Chapter - 1

Introduction to Microprocessors and

Microcontrollers
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with different features of microprocessors and
microcontrollers. After read this chapter you should be able to explain:

History of microprocessors

Define Input devices, Output devices, microprocessor and microcomputer

Architecture of microprocessor and microcomputer

History of microprocessors

Evolution of microprocessors

Applications of microprocessors

Evolution of microcontrollers

Applications of microcontrollers

Chapter - 2
Architecture of the 8085
Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with microprocessor
architecture. After read this chapter, you should be able to:

Features of 8085 microprocessor

Draw block diagram of 8085 microprocessor

Explain architecture of 8085 microprocessor

List the registers and explain their functions

Familiarization with functions of pins of 8085 microprocessor

Comparisons of various 8-bit microprocessors

Chapter -3
Instruction Set and Addressing Modes of
8085 Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with instruction set of the 8085
microprocessor. After read this chapter, you should be able to:

Different addressing modes and data formats

Define instruction and instruction set

List the five groups of instructions of 8085 microprocessor

Explain the operation data transfer instruction, Arithmetic instruction,

Logical Instruction, Branch control instruction, Stack, Push and POP
instructions

Explain the terms operation code and operand with an instruction

Define instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T state

Discuss Flow of opcode and data for instructions

Draw timing Diagram of memory read, memory write, I/O read and I/O
write operations

Chapter - 4
Assembly Language Programs of
the 8085 Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with instruction set of the 8085
microprocessor. After read this chapter, you should be able to:

Machine language

Assembly language

High level language

Stacks, and Subroutines

Time delay loops and their applications

Modular programming, and Macro,

Assembly language programs for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical

operations, matrix operations, block movement, look up table, string operations,
maximum and minimum value, ascending order, descending order, binary to Gray, BCD
to binary and binary to BCD

Chapter 5
Architecture of 8086 and 8088
Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with 8086 and 8088 microprocessor
architecture. After read this chapter, you should be able to discuss

Architecture of 8086 and 8088 microprocessor

Operating principles of 8086

Bus Interface Unit of microprocessor

Execution Unit of microprocessor

Registers of 8086 microprocessor

Logical address and physical addresses

8086 memory addressing

Pin Description of 8086 and 8088

Read and write bus cycles of 8086 and 8088

Mode of operation of 8288 Bus controller

8284A Clock generator

Comparison between 8086 and 8088; 8085 and 8086

Chapter - 6
Instruction Set and Addressing Mode of
8086 Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with addressing modes and instruction set of
8086 microprocessor. After read this chapter, you should be able to discuss

Addressing modes of 8086/8088 microprocessor

General instruction format

Instruction set

Data transfer instruction set

Arithmetic instructions

Logical and bit manipulation instructions

String instructions

Branch control instructions

Processor control instructions

Chapter-7
Assembly Language Programs
of the 8086 Microprocessor and 8087, 80287
and 80387 Numeric Data Processors
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the use of 8086 microprocessor
instruction set. After read this chapter, you should be able to discuss

Assembly language and machine language

Assembly language commands : A(Assembly command), U ( Un-assemble command), R

(Register command), G (Go command), T(Trace command), D(Display command), E (Enter
command), F (Fill command), M (Move command) and S(Search command)

Assembly language programs for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical

operations, matrix operations, block movement, look up table, string operations, maximum
and minimum value, ascending order, descending order, binary to Gray, BCD to binary and
binary to BCD

The Block diagram, operating principle, instruction set and programming of 8087, 80287 and
80387 numeric data processors.

Chapter - 8
I/O and Memory Interfacing Using
8085/8086
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with I/O Memory Interfacing using 8085/8086
microprocessor. After read this chapter, you should be able to

Draw the Memory Interfacing diagram and Memory Map of Memory Devices

Describe Interrupts of 8085 Microprocessor

Interrupts of 8086/8088 Microprocessor

Describe the operation of 8259A programmable interrupt controller

Explain the operation of Programmable Peripheral Interface (82C55 PPI)

How to write the Control Word for different Operating Modes: BSR Mode Operation,
Mode 0 Operation, Mode 1 Operation and Mode 2 Operation

Examples to Determine Control Word Applications of 82C55 PPI

Describe the operation of Programmable Interval Timer 8253

Write the Control Word of 8253for different Operating Modes from Mode 0 to Mode 6

Chapter - 9
Communication and Bus Interfacing
with the 8085/8086 Microprocessor

INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with Communication and Bus Interfacing with
the 8085/8086 microprocessor. After read this chapter, you should be able to

Describe the serial communication interface using 8251 USART

Difference between synchronous and a synchronous data transfer

8251 interface with microprocessor

Describe the operation of 8257 DMA controller

Describe the operation of 8279 display and keyboard interfacing

Explain the operation of 8275 CRT controller

Describe the operation of D/A converter and explain D/A converter parameters:
resolution, setting time, accuracy and linearity.

Describe the operation of A/D converter with proper circuit diagrams.

Explain the operation of Bus Interface, RS232C, IEEE-488, Parallel Printer Interface,
8050 UART, 16550 UART and 8089 I/O processor.

Chapter 10
Applications of 8085/8086 Microprocessor
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
Microprocessors are very important tools for the electronic system designer. These devices have
wide applications in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation, and Communication Engineering for
monitoring system performance parameters, control and protection of any system. Now a days
microprocessors are used in measuring equipments such as voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, energy meter,
power factor meter, frequency meter etc. In this chapter microprocessor based measurement and control
systems have been discussed to highlight the application of microprocessors in the area of measurement
of electrical and physical quantity, monitoring, control and protection of any electrical as well as
electronics system. The microprocessor advantages in electronics system design are also discussed in this
chapter. After read this chapter you should able to enlighten the following
o

List the advantages of microprocessor based systems

Explain how to measure electrical and physical quantities using microprocessor

Explain how microprocessor is applied in system protection

Explain how microprocessor is applied in motion control of DC and AC motors and

traffic signal control

Design interfacing circuits and write programs in assembly language for speed control of
DC motor as well as single phase induction motor.

Design microprocessor based control of firing circuit of a Thyristor

Explain microprocessor based Stepper Motor Control.

Chapter-11
80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486
Microprocessors
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486
microprocessors architecture. After read this chapter, you should be able to discuss

Architecture of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

Operating principles 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

Registers of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

Pin Description of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

Addressing modes of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486

Instruction set of 80186, 80286, 80386 and 80486 microprocessors

Comparison between 8086 and 80186, 8086 and 80286, 80186 and 80286, 80286 and 80386,
80386 and 80486

Chapter-12
Pentium and RISC Processors
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with different Pentium and RISC processors.
After read this chapter, you should be able to discuss

Features of Pentium, CISC and RISC processors

Internal Architecture of Pentium and RISC processors

Physical, Linear and Logical address of Pentium processors

Virtual 8086 mode, System management mode of the Pentium Processors

Pin Description of Pentium processors

Addressing modes of Pentium processors

Pentium Bus Interfacing

Cache Memories and MESI protocol

Comparison between different Pentium Processors

Architecture of RISC Processor: Power PC 601

Chapter-13
Introduction to 8051
Microcontroller Architecture
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of the chapter is to familiarize the reader with architecture of 8051 microcontroller. After
read this chapter you should be able to explain:

Architecture of the 8051 microcontroller

Registers of 8051 microcontroller: general purpose and special function registers

Accumulator, B register and register banks (R0-R7), Program status word (PSW),
Stack pointer (SP), program counter (PC) and Data Pointer (DPTR)

Timer/Counters, Interrupts and Serial port

I/O ports of 8051 microcontroller

8051 Oscillator and reset circuits

Pin diagram of 8051 microcontroller and functions of various pins

Memory organization of 8051: program memory and data memory

Timers/Counters, Serial Communication, Interrupts of 8051 microcontroller

Chapter-14
Instruction Set and Programming
of 8051 Microcontroller
INSTRUCTION OBJECTIVES
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with instruction set of the 8051 microcontroller.
After read this chapter, you should be able to:

Explain addressing modes of 8051 microcontroller

List the instruction set of 8051 microcontroller

Discuss Arithmetic, Logical and Data Transfer Instructions

Explain Boolean Operations Instructions

Write Program Control and Branching Instructions

Writing assembly language programs for addition, subtraction, multiplication,

division, logical operations, matrix operations, block movement, look up table, string
operations, maximum and minimum value, ascending order, descending order, binary
to Gray, BCD to binary and binary to BCD in 8051 microcontroller

Write some application programs using 8051 microcontroller

Describe the operation of washing machine controller