid of the violence. This
violence was not based on anything other than partition. Partition
was called tragedy.
After independence, the earlier years of Pakistan were a
period of hectic human activity and movement of people
settlement. These tragic events left a deep impression over the
minds of the intellectuals and scholars of that time. Many of the
writers who wrote about these riots had mostly observed these
woeful/sorrowful incidents as eyewitness. That is why after
partition a new genre of fiction appeared which is generally
known as Tales of Riots and described as holocaust of partition.
If we have a look at pre partition Urdu literature, we come to
know about two movements. These two movements had scholars
from different schools of thoughts. They had totally antagonistic
ideas.
Progressive Writers Movement
This is also known as literature for the sake of literature
movement. In 1936, group of Urdu writers got their realization in
order to make literature more capable of modern times instead of
going for Persian or Arabic. They went for new genre of literature.
They started writing poems, novels, short stories etc. in order to
meet social miseries. Because of their contribution, this
movement touched the peaks of success in 1936.
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
Traditional Writers Movement
This is also known as literature for the sake of life
movement. The writers of this movement talked about people
issues directly linked to their lives. These writers got inspiration
from MirzaGhalib, AllamaIqbal, Hafiz Sadi and MolanaRoomi.
Above both schools of thoughts contributed a lot to the
literature. About 99% of the literature written at that time was
against partition and about 1% was written in favor. In order to
get right understanding and analysis of development of Urdu
literature, we need to categorize it according to literary divisions
of Urdu literature.
Poetryis spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions. The
poetry and prose differ from each other only due to use of verses.
Poetry written after 1947 was very much influenced by the
tragedies and miseries of partition. Ahmed NadeemQasmi
expressed his sore disappointment and had compared the dawn
of freedom to a dark night.Qasmi said, Partition was nothing
except trauma for human being specially women.Another poet of
the age, Abdul MajeedBhatti portrayed the troubles and sufferings
of those girls who were either kidnapped or killed or raped.

Hafiz Hoshyarpuri on 6th Dec 1947 recited a poem in a

poetry session ofprogressive writers.

After partition, many of the poets wrote in praise of Quaid-eAzam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Poets wrote a lot to tribute Quaid
with their poetry thanking him for the efforts and sacrifices. Many
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poets also wrote to encourage the patriotism in people. Moreover
during the war of 1965, a true national sprit arose in Pakistan.
About more than 1000 poems were written during that war.
Everyone who could write, he or she wrote.
Short Story is a brief piece of prose narrative relatively
shorter than a short novel. After partition many of the writers sum
up the tragedies of partition in short stories also Sadat
HussainManto,
Ghulam
Abbas,
Ahmed
NadeemQasmi,
ImtiazHussain and Mumtaz Mufti wrote on the social,
psychological and emotional miseries of the people.
Sadat HussainManto in his short story, TOBA TAYK SINGH
talked about an insane man who could not understand the actual
meaning of partition. This person left his home and ran for the
Indo-Pak border. He was killed. This was a tragic experience for
him.
Another short story is GUM SHUDA MUSAFIRON KI GARI
written by Ahmed Daud. This is also a tragic story. It is about
those families who were waiting for their relatives at the railway
stations but unfortunately, when the train arrives, relative are
there but they are no more alive. The train has brought dead
bodies.
On the other hand, a few works of short stories were written
about the positivity of partition. One of them is PARMESHWAR
SINGH by Ahmed NadeemQasmi. In this story a Hindu Sikh
brings a Muslim child to his home. He treats that guy like his own
son and the boy never feels anything.
Many of the other short stories were written by different
authors few of these short stories are, KHOL DO, RAJ-WANTI,
and AMRITSAR AZADI SE PEHLY AUR BAAD. Short stories were
also written immediately after partition was GYDANIA by Ashfaq
Ahmed.
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
Novelword means new. In literature, novel term is used for
fictions story spread over a book of one or more than one
volumes. They are many characters and a prolonged story. Many
of the writers who were the eyewitness of the miseries/
sufferings/ troubles of the tragic incident have expressed their
harsh/ sorrowful experiences in novel form. Writing of a novel
requires much more time, therefore many novels ended and
published about a decade after the partition.
A very fine novelist, QuratulainHyderi first moved to Pakistan
and then went back to India. Before returning to India, she wrote
a novel AAG KA DARYA. In which she shared her experience
before, after and during partition in both the countries.
Another novelist Khadija Mastoor wrote ANSAN. In this
novel, the author has discussed the internal psychological
situation of the families who sacrificed their economic need in
order to save the goal of India. This novel is based upon prepartition scenario. In this, the main character is of a lady named
Aliya. Her father died in imprisonment because of hitting an
English man.
Another novel based upon spiritual, emotional, psychological
loss of people is UDAAS NASLAIN by Abdullah Hussain. This
novel was published in two volumes, one volume is UDAAS
NASLAIN was released in 1960s and the second is NADAR LOG
that was published before partition. It is a story of a person who
sacrificed for Pakistan. The person was first in British army,
sacrificed his arm for them, later joined Muslim league then was
sent in prison. In prison, he was tortures and suffered a lot.
Second novel NADAR LOG is the continuation of the first one
UDAAS NASLAIN. The second volume includes the incidents
after partition till Zia era.

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Other than above mentioned novels, many other novelists
had their contribution like KHAAK OUR KHOON by NaseemHijazi
and 15th August by Rasheed and RAQSI-IBLIS by M. Aslam.

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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
CONSTITUTION MAKING IN PAKISTAN
After the partition of 1947, one of the major tasks was to
make a constitution for the newly formed country. Muhammad Ali
Jinnah could not manage his time for the purpose. There were
many problems in this process like Religious Parties interference,
Geographical Distance between East and West Pakistan,
Provincial disputes. Presidential or Parliamentary system, Refuge
problem etc
Before partition, there existed two religious parties in India
i.e. Jamiat-Ulma-e-Hind and Jamait-e-Islami. After partition Jamaite-Islami shifted to Pakistan while Jamiat-e-Ulma-e-Hind continued
in India. This party was also a problem in constitution making
because leadership couldnt settle that what kind of system
should be implemented, either a purely religious or liberal. It was
a problem, that were should we keep Islam in our constitution?
The demand of partition was actually to get political and
economic benefits because it was impossible to get our basic
rights in Hindu majority. Jamait-e-Islami, after becoming political
party started manipulating Islam. That was one of the reasons of
delay in constitution.
Pakistan, after 1947, was formed in two major divisions, one
East Pakistan and other West Pakistan. These two parts had no
linking road. The only way to link was by sea. The people of these
two parts were too different from each other in every aspect of
life. They were culturally socially and literary different, but
population in both parts was almost equal. Bengalis after 1947
started claiming their rights, when they didnt get their legal
rights they started protesting. On the other hand after the
announcement of Urdu as National language, they got much more
anger. Their all rights were continuously suppressed by Karachi.
Quaid had announced Urdu as a National Language due to its
contribution in Urdu Hindi controversy. Overall the continuous
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protest from the very first day was also a main hurdle in
constitution making.
The third and almost the major issue were civil conflicts in
West Pakistan. Punjabi, Sindhi, Balouchi and Pakhtoons were not
happy with each other. Sindhi people had problems with Muhajirs.
Balouchi were having full flash feudal system. Pakhtoons on the
other hand, were not ready to join Pakistan. Bacha Khans NAP
(ANP nowadays) was asking for separation but later on he was
convinced by Quaid. People were having cultural differences from
each other.
The confusion over the government system was also going
on. The political leaders were of confusion that what type of
government system should be there! Either it should be the
Presidential system or Parliamentary one. After becoming
Governor General, Quaid-e-Azam had made a constitutional
assembly to run the system temporarily. It was not a permanent
solution. This confusion got worsened after the death of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah in 1948. Pakistan was failed to make its
constitution till 1956.
As a result of above major and many minor problems, the
government of Pakistan could not give any constitutional pathway
to the country. But even though few steps were taken in this
prospectus, in 1949, The Objective Resolution was passed. It
provided the guideline principles on which the future constitution
of Pakistan will be planted. This stated that sovereignty over the
entire universe belongs to Allah and the authority given by Him to
the people of Pakistan is only a sacred trust. The opposition
party Pakistan National Congress raised objections on the
resolution saying that it mixed the religion with politics and that
the minorities would be reduced to status of servants and slaves.
The objective resolution was not an entire constitution. It
simply laid down the base for the future constitution. A Basic
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Principle Committee was appointed on 12 th March 1949. Laiquat
Ali Khan was made the chairmen of the committee. He was
assigned the job to determine the basis on which the constitution
should be made. BPC then set up sub-committees to examine and
separate some important issues.
The BPC then started working for the acceptable federal
system for the country. It was very difficult task to be achieved in
country like Pakistan with so many ethnic, religious and cultural
differences. Finally BPC put forward its first draft constitution on
28th September 1950.
This proposal was made by BPC and was presented in
assembly by the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan.
The draft suggested that there should be a federal legislature
consisting of two houses i-e Upper House of the Units and Lower
House of People. House of units represented units and the house
of people to be directly elected by the people. Upper house
should be consisted of equal number of representatives from all
provinces and the lower house representation should be on
population basis. Both the houses were given equal powers, in
case of dispute on any issue a joint session should be summoned.
The head of the state, Prime Minister was to be selected by both
Houses. A cabinet of members would be given to the Prime
Minister for assistance in different state matters. The Prime
Minister and his cabinet were given the responsibility of both
Houses. The draft was approved and was finally published in
1950.
The approval of this draft gave birth to strong protest in East
Pakistan. Protestors argued that it was an incomplete constitution
as it lacked the Islamic Character according to Objective
Resolution. The leadership of East Pakistan was of view that it
gave them overall minority in the joint session of the two Houses.
The assembly declared Urdu as only national language of Pakistan
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
which was strongly rejected by East Pakistan. The opposition from
East Pakistan compelled the assembly to drop-down this draft.
The assembly got engaged in making new draft.
After Liaquat Ali Khans assassination on 16 th October 1951
in Rawalpindi, the responsibility of making constitution fell on the
weak shoulders of the second Prime Minister KhuwajaNazimuddin.
He presented the second draft constitution to the constitutional
assembly on 20th December 1952. This draft was called as Parity
Proposal because it brought East Pakistan at par in the central
legislature. According to this draft 60 members were to be from
East Pakistan and 60 from West Pakistan in Upper House and 200
members. In lower House, 200 members were to be East Pakistan
and 200 from West Pakistan.
This draft was favorable for the East Pakistan than its
predecessor. This time, a severe reaction was given by West
Pakistan. The point was that one single province East Pakistan
was given equal importance to all other provinces put together.
On the other side, East Pakistan was also not accepting the
principle of parity; they thought that they were not given
representation according to their numeric majority.The one point
that was equally criticized by both East & West Pakistan was
formation of Ulema Board to look after the central and provincial
legislation. Ulema Board was to be set up outside the parliament
that had the authority to veto any decision of parliament in the
light whether it was Islamic or not.
According to BPC report this his whole situation resulted in
Punjabi-Bangali
crisis.
Despite
the
BPC
report,
KhuwajaNazimuddin called this draft as the most acceptable draft
throughout the country, called it the sun which illuminates the
sky. Many of the BPC members refused to put their signatures on
the draft. This was again a deadlock in constitution making. The
constitutional assembly once again postponed the process for
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infinite period and the country was running without any
constitution. No solution seemed to be accepted by East & West
Pakistan. The country was suffering from a political deadlock
situation.
The political deadlock was unblocked by the removal of
KhuwajaNazimuddinon 16th April 1953 and appointment of
Muhammad Ali Bogra as the Prime Minister of Pakistan. That time
Bogra was working as the ambassador of Pakistan in US. He was
elected Prime Minister by Muslim League. Within less than six
months of his appointment, Bogra presented third draft
constitution on 7th October 1953. This draft is known as the
Muhammad Ali Formula. He claimed support from both wings.
Muhammad Ali divided legislative assembly in two houses ie Upper House and Lower House. All the provinces along with
East Pakistan were given 10 seats each in Upper House, and
different number of seats in Lower House. East Pakistan was
given 165, Punjab 75, Sindh 19, NWFP 24, and Baluchistan was
given 17 seats in lower house. East Pakistan was leading with 165
seats. If the Head of state was from East Pakistan the PM shall be
from West Pakistan and vice versa. He brought a compromise
over the language issue between East & West Pakistan. He
suggested equal status for both languages as official languages.
English was continued as official language until the growth of
common languages.
The suggestions of Muhammad Ali formula were thoroughly
studied by constitutional assembly for about thirteen days. On
14th November 1953, a drafting committee was appointed to
finally prepare the draft for the approval. With successfully
handling the issues, the framers of the constitution moved faster
towards adopting the constitution. Assembly successfully adopted
the file by November 1954.

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The constituent assembly could not complete its mission.
Within ten days of the adoption of the final draft, the assembly
was dissolved by Governor-General. Undemocratic dissolution of
the constituent assembly involved Pakistan is a series of legal
disputes and constitutional crisis. The dissolution was due to
some political reasons. Muslim League was defeated in general
election in East. It therefore, lost its majority and was unable to
pass the draft. Slowly it was losing its worth in western wing also.
In addition to the political situation emerging after the
election, constitutional assembly took a number of steps that
invited Governor-Generals involvement. Assembly replaced
PRODA; law that gave authority to Government to expose corrupt
Ministers and politicians. Assembly also went to scrap the
sections that gave the authority to Governor-General to dismiss
the government at any time. These steps were taken actually to
curtail the powers of Governor-General and saving some specific
persons. The Governor-General earlier was not aware of this all
but when he came to know he rushed to Karachi to hit back
against the actions of the assembly. He dissolved first
constitutional assembly on 24th October 1954, and declared state
of emergency throughout Pakistan. All attempts of forming
constitution were brought to an end by the supreme authority of
the country. The assembly didnt welcome the emergency; they
filed a petition in Sindh High Court. The Court declared dissolution
as null and avoid. The federation of Pakistan appealed to
Supreme Court that gave decision in the favor of the GovernorGeneral.Governor-General
after
dissolving
constitutional
assembly again invited Muhammad Ali Bogra to form new
Ministry. The new Cabinet had some old and some new faces.
General Ayoub Khan and Maj: General IskandarMirza ware
included in the cabinet. Induction of these two Army officers
paved the way for Military involvement in politics.

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The second constitutional assembly was set up in 1955
elected from the existing provincial assemblies. No political party
could achieve a simple majority to form the government. So, a
coalition government was formed in the Prime Ministry of
Chaudhary Muhammad Ali. Muhammad aliBogra was sent back as
ambassador to U.S.A. The new Prime Minister gave first priority to
constitution making and continued the efforts. His first
achievement was the abolishment of old subdivisions and
amalgamation of provinces into One Unit. He presented 4 th draft
constitution before the Assembly on 8 th January 1956. The draft
was finally approved and adopted by the Assembly on 29 th
February 1956. The Governor-General approved it on 2 nd March
1956. On 23rd March 1956, Constitution was implemented and
Pakistan was declared a Republic. In this way indefinite era of
constitutional settlement and public confusion came to an end.

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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
REGIONALISM & SEPARATISM
Pakistan is one of the worlds most ethnically (culturally) &
linguistically complex states. Each of its provinces is associated
with a single ethno linguistic group; Punjab with Punjabis, Sindh
with
Sindhi,
Baluchistan
with
Balochis
and
Khyber
Pakhtoonkhuwah (NWFP) with Pashtuns. These groups are
identified by their cultural differences; often claim of being a
nation. In December 1971, Pakistan became the 1st state to be
divided on language basis with the formation of Bangladesh. At
the same time various independence movements began in the
provinces also with the support of neighboring countries; NWFP to
Afghanistan, Baluchistan to Afghanistan & Iran both and sindh to
India. Another group was Kashmir seeking independence from
both Pakistan and India.
Pakistan originally comprised of five major ethno linguistic
groups. These were Bengalis, Punjabis, Sindhi, Balochis and
Pashtuns. The Urdu speaking migrants, the Muhajirs, became the
sixth group. The leaders of the new state assumed that Jinnahs
leadership and a common faith would override any differences
among the different groups. But the creation of Bangladesh
strengthened several existing separatist movements. Outside
Punjab, there were movements a sindhudesh, an independent
Baluchistan; a NWFP tied to Afghanistan and even (for the
Muhajirs) a separate Karachi.
Migration creates strange bedfellows Karachi; once a
cosmopolitan but Sindhi dominated city is no more a Sindhi city
after decades of migration. The problem for Sindhi began with the
migration of Urdu speaking Muhajirs from India to Karachi,
Hyderabad and other areas of sindh. Their identity as Muhajirs
was strengthened with Urdu becoming a national language. By
1951, Sindhi speaking population the province had decline to 67%
from 87% and in Karachi Muhajirs had dominated with 57%...
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
legendary, G.M Syed who once had supported Pakistan
movement, felt Punjab, Muhajirs domination and called for a
separate Sindhi nation till his death in 1995. Sindhis had many
reservations over one unite scheme 1955, almost of million acres
of their land to non Sindhi esp.: retired military officers and
beurocrates (Punjab &Muhajirs), violation of pre-independent
water agreement with Punjab and also under-representation in
civil services nationalist movement evolved. With the slogan of
sindhudesh (land of Sindhi) and was suppressed by the
government of Pakistan.
Muhajirs were the part of Pakistans elite class until
organized in 1970s. During first twenty years of independence,
they were only 3% of population but held 21% of government jobs
and were prominent in army. Seven of twelve biggest business
houses were controlled by Muhajirs. Muhajirs introduced student
organization in 1978, which later was converted into a political
party MuttahidaQaumi Movement (MQM) in 1984. From the mid1980s onward, the QM, led by AltafHussain, developed tightly
organized political party which had a penchant for torture,
kidnapping and murder. After migration, Karachi had 5.5 million
Urdu speaking; 2 million Punjabis, 1.5 million Pashtoons and less
1 million were Sindhi and balochis. It became a major cause of
ethnic rivalry.
The separatist group that is the largest threat to Pakistan
even today is Pashtuns nationalist movement. It was active even
before Pakistans creation. (NWFP) had a popular leader Khan
Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known as frontier Ghandhi for support of
nonviolent organization Red Shirts. He demanded provincial
independence because of fear that Muslins leaving India will
come and dominate us. Frontier Ghandi demanded and received
referendum but Lord Mountbatten refused this option, and KPK
(NWFP) voted for Pakistan. GhaffarKhan boycotted the vote. The
movements continued and in recent past Taliban provided perfect
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
instrument to forever end the idea of Pakhtoonistan. The Taliban
were directly supporked by Pakistan Intelligence and indirectly by
Islamist Parties. Pakhtoonistan movement may still emerge but it
is difficult to predict whether the supporters will be Pakistan,
Pashtuns or Afghanistan.
The Balouch tribes are settled on black lands that unite
Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. Balouch separatism was the
brainchild of a few tribal chiefs (sardars) and a student
organization. Balouchis have their own autonomous history that
has not even changed during Britain rule. They are weakly
organized in modern term with literacy ratio of 24% (female 5%).
They are fighting against Pakistan Military since independence.
They went for two wars in 1948 that ended in Baluch surrender.
Later on, after the dismissed of Governor Mir GhausBakhshBizanjo
and C.M SardarAtaullah Khan Mengal in Bhuttos government,
again a mini war began. Baloch were very weak that time about
7000 families took refuge in Afghanistan. All in all, Baluchistan is
an unlikely candidate for a successful separatist movement, even
if there are grievances against Punjab dominated Pakistan. It
lacks a middle class and modern leadership.
Along with above major ethnic groups, there are some small
groups also one of them is Siraiki. Siraiki speaking region is
located in southern Punjab and northern sindh. It is a district
language spoken by both Sindhi & Punjabi. They claim to be faith
of Pakistans population but are probably about 10%. Some of
their leaders claim they would be better if separated from Punjab.
Other separatists movements are Kashmir and northern areas
Kashmir as well as GilgitBaltistan and other northern areas are
unlikely to leave Pakistan, yet grievances do exist.
Conversations with leading Sindhi intellectual and politicians
reveal that regional conflict is largely the fault of militaristic
Punjabi leaders, who will never normalize relations with India as
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
they want to maintain a large army. Punjab is Pakistans
wealthiest and most popular province, with a commanding
position in Pakistan army and politics.
The focal point of Punjabi domination was and remains the
army. 75% of the army is from three Punjab districts (Jhelum,
Rawalpindi, Campbellpur) and two adjacent districts of NWFP
(Kohat&Mardan). Another reason offered for Punjabs dominance
is its strategic value, which is that every country has a heart or
core area, which in Pakistans case is Punjab, whereas the other
three provinces constitute invasion routes. When one province is
so much powerful than the others, as in the Punjab even a fair
representation of its embers in the armed forces may give the
appearance of conspiracy.

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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
FEUDALISM IN PAKISTAN
Capitalism is something in which self-interest is prevailed.
Feudalism is something in which specific persons or given
various gifts esp. large area of cultivated agricultural lands)
in order to achieve desired goals.
Till the end of 20th century, Pakistan have feudal attitude in
every aspect of life either it is social or political. The label
feudal is assigned to those who own a very large area of
cultivated land. The national and provincial assemblies are
Pakistan is full of feudal.
Different groups of people have different views about British
in invasion in India. Some say that British rule awakened the
Indian subcontinent from its slumber. While some believe that this
rule was cruel because the underdevelopment that is found in
certain areas of sub-continent is the result of that colonial
system. India was a pre capitalist social formation when the
British rule came about.
In pre-British time, whole the land was owned by the Mughal
King. Any kind of permission about land was granted by king. In
1647, Mansabdar or nobles post was created, about 8,000
people were appointed. Manabdars had to maintain army and in
return were paid salary and were granted certain lands, to collect
revenue for state. Mughals had introduced three kinds of revenue
extraction system in 1570 under Akbars rule;
1. Jagidars; they were officers rather than feudal lords.
2. Zamindar; they were influential persons from each village.
They also used to collect revenue on the behalf of king.
3. Khalisa; they were those from which revenue secured to
state directly.
Soon after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal
Empire
began
to
decay.
At
the
same
time,
the
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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
zamindars&Jagidars tried to strengthen their power by increasing
their hold on the peasants. They did it successfully to some
extent.
With the decay of Mughal Empire, British had started controlling
the greater part of the South Asia in the middle of 18 th century.
British introduced colonial system here. Sindh was annexed with
Britain in 1843, for this British had granted ownership rights on
large tracts of lands to Mirs. Other influentrals were also awarded
similar grants as long as they accepted new rulers. After
successful expansion, Britain went for changes in every field;
there were three major institutional changes;
1. Private property institute introduced.
2. Introduction of legal system related to ownership of property.
3. They established an Efficient Government by giving land
and property rights to every citizen.
Along with this all, the principle of inheritance, guaranteed
rights and the privilege of succession were implemented. They
also introduced monetary tax that was made compulsory to be
paid. This led the people to sell their crops in the market. A new
market for agriculture emerged. People started working hard. As a
result, Sindh that was not producing cotton at the time of British
Conquest produced 4,000 tons during 1873-74. Same was the
case in Punjab that grew 30 times more wheat in 1880s than in
1886s.
As the commercialization of agriculture continued, many of
the small landowners (peasants) started selling or mortgaging
their lands in order to pay taxes Zamindars and Jagidars were to
pay taxes on follow land as well as cultivated land. Many of the
people protested against this in Sindh and Punjab. As a result
series of acts and law were passed during 1870 and 1870 to
protect the rights of landowners.

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HISORY OF PAKISTAN
1. Taxation law was revised and landowners were now asked to
pay tax cultivated land only.
2. In 1900, Punjab land Alienation act was passed which
banned the transfer of lands from agricultural to nonagricultural castes.
Moreover, the British started the canal civilization. More than
80% of Punjab irrigated land was provided canal system within
two decades. This resulted is the growth of production also.
Along with this all, the landlordism had reached its extreme
level in Sindh & Punjab. Till 1939, landowners were controlling
about 38% of the arable land. The landlords used to parcel out
their lands to Muzareen or Haris for cultivation. They had some
system of share to each other.
As a conclusion, we can say that till 1947, Pakistan
agricultural economy was pre capitalistic. Imran Ali writes that
there was an absence of agricultural revolution in the region.
Quantitative increase was not accompanied by qualitative charge;
process of agricultural colonization made Punjab the most
important area of commercial farming in Asia. He concludes that
agriculture remained feudal or pre capitalistic under the Britain.

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