Department of Physics

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
Module I: Wave Optics
Tutorial Sheet 1
1. (a)What are the conditions for observing interference fringes?
(b) What are coherent sources? How they are realized in practice? Explain why two
independent sources can never be coherent sources. Describe two methods for the
production of coherent sources.
2. In an experiment using sodium light of wavelength 5890 , an interference pattern
was obtained in which 20 equally spaced fringes occupied 2.30 cm on the screen. On
replacing sodium lamp with another monochromatic source of a different wavelength
with no other changes, 30 fringes were found to occupy 2.80 cm on the screen.
Calculate the wavelength of light from this source.
3. In a Youngs double slit experiment, the angular width of a fringe formed on a distant
screen is 0.10. The wavelength of light used is 6000 . What is the spacing between
the slits.
4. In an interference experiment, the distance between the slits is 1 mm and the width of
the fringe is 0.6 mm. If the distance between the screen and the slits is 1.2 m,
calculate the wavelength, of the light.
5. At a given point P, three different waves are meeting in phase. Those waves are given
by Y1 = A1 sin (t), Y2=A2 sin(t) and Y3 = A3 sin(t). What is the resultant
amplitude at P due to those three waves.
6. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio is 81:1 produce interference fringes.
Deduce the ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity in fringe system.
7. White light falls normally upon a soap film whose thickness is 5x10-5 cm and whose
index of refraction is 1.33. Which wavelength in the visible region will be reflected
most strongly?
1

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
8. Two plane glass plates are placed on top of one another and on one side a paper is
introduced to form a thin wedge of air. Assuming that a beam of wavelength 600 nm
is incident normally, and that there are 100 interference fringes per cm, calculate the
wedge angle.
9. In Newtons ring experiment the diameters of 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.4 and 0.7
cm respectively. Calculate the diameter of 20th dark ring.
10. In a Newtons ring experiment, the diameters of 5th and 25th rings are 0.3 cm and 0.8
cm respectively. Find the wavelength of light used. Take Radius of curved surface of
lens R = 100 cm.
11. Newtons rings formed by monochromatic light between a flat glass plate and a
plano-convex lens are viewed normally. Calculate the order of the dark ring which
will have double the diameter of that of 40th dark ring.
12. In a Newtons ring arrangement, light consisting of wavelengths 1 and 2 incidents
normally on a plane convex lens of radius of curvature R resting on a glass plate. If
the nth dark ring due to 1 coincides with (n+1)th dark ring due to 2 , then show that
the radius of the nth dark ring of 1 is given by

12 R
.
1 2

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
Module I: Wave Optics
Tutorial Sheet 2
1. (a)Differentiate between interference and diffraction phenomena in light.
(b)Explain the difference between Fresnel and Fraunhofer type of diffraction.
2. Show that, for Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit, the relative intensities of the
successive maxima are approximately 1 : 4/92 : 4/252 : 4/492 ..
3. Light of wavelength 5000 is incident normally on a plane transmission grating of
width 3 cm and 15000 lines. Calculate the angle of diffraction in first order.
4. What is grating element? Show that only first order is possible if the width of the
grating element is less than twice the wavelength of light.
5. A diffraction grating is just able to resolve two line of =5140 and =5140.85 in
the first order. Will it resolve the line = 8037.20 and = 8037.50 in the second
order?
6. The limits of visible spectrum are approximately 400nm and 700nm. Find the angular
width of the first order visible spectrum produced by a plane diffraction grating
having 15000 lines per inches when the light is incident normally on the grating.
7. What is the ratio of resolving powers of two gratings having 15000 lines in 2 cm and
10,000 lines in 1 cm in first order? Each grating has lines in its 2.5 cm width.
8. How many orders will be visible if the wavelength of incident radiation is 4800 and
the number of lines on the grating is 25000 lines per inch.
9. Light is incident normally on a grating of total ruled width 5 X 10-3 m with 2500 lines
in all. Calculate the angular separation of two sodium lines in the first order spectrum.
Can they be seen distinctly?
3

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
10. The wavelengths of sodium D lines are 589.6nm and 589nm. What is the minimum
number of lines that a grating must have in order to resolve these lines in the first
order spectrum?
11. (a) What do you understand by the term resolving power of a grating? Explain
Rayleigh criterion for the limit of resolution.
(b) Two plane diffraction gratings A and B have the same width of ruled surface but
A has greater number of lines than B. Which has greater intensity of fringes?

Module I: Wave Optics

Tutorial Sheet 3
1. Explain the following terms:
a. Plain of polarization
b. Optic axis of a crystal
c. Double refraction
d. Quarter and Half wave plates
e. Ordinary and Extra ordinary ray
2. Using two Nicol prisms, how would you find whether the given plate is a quarter wave
plate or a half wave plate or a simple glass plate?
2. If the plane of vibration of the incident beam makes an angle of 30 with the optic
axis, compare the intensities of extraordinary and ordinary rays.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
3. Light reflected from a glass plate (ng = 1.65) immersed in ethyl alcohol (ne = 1.36) is
found to be completely linearly polarized. At what angle will the partially polarized
beam be transmitted into the plate?
4. A right circularly polarized beam is incident on a calcite half-wave plate. Show that
the emergent beam will be left-circularly polarized.
5. Calculate the thickness of a quarter wave plate of quartz for sodium light of
wavelength 5893 . The refractive indices of quartz for E-ray and O-ray are equal to
1.5533 and 1.5442 respectively.
6. A beam of linearly polarized light is changed into circularly polarized light by passing
it through a sliced crystal of thickness 0.005 cm. Calculate the difference in refractive
indices of the two rays in the crystal assuming this to be of minimum thickness that
0

will produce the effect. The wavelength of light used is 5000 A .

7. A plate of thickness 0.020 mm is cut from calcite with optic axis parallel to the face.
Given, o = 1.648 and e = 1.481 (ignoring variations with wavelength), find out
those wavelengths in the range 4000 to 7800 for which the plate behaves as a
half wave plate and also those for which the plate behaves as a quarter wave plate.
8. A beam of light is passed through a polarizer. If the polarizer is rotated with the beam
as an axis, the intensity I of the emergent beam does not vary. What are the possible
polarization states and how to ascertain the state of the light beam with an additional
quarter wave plate?
9. A /4 plate is rotated between two crossed Polaroids. If an unpolarized beam is
incident of the 1st Polaroid, discuss the variation of intensity of the emergent beam as

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
the quarter wave plate in rotated. What will happen if have a /2 plate instead of a /4
plate.
10. A 20 cm long tube containing 60 cc of sugar solution produces an optical rotation of
110 when placed in a polarimeter. Calculate the quantity of sugar contained in the
tube. The specific rotation of sugar is 660.

Module II: Lasers and Fiber Optics

Tutorial Sheet 4
1. What are the characteristics of laser beams? Describe its important applications.
2. Why two level lasers does not exist.
3. Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by 5 mW lasers assuming
that it emits light of wavelength 632.8 nm.
4. A certain ruby laser emits 1.00 J pulses of light whose wavelength is 6943 .
What is the minimum number of chromium ions in the ruby?
5. Explain (a) Atomic excitations (b) Transition process (c) Meta stable state and (d)
Optical pumping.
6. Find the intensity of laser beam of 15 mW power and having a diameter of 1.25
mm. Assume the intensity to be uniform across the beam.
7. Calculate the energy difference in eV between the energy levels of Ne-atoms of a
He-Ne laser, the transition between which results in the emission of a light of
wavelength 632.8nm.
8. Find the intensity of a laser beam of 10 mW power and having a diameter of 1.3
m. Assume the intensity to be uniform across the beam.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
9.

What is population inversion? How it is achieved in Ruby Laser. Describe the

construction of Ruby Laser.

10. Explain the operation of a gas Laser with essential components. How stimulated
emission takes place with exchange of energy between Helium and Neon atom?
11. What is the difference between the working principle of three level and four level
lasers. Give an example of each type. How a four level Laser is superior to a three
level Laser.
12. Explain why population inversion is essential for laser action to take place.

Module II: Lasers and Fiber Optics

Tutorial Sheet 5
1. What is total internal reflection and explain its importance for optical
communication.
2. Explain acceptance angle and acceptance cone of a fiber. What do you mean by
numerical aperture of a fiber? Derive expression for them.
3. The refractive indices of core and cladding materials of a step index fiber are 1.48
and 1.45, respectively. Calculate: (i) numerical aperture, (ii) acceptance angle, and
(iii) the critical angle at the core-cladding interface and (iv) fractional refractive
indices change.
4. Calculate the angle of acceptance of a given optical fiber, if the refractive indices
of the core and cladding are 1.563 and 1.498, respectively.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
5. What is the carrier frequency for an optical communication system operating at
1.55 m.
6. Determine the numerical aperture of a step index fiber when the core refractive
index n1 =1.5 and the cladding refractive index n2 =1.48. Find the maximum angle
for entrance of light if the fiber is placed in air.
7. An optical fiber has NA of 0.20 and a cladding refractive index of 1.39.
Determine the acceptance angle for the fiber in water which has refractive index
of 1.33.
8. Calculate the numerical aperture acceptance angle and critical angle of the fiber
from the following data: n1 =1.5 and n2 = 1.45.
9. A step index fiber with a large core diameter compared with the wavelength of the
transmitted light has an acceptance angle in air of 220 and a relative index
difference of 3%. Determine
(1)

Numerical aperture of the fiber

(2)

The critical angle at the core-cladding interface

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
Module III : Electromagnetic Theory
Tutorial Sheet 6

1. If a vector A i 2k , find the magnitude and the direction cosines of this vector.

2. If A 2 j 3k and B i 2 j , find (a) A.B , and (b) A B .

3. If A 2i 2 j k and B 6i 3 j 2k , find the angle between A and B .

4. What do you mean by scalar and vector fields? Define operator.

5. Explain the terms (a) gradient, (b) divergence, (c) curl by bringing out their physical
significance.

6. Prove that: div ( A B) B.curl A A.curl B .

7. Prove that: (a) div ( A) div A A grad , (b) div ( A B) div A div B , (c)

div grad 2 .

8. If r xi yj zk , find (a) grad r n , (b) div r n r ,

r
9. If r is the position vector of a point, then show that div 3 2 .
r

10. The potential function in an electric field is represented as Vx, y , z C x 2 y 2 z 2 ,

where C is an arbitrary constant. Show that the electric field is radial.
11. If V 2 x 2 3 y 2 z 2 represents the electrostatic potential at a point, find the electric
field intensity at a point (3,2,-2).
12. Prove that the divergence of a vector field which obeys the inverse square law is zero.

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
Module III: Electromagnetic Theory
Tutorial Sheet 7

1. A vector field is given as F yi ( x 2 y 2 ) j ( yz zx)k , find (a) div F , (b) curl F .

2. If

is

scalar

field

and

is

vector

field,

prove

that curl ( A) curl A ( grad ) A .

3. If A x 2 zi 2 y 3 z 2 j xy 2 zk , find the value of (a) div A , (b) curl A at the point

(2,2,2).

4. Show that F ( x y)i ( x z ) j ( y z )k represents a conservative field.

r
1
5. Prove that: (a) grad r n , where n is a unit vector, (b) grad 3 , where r is
r
r
the position vector.
6. If ( x, y, z ) 3( x 2 y y 2 x) , calculate grad at the point (1,-2,-1).
7. Find grad r n , where r is the distance of any point ( x, y, z ) from the origin.

8. If r is the position vector of a point, then find grad log r .

9. A vector function has the following components: Ex 6 xy , E y 3x 2 3 y 2 , and

Ez 0 , show that div E 0 .

10. If r is a position vector of a point, show that: (a) div r 3 , (b) div (r / r 3 ) 0 , (c)

div (r n r ) (3 n)r n , (d) div (r 4 r ) 7r 4 .

11. The electric field due to a point charge Q is given by E=(1/(4)) (Q/r3) r , where E
and r are vector quantity. Show that X E = 0.

10

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics
I

12. Find the constant a for which the vector A ( x 3 y)i ( y 2 z ) j ( x az )k is

solenoidal.
13. State and prove (a) Gausss divergence and (b) Stokes theorem.

Module III: Electromagnetic Theory

Tutorial Sheet 8

1. What is electric flux? If electric field is given by E 4i 8 j 3k , then calculate the

electric flux through a surface of area 400 units lying in y-z plane.
2. State and prove Gausss law in electrostatics. Derive Coulombs law from Gausss
law.
3. State and prove Amperes circuital law in electromagnetism.
4. Write the Maxwells equations in free space in both integral and differential form.
Give the physical significance of each equation.
5. Derive Maxwells equations in differential and integral form.
6. Show that equation of continuity is contained in Maxwells equations.
7. Explain the propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in free space and show that
the electromagnetic waves propagate with the speed of light in free space. Also prove
that the em waves are transverse in nature.

D
B
8. Using Maxwells electromagnetic equations: curl E
and curl H J
,
t
t

show that (a) div B 0 and (b) div D , where symbols have their usual meaning.

9. Using Maxwells electromagnetic equations: div D and curl H J

, derive:
t
(a) Coulombs law in electrostatics, and (b) Equation of continuity.
11

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
10. Deduce an expression for the velocity of propagation of a plane electromagnetic wave
in a medium of dielectric constant and relative permeability .

11. If the amplitude of H in a plane wave is 1 A/m, calculate the magnitude of E for

plane wave in free space.

Module IV: Special Theory of Relativity

Tutorial Sheet 9
1. What do you mean by Inertial and non Inertial frames of reference? Is earth an inertial
frame?
2. Describe the Michelson Morley experiment and discuss the importance of its
negative result.
3. Calculate the fringe shift in Michelson-Morley experiment. Given that: l 11m ,
0

6238 A , v 3 106 cm / s , and c 3 108 m / s .

4. State the fundamental postulates of Einstein special theory of relativity and deduce
from them the Lorentz Transformation Equations.
5. What is proper length? Explain relativistic length contraction on the basis of special
theory of relativity?
6. Give an example to show that time dilation is real effect.
7. What do you mean by proper time interval? Explain relativistic time dilation on the
basis of special theory of relativity?

12

Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
8. A rod has length 100 cm. When the rod is in a satellite moving with velocity 0.9 c
relative to the laboratory, what is the length of the rod as measured by an observer (i)
in the satellite, and (ii) in the laboratory?.
9. How fast would a rocket ship have to go relative to an observer for its length to be
contracted to 99% of its length at rest?
10. A clock keeps correct time. With what speed should it be moved relative to an
observer so that it may appear to lose 4 minutes in 24 hours?
11. Prove that x2+y2+z2 = c2t2 is invariant under Lorentz transformation.
12. In the laboratory the life time of a particle moving with speed 2.8x108m/s, is found
to be 2.5x10-7 sec. Calculate the proper life time of the particle.
13. At what speed should a clock be moved so that it may appear to loss 1 minute in each
hour?
14. Derive relativistic law of addition of velocities and prove that the velocity of light is
the same in all inertial frame irrespective of their relative speed.
15. Two particles come towards each other with speed 0.9c with respect to laboratory.
Calculate their relative speeds.
16. Rockets A and B are observed from the earth to be traveling with velocities 0.8c and
0.7 c along the same line in the same direction. What is the velocity of B as seen by
an observer on A?
17. Deduce an expression for the variation of mass with velocity. Also prove that no
material particle can have a velocity equal to or greater than the velocity of light.

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Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
18. A proton of rest mass 1.67 1027 kg is moving with a velocity of 0.9c. Calculate its
mass and momentum.
19. The speed of an electron is doubled from 0.2 c to 0.4 c. By what ratio does its
momentum increase?
20. A particle has kinetic energy 20 times its rest energy. Find the speed of the particle in
terms of c.
21. State and prove the law of equivalence of mass and energy.
22. Prove the relation E2- p2c2 = m02c4, where p is the momentum.
23. At what speed does the kinetic energy of a particle equal to its rest energy?
24. What should be the speed of an electron so that its mass becomes equal to the mass of
proton? Given: mass of electron=9.1x10-31Kg and mass of Proton =1.67x10-27Kg.
25. An electron is moving with a speed 0.9c. Calculate (i) its total energy and (ii) the ratio
of Newtonian kinetic energy to relativistic energy. Given: me 9.11 10 31 kg
and c 3 108 m / s .
26. (i) Derive a relativistic expression for kinetic energy of a particle in terms of
momentum. (ii) Show that the momentum of a particle of rest mass m0 and kinetic
energy Ek , is given by p

Ek2
2m0 Ek .
c2

27. Calculate the mass and speed of 2MeV electron.

28. A particle of rest mass m0 moves with speed c/2. Calculate its rest mass, momentum,
total energy and kinetic energy.

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