Energy

Energy Demand
Fossil fuels come in 3 principal forms from w/c many
other products are derived:
a) Coal
b) Natural gas
c) Crude Oil
*PROBLEMS:
no enough fossil fuels left to sustain its usage as
the foundation of energy production
about 50 more years of production from known
reserves before we either have to discover more
reserves or shift away from our fossil fuel based
energy economy

Alternative Energy
related to issues of sustainability,
renewability and pollution reduction
In reality, it means anything other than
deriving energy via fossil fuel combustion
initial costs is the basic barrier
Currently there is no significant
production line alternative energy source
operating in the world

Sources of Energy
energy

renewable

non- renewable

Hydroelectric energy

Crude oil

Tidal forces

Natural gas

Geothermal heat

Coal

Biomass

Nuclear fission

Wind

Synthetic oil (oil sands

& shales)

Solar input
Ocean heat

Sources Of Primary Energy

Energy income, or renewable energy, comprises

those resources that are being continuously

renewed because of the presence of tidal
forces, wind, falling water, thermal gradients in
the ocean, geothermal heat, direct solar input,
the generation of vegetable & animal matter, &
so on.

Energy capital, or nonrenewable energy

resources, refers primarily to fossil fuels,

which were deposited on earth hundreds of
million years ago, or to radio active minerals,
which were present when the planet was
formed.

Putnam, 1953

Philippine Sources of Energy

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Oil
Geothermal
Hydropower
Coal
Natural gas
New & Renewable Energy (Solar, Wind, Ocean
Thermal, Ocean Wave, Ocean Tidal, MicroHydro and Biomass)

* Philippines will be able to produce 49% of its energy

requirements by 2004 because of the start of commercial
production of natural gas and crude oil from Malampaya
offshore field, a joint project of shell, Texaco and PNOC.

BASIC CONCEPTS
Renewable Energy

Refers to the energy obtained from the

continuing or repetitive currents of
energy occurring in a natural
environment

Renewable Energy Technology

Refers to any device used for the conversion of

renewable energy resources, either for
transformation into a more useful form or for energy
utilization

FEATURES OF NRE SOURCES

AND TECHNOLOGIES
Renewable
- there is no upper or lower limit on the total quantity of
energy resource consumed by the system

Indigenous

- locally-available while NRE devices and systems can be

manufactured locally

Environment-Friendly

- NRE systems produce minimal pollution emissions thus

promote sustainable development
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FEATURES OF NRE SOURCES AND

TECHNOLOGIES
Modular

- system can easily be designed and sized to match

the energy load; can be easily installed or dismantled

Decentralized

- can be installed and operated individually by the user;

highly applicable in off-grid, remote areas of the country

NRE TECHNOLOGIES
SOLAR ENERGY

BIOMASS ENERGY

HYDRO ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

OCEAN ENERGY
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Solar Energy
refers to the conversion of solar energy into useful energy in the
form of electrical or thermal energy
1. Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic
cells
Current applications in the Philippines include solar home
system (SHS), street light, battery charging station (BCS),
incubation, refrigeration, telecommunication, water
pumping, for powering lighthouses, centralized power plant.

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Solar Energy
2. Solar Thermal
utilization of heat from the sun by collecting or concentrating
the solar radiation for various purposes

Solar Water Heaters (SWH) - produce hot water for domestic and
commercial applications.
Solar Dryers - used for drying tobacco, fish, fruits, and other
agricultural products.

Solar Thermal Power Plants - uses solar radiation to boil liquid

of low-saturation temperature to run turbines and in turn
produce electricity.
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Biomass Energy
refers to the conversion of organic materials primarily plant
matters, through either thermochemical or biochemical process
to produce useful energy
1. Direct Combustion Systems - involves direct burning of organic
materials to produce either process heat or power.

Biomass Cookstoves
Biomass-Fired Furnace, Kilns and Ovens
Biomass-fired Boilers

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Biomass Energy
2. Gasification - combustion of dry organic matter producing
heating value gaseous fuel (i.e., producer gas) to either
produce shaft power. The system is called a gasifier

Applications:
Dryers
Boilers

Internal Combustion Engines

Gas Turbines
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Biomass Energy
3. Pyrolysis - destructive distillation of biomass by the action of
heat in the absence of oxygen to produce charcoal, low heating
value oils and gases. The system is called a Pyrolytic
Converter
4. Anaerobic Fermentation - bacterial decomposition of organic
matter in the absence of air (i.e., anaerobic) to produce biogas, a
low heating-value gas which is 50% to 60% methane by
composition. The system is often called Biogas Digester.

Common biogas feedstocks:

Animal Wastes (hog and chicken manure, etc.)
Industrial Wastes (e.g., distillery wastes)

Other organic wastes (Waste from slaughterhouses)

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Biomass Energy
5. Biofuels - liquid fuels produced from biomass resources and
have the potential to complement/replace fossil-based fuels such
as diesel and gasoline.
Ethanol - produced from star-rich plant materials through
fermentation process. Local material for ethanol production
is molasses.
Hydrous (95% purity)
Anhydrous (99.5% purity)
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Biomass Energy
Alcogas - ethanol/gasoline blend (gasoline engines)
Coconut Oil - can blend with or substitute diesel oil to run diesel
engine.
Cocodiesel - 30% - 70% coconut oil blend with diesel.
Methyl ester - is also a product of esterification process using
coconut oil and methanol; a good substitute and blend for
diesel oils.

6. Densification - briquetting or pelletizing of agro-industrial,

forestry and timber residues to form better-burning fuels.
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Hydro Energy
refers to the energy extracted from falling water or fast flowing
streams or rivers which can be converted into rotary motion and
in turn produces mechanical or electrical energy

Classification of Power Systems:

Micro-Hydro (1 kW - 100 kW)
Mini-Hydro (100 kW - 10 MW)
Small Hydro (5 MW - 50 MW)
Large Hydro (above 10 MW)

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Wind Energy
refers to the kinetic energy (i.e. motion energy) of the wind that
can be converted into rotary a motion to produce mechanical or
electrical energy
1. Windpump - uses a windmill to pump water either for domestic
potable water or for irrigation
2. Aerogenerator - uses a windmill to aerate fishponds, etc.

3. Wind Turbine Generator - uses turbine and rotor assembly

to convert wind energy into electricity
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Ocean Energy
1. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems - uses
the temperature difference between the warm surface waters
and the cold waters from the depths of the sea to operate a
power cycle thus generating electricity.

2. Wave Energy Systems - utilizes energy of the sea waves

either through:
propulsion systems
buoy power supply devices
offshore power plants
shore-based power plants
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Ocean Energy
3. Tidal Energy Systems - utilizes the recurring rise and fall of
the coastal waters in response to the gravitational forces of
the sun and the moon.
4. Ocean Current Energy Systems - utilizes ocean currents to
produce power either through:
underwater turbines (e.g., Nova Tech)
parachutes attached to a continuous cable
floating turbines (e.g., Tyson Turbine)
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Availability

A general consequences is that future

energy supplies may:
(1) tend to come from more remote
areas, incurring longer transportation
distances;
(2) be more contaminated with undesirable
elements;
(3) be more dilute ( e.g., coal seams may
be thinner or oil production rates
lower).

ENVIROMENTAL IMPACTS OF CRUDE OIL

Types of Activity
Environment

Exploration

Extraction,
production,
processing

Transmission

Use and
disposal

Atmosphere

Emission of H2S
and hydrocarbons
as a results of a
blowout

Refinery emissions
of SO2, H2S, CO2,
NOx, and
hydrocarbons

Hydrosphere

BLOWOUTS AND
SPILLS FROM
EXPLORATORY
WELLS AT SEA,
LEADING TO OIL
CONTAMINATION

BLOWOUTS AND
SPILLS Brine and
drilling chemical
disposal
Refinery effluents

TANKER
ACCIDENTS,
LEADING TO
OIL
CONTAMINATI
ON

Groundwater
contamination by
leaking tanks

Lithosphere

Blowouts and
spills on hand

Blowout and
spills Sludge
disposal

Pipeline
construction and
spills
Damage to
permafrost

Used oil disposal

Human
Impacts

Disruption of
lifestyle

Interference
with fisheries

Interference with
fisheries or land
use
Disruption of
lifestyle during
construction

Hydrocarbons and
polynuclear
aromatic
hydrocarbons from
combustion

Emissions of
SO2 , CO2 , and
hydrocarbons

Environmental Impacts of Natural Gas

Type of Activity
Environment

Exploration

Extraction,
production,
processing

Transmission

Use and
disposal

Atmosphere

Emissions of
gas and H2S
during an
accidental
blowout

Gas plant
emissions of
H2S, SO2, and
hydrocarbons

Emissions of
CO2, NOx

Hydrosphere

Blowouts

Blowouts and
drilling
Disposal of
chemicals

Lithosphere

Human
impacts

LNG
ACCIDENTS
H2S emissions

Construction of
pipeline
Damage to
permafrost

LNG ACCIDENTS
Disruption of
lifestyle during
construction

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF COAL

Type of Activity
Environment

Exploration

Extraction,
production,
processing

Transmission

Use and
disposal

Atmosphere

Emission of SO2
and PNAs from
processing to gas
or liquid fuel
Coal dust disposal

EMISSIONS OF
SO2, NOX, CO2,
and Particulates

Hydrosphere

LEACHING OF
ACIDS AND
METALS Organic
compounds formed
with synfuels

Thermal
effects

Lithosphere

DISRUPTION
FROM STRIP
MINING AND
SUBSIDENCE
Slag heaps

Fly ash disposal

LUNG DISEASE
MINE SAFETY

Exposure to
emissions from
combustion and
coke ovens

Human
impacts

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF HYDROELECTRIC

DEVELOPMENT

Type of Activity
Environment

Exploration

Extraction,
production,
processing

Transmission

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

SILTATION,
CHANGES IN
FLOW
CHARACTERISTI
CS OF SURFACE
WATER AND
GROUNDWATER

Lithosphere

SUBMERGENCE
OF LAND, LOSS
OF ANIMAL
HABITAT

Disruption of life
style from loss of
land

Human
impacts

Transmission
lines

Use and
disposal

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR POWER

Type of Activity
Environment

Exploration

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

Human
impacts

Extraction,
production,
processing

Transmission

Use and
disposal

Accidents
Radon
emissions from
mine tailings

Accidents
Leachate from
mine tailings

Thermal
effects

Accidents
Tailing
contamination

ACCIDENTS
AND
MINELANT
EXPLOSIVE
MINING
HAZARDS

Transmission
lines

Accidents
during fuel
transport

DISPOSAL OF
SPENT FUEL
AND WASTE
Exposure to
wastes
TERRORISM

The 2 Percent Solution

Overall emissions are reduced by

80% by 2050
From now until 2050, 2% reduction
of emission of CO2

Built Environment
Where we live, work, shop, study, and play
Includes buildings, roads, bridges, and harbors
Requires tremendous amount of water,
energy, and natural resources for its
construction and operation
Embodied Energy
The amount of energy required in the life cycle
stages
of
acquisition
of
raw
materials,
manufacturing, use and end of life
Urban Heat Island
The local heating of urban areas

Quantity and quality of energy (carbon foot printing)

and water (water foot printing) usage and
consumption