CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Wireless field in telecommunications is a very exciting field for research. The fast
development of mobile telephone use, different satellite facilities and the wireless internet and
lans are generating various changes in telecommunications. One of the recent steps in
enhancing mobile telecommunication systems is the long term evolution of UMTS. This
began with the conceptualization of the term cells by Bell Labs, USA. Usage of cells enhanced
the capacity of mobile communication networks, by splitting the coverage area into small cells
having their own base stations working on different frequencies. There are several generations
of mobile communication systems depending on the technology that mobile communication
networks have used. The first generation systems used analogue technology. The second
generation system is GSM/GPRS/EDGE based on digital technology. Third generation is
UMTS and its long term evolution. Fourth generation is LTE-Advanced. Our main focus is 4G
that is LTE-Advanced also known as release 10. LTE-Advanced is high data rate all IP packet
network in this network core network and radio access both are fully packetized network.
LTE-Advanced standards development is going under 3rd generation partnership project
(3GPP). LTE-Advanced provides spectrum flexibility for deployment, coexistence with legacy
radio access technologies, and complexity. Main features of LTE-Advanced are carrier
aggregation, relaying, uplink multiple antenna transmission, Enhanced downlink multiple
antenna transmission, support for heterogeneous network deployments. A lot of simulators are
available for LTE-Advanced [6][8][9][12][25][27], but none of the simulators are user friendly
with easy understanding and changing facilities. So this angle of study inspired this
dissertation work to make a simulator of LTE-Advanced with most of the 3GPP specified
features to increase the throughput in macro and femto cells. Dissertation work includes the
application of different power control algorithms in femto cells to reduce interference for
macro users and to increase throughput for macro users, different fractional frequency reuse
mechanisms used to reduce interference, different co-ordinated multipoint mechanisms used to
increase throughput for edge user and gives throughput after signaling overhead reduction.
The output of this work helps in getting approximately practical results with the aid of these
results it become very easy to implement practical network in an area. Future scope of this
work is to make more adaptive and more optimized network by including release 11, 12, 13
features.Fractional frequency reuse and traditional frequency reuse increase capacity [15][17]
[22].
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The increase in the popularity of wireless networks has lead to the increased
capacity demand. More and more users prefer wireless technology as compared to wired
services. The wireless access broadly consists of two main technologies, the wireless cellular
networks, which mainly provide voice services to users with high mobility and the wireless
local area networks, which provide higher data rates to users with comparatively restricted
mobility. To replace the wired services, wireless networks need to provide high data rate
services like the wired networks. Nowadays, the wireless cellular networks have evolved
towards providing high data rate services to their users and thus, striving to replace the
WLANs as well.
A number of technologies and standards have been developed to cope with this
increasing demand as shown in Fig. 1.1. The standards like 3GPPs High Speed Packet Access
(HSPA), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced, 3GPP2s Evolution-Data Optimized
(EVDO) and Ultra Wide Band (UWB) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WIMAX) have been developed to provide high speed communication to end users. To
achieve high data rates, signals with high Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR)
should be received, keeping in mind that transmitter should not cause significant interference
to other users by transmitting high power signals. High data rates also require higher order
modulation and coding schemes, which are currently used in the above mentioned standards.
However, higher order modulation and coding schemes are more susceptible to noise in a
given environment. On the other hand, capacity is generally increased by proving larger
number of channels per area (cell). This is possible by reducing the area of each cell and thus
increasing channel reuse. Classical approaches like Cell Splitting and Cell Sectoring are
widely used in current wireless standards to increase system capacity.
In recent years, wireless operators have been experiencing a steadily increasing
demand for higher data rates and better quality of service due to the constant growth in the
number of active wireless terminals. One significant challenge is how to improve the indoor
coverage. Generally, over 50% of all voice calls and more than 70% of data traffic originate
from indoors. Therefore, indoor coverage providing high data rate and quality-of-service
(QOS) is a key issue in developing next-generation wireless systems. However, adding macrocell base station (MBS) to meet the growing indoor service demands is very expensive.
Instead, femto-cell access points (FAPs) can be used to tackle this problem.

Fig. 1.1 Approximate timeline of the mobile communications standards landscape

In recent years, wireless operators have been experiencing a steadily increasing
demand for higher data rates and better quality of service due to the constant growth in the
number of active wireless terminals. One significant challenge is how to improve the indoor
coverage. Generally, over 50% of all voice calls and more than 70% of data traffic originate
from indoors. Therefore, indoor coverage providing high data rate and quality-of-service
(QOS) is a key issue in developing next-generation wireless systems. However, adding macrocell base station (MBS) to meet the growing indoor service demands is very expensive.
Instead, femto-cell access points (FAPs) can be used to tackle this problem.
An FAP is a simple, low-power and low-cost base station installed at the users
premise, e.g., house, office, warehouse, etc., that provides local access to the network by
means of some cellular technology (e.g., 2G, 3G). Using femto-cells benefits both users and
operators. Due to the proximity between the transmitter and receiver, indoor users experience
better signal quality and communicate with higher throughput. Since most indoor users (e.g.,
the ones in their own apartments) are connected to an FAP, there are fewer indoor users
transmitting in the macrocell and the overall capacity and QOS of the network improves. From
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the operators point of view, femtocells can improve spectrum reuse and provide high network
capacity and spectral efficiency. In addition, given that FAPs are paid for and maintained by
the owners, the operating costs of the network is reduced.
1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Prior to stating the research, deep understanding on the different existing research
papers is important. The main sources of information for the dissertation are books, journals,
and the internet.
Mingbo Xiao et.al, 2003 [1] presented a power control framework called utility-

based power control (UBPC) by reformulating the problem using a softened SIR requirement
(utility) and adding a penalty on power consumption (cost). Under this framework, the goal is
to maximize the net utility, defined as utility minus cost. Although UBPC is still non
cooperative and distributed in nature, some degree of cooperation emerges: a user will
automatically decrease its target SIR (and may even turn off transmission) when it senses that
traffic congestion is building up. Through this framework system convergence is improved
and heterogeneous service requirements (such as delay and bit error rate) for integrated
networks with both voice users and data users are satisfied. Fairness, adaptiveness, and a high
degree of flexibility can be achieved by properly tuning parameters in UBPC.
V Chandrasekhar et.al, 2008 [2] proposed the surest way to increase the system
capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other. In a
network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructures, typically
in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive
alternative is the recent concept of femto cells.
Guillaume de la Roche et.al, 2009 [3] proposed that femtocells are a solution that
helps to reduce the capital and operational expenditure of a mobile network while enhancing
system coverage and capacity. However, the avoidance of interference is still an issue that
needs to be addressed to successfully deploy a femtocell tier over existing macrocell networks.
Moreover, interference is strongly dependent on the type of access control of the femtocell,
which decides if a given user can or not connects to the femtocell. A description of the
business model and technical impact of access methods in femto/macro networks is also
provided. Finally, the need for hybrid access methods and several models are presented.

Vikram Chandrasekhar et.al, 2009 [4] proposed that a two tier cellular network

comprised of a central macrocell underlaid with shorter range femtocell hotspots in which
cross-tier interference limits overall capacity with universal frequency reuse. To quantify nearfar effects with universal frequency reuse, a fundamental relation providing the largest feasible
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cellular Signal-to-Interference-Plus- Noise Ratio (SINR) is derived, given any set of feasible
femtocell SINRs. A link budget analysis is provided which enables simple and accurate
performance insights in a two tier network. A distributed utility based SINR adaptation at
femtocells is proposed in order to alleviate cross-tier interference at the macrocell from
cochannel femtocells. The Foschini-Miljanic (FM) algorithm is a special case of the
adaptation. Each femtocell maximizes their individual utility consisting of a SINR based
reward less an incurred cost (interference to the macrocell). Numerical results show greater
than 30% improvement in mean femtocell SINRs relative to FM. In the event that cross-tier
interference prevents a cellular user from obtaining its SINR target, an algorithm is proposed
that reduces transmission powers of the strongest femtocell interferers. The algorithm ensures
that a cellular user achieves its SINR target even with 100 femtocells/cell-site (with typical
cellular parameters) and requires a worst case SINR reduction of only 16% at femtocells.
These results motivate design of power control schemes requiring minimal network overhead
in two-tier networks with shared spectrum.
Mehmet Yavuz et.al, 2009 [5] proposed the interference management techniques
for both downlink and uplink of femto-cells operating based on 3GPP Release 7 standards
(also known as HSPA+) is proposed. Femto-cell carrier selection and femto-cell DL Tx power
self-calibration are proposed as key interference management methods for downlink. For
uplink interference management, adaptive attenuation at the femto-cell and limiting the Tx
power of the femto cell users are proposed. The result shows that HNBs eliminate indoor
outage without any noticeable impact on the coverage for macro-cell users. In addition to
coverage benefits, significant capacity improvements on DL and UL are achieved when femtocells are deployed in 3G HSPA+ networks.
Christian Mehlfuhrer et.al, 2011 [6] proposed the MATLAB-based link and
system level simulation environments for UMTS Long-Term Evolution (LTE). The source
codes of both simulators are available under an academic non-commercial use license,
allowing researchers full access to standard-compliant simulation environments. Owing to the
open source availability, the simulators enable reproducible research in wireless
communications and comparison of novel algorithms. The accuracy of the PHY modeling at
system level by means of simulations performed both with bit-accurate link level simulations
and PHY-model-based system level simulations are compared.
Liying Li et.al, 2011 [7] proposed the power control and resource allocation for
long-term evolution (LTE) uplink. An efficient way to improve system performance is
developed, especially for those users at the edge of a cell, by taking interference to and from
adjacent cells into consideration. Simulation results show that the spectrum efficiency for edge
users is improved by about 20% over the independent resource allocation and by about 10%
over the soft frequency reuse scheme.

Christos Bouras et.al, 2012 [8] proposed that the use of femtocells is an efficient
way to improve coverage and quality of service while on the other side the deployment cost
for the service provider is kept in extremely low level. Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTEA) systems with femtocell overlays aim to provide better indoor voice and data coverage and
to increase network capacity. One of the major technical challenges that femtocell networks
are facing nowadays, is the cross-tier interference, i.e., the interference between the femto
base stations and the macrocell infrastructure. To this direction, a framework is designed and
implemented that simulates femtocell overlays integrated over LTE-A macrocellular systems.
This framework focuses on the impact of cross-tier interference and furthermore is able to
estimate the throughput at every point of integrated femtocell/macrocell LTE-A networks. The
design and implementation of this simulation framework is presented and significant
experimental results are obtained with the aid of this system.
Ghassan A. Abed et.al, 2012 [9] proposed that Long Term Evolution Advanced
(LTE-Advanced) network is the continuation of 3GPP-LTE (3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership
Project) and it targets to advanced develop of the requirements of LTE in terms of throughput
and coverage. Then, LTE Advanced is not new as a radio access technology, but it is an
evolution of LTE to enhance the performance. LTE-Advanced was accomplished in late of
2010 and it enhanced the LTE spectrum flexibility over carrier aggregation, further its
extended multi antenna broadcast, where that introduced a supporting for the relaying and
provided an enhancement in the part of inter-cell interference coordination in heterogeneous
network utilizations. Recently, LTE-Advanced network is the promised candidate for 4G
cellular systems to run into top rates of data reaches to 100 Mbps with high mobility and
1Gbps with low mobility, where that are wanted in 4G system. Furthermore, LTE-Advanced
must be capable to upkeep broader bandwidth than it provided by LTE. The designing and the
architecture of LTE-Advanced further to the key features with the full configurations and the
simulation tools to model the traffic links of it using network simulator 2 (NS-2) are presented.
Karthik Ravindhra et.al, 2009 [10] proposed a MATLAB and Simulink-based LTE

downlink physical-layer simulator according to 3GPP specifications and related proposals.

The simulation is carried out for the single downlink, from one E-UTRAN (eNodeB) to one
User Equipment (UE). Analysis for bit error rate and throughput are presented for different
system settings.
Zoraida Frias et.al, 2012 [11] proposed the economic gains of a joint deployment
of femtocells and macrocells for the provision of long-term evolution mobile broadband
services in urban environments. Frequency bands of 2.6 GHz and 900 MHz are analyzed and
different parameters related to the business model are considered for a 30% market share
operator. Results show important benefits for the case where the service is based on a closed
subscriber group access to the femtocells, which the operator does not subsidy, up to 74% for
small bandwidth (5 MHz).

Dimitrios Karvounas et.al, 2012 [12] proposed the use of opportunistic networks
(ONs). ONs are operator-governed, coordinated extensions of the infrastructure and are
created dynamically for a limited time frame. The problem presented is the capacity extension
of congested infrastructure via resource allocation to femtocells. More specifically, a macro
base station (BS) is considered with deployed femtocells within its area. A proportion of
terminals that cause the congestion will be offloaded to the nearby femtocells relieving the
macro BS. This is achieved through two approaches. Firstly, a greedy algorithm that allocates
the minimum possible power level to femtocells in order to acquire as much terminals as
possible and secondly, an energy-efficient algorithm that assigns the minimum possible power
level to the femtocells that are required to cover specific terminals. Femtocells that are not
needed are switched off.
Francesco Capozzi et.al, 2012 [13] presented a simulation tool for LTE femtocells,
implemented as a module of the emerging open source LTE-sim framework. It encompasses
heterogeneous scenarios with both macro and femto cells, spectrum allocation techniques, user
mobility, femtocell access policies and several other features related to this promising
technology. After reviewing the status of the art on LTE femtocells, A major emphasis is led
on on the newly devised loss models for indoor scenarios, the new network topology objects,
and the most significant enhancements to the simulator protocol stack. Two indoor and urban
scenarios are proposed for practical utility of new simulator. A scalability test is also presented
to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed tool in terms of processing requirements.
Georgios Aristomenopoulos et.al, 2012 [14] proposed the problem of efficient
power control and coverage (PCC) management over an integrated two-tier
macrocell/femtocell network towards maximizing the expected throughput of the system
subject to appropriate power constraints, under the existence of both co-tier and cross-tier
interferences. Optimal network design amounts to joint optimization of users allocated power
levels and cells maximum aggregated downlink transmitted power, i.e., coverage area
management. This problem is inherently difficult because it is in fact a non-convex
optimization problem. A novel approach to address the latter is presented that entails a suitable
transformation, which allows the use of convex optimization and also forms the basis for the
design of a distributed PCC algorithm via performing two-level primal-dual decomposition.
PCC algorithms convergence to optimality is established. For realistic macrocell/femtocell
deployment scenarios, overall system throughput increase up to approximately 50% can be
achieved while guaranteeing 70% of power savings.
Stefania Sardellitti et.al, 2012 [15] proposed the alternative optimal power/bit
allocation strategies over a time-frequency frame based on a statistical modeling of the
interference activity. Due to the lack of knowledge of the interference activity, a Bayesian
approach is assumed that provides the optimal allocation, conditioned to periodic spectrum
sensing, and estimation of the interference activity statistical parameters. Firstly, a single FAP
accessing the radio channel in the presence of a dynamical interference environment is
considered. Then, the formulation to a multi-FAP scenario is extended, where nearby FAPs
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react to the strategies of the other FAPs, still within a dynamical interference scenario. The
multi-user case is first approached using a strategic non-cooperative game formulation. Then,
a coordination game based on the introduction of a pricing mechanism is proposed that
exploits the backhaul link to enable the exchange of parameters (prices) among FAPs.
Chandra Thapa et.al, 2012 [16] proposed that the 3rd Generation Partnership
Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) is focusing towards aggressive frequency reuse i.e.
reuse of 1 so that one can get maximum number (all available spectrum) within a cell. Now,
the major hindrance is co-channel interference which increases dramatically due to nearby
adjacent co-channel cell and most especially for cell edge users. Traditional frequency reuse
concept for interference management doesnt provide satisfactory coverage and rate. FFR is
purposed as a candidate for interference management and its comparative evaluation over
Traditional frequency reuse on the basis of two parameter metrics viz. probability of coverage
and probability of acceptance rate is done. FFR has relatively better performance in 3GPPLTE downlink.
Yu-Shan Liang et.al, 2012 [17] proposed that the Interference control and qualityof-service (QOS) awareness are the major challenges for resource management in orthogonal
frequency-division multiple access femtocell networks. A self-organization strategy for
physical resource block (PRB) allocation with QOS constraints is presented to avoid the cochannel and co-tiered interference. Femtocell self-organization including self-configuration
and self-optimization is proposed to manage the large femtocell networks. The optimization
problem for PRB assignments is formulated where multiple QOS classes for different services
can be supported, and interference between femtocells can be completely avoided. The
proposed formulation pursues the maximization of PRB efficiency. A greedy algorithm is
developed to solve the resource allocation formulation. In the simulations, the proposed
approach is observed to increase the system throughput by over 13% without femtocell
interference. Simulations also demonstrate that the rejection ratios of all QOS classes are low
and mostly below 10%. Moreover, the proposed approach improves the PRB efficiency by
over 82% in low-loading scenario and 13% in high-loading scenario.
Dimitrios Bilios et.al, 2012 [18] proposed that in cellular systems, Fractional
Frequency Reuse (FFR) partitions each cell into two regions; inner region and outer region
and allocates different frequency band to each region. Since the users at the inner region are
less exposed to inter-cell interference, the frequency resources in each inner region can be
universally used. Based on this frequency band allocation, FFR may reduce channel
interference and offer large system capacity. A mechanism is proposed that selects the optimal
FFR scheme based on the user throughput and user satisfaction. This mechanism selects the
optimal size of the inner and outer region for each cell as well as the optimal frequency
allocation between these regions that either maximizes the mean user throughput or the user
satisfaction. The mechanism is evaluated through several simulation scenarios.

Haijun Zhang et.al, 2012 [19] proposed the uplink resource allocation problem of
femtocells in co-channel deployment with macrocells. The uplink power and sub-channel
allocation in femtocells is modeled as a non-cooperative game, where inter-cell interference is
taken into account in maximizing the femtocell capacity and uplink femto-to-macro
interference is alleviated by charging each femto user a price proportional to the interference
that it causes to the macrocell. Based on the non-cooperative game, a semi-distributed
algorithm is proposed for each femtocell to first assign subchannels to femto users and then
allocate power to sub-channels. Simulation results show that the proposed interference-aware
femtocell uplink resource allocation algorithm is able to provide improved capacities for not
only femtocells, but also the macrocell, as well as comparable or even better tiered fairness in
the two-tier network, as compared with existing un-priced sub-channel assignment algorithm
and modified iterative water filling-based power allocation algorithm.
Han-Shin Jo et.al, 2012 [20] proposed that a fundamental choice in femtocell
deployments is the set of users which are allowed to access each femtocell. Closed access
restricts the set to specifically registered users, while open access allows any mobile
subscriber to use any femtocell. The main emphasis is on lemmas which provide expressions
for the signal-to-interference-plus-to-noise ratio (SINR) distribution for various zones within a
cell as a function of this MBS-femto distance. The average sum throughput (or any other
SINR-based metric) of home users and cellular users under open and closed access can readily
be determined from these expressions. It is shown that unlike in the uplink, the interests of
home and cellular users are in conflict, with home users preferring closed access and cellular
users preferring open access. The conflict is most pronounced for femtocells near the cell
edge, when there are many cellular users and fewer femtocells. To mitigate this conflict, a
middle way which is known as shared access is proposed in which femtocells allocate an
adjustable number of time-slots between home and cellular users such that a specified
minimum rate for each can be achieved. The optimal such sharing fraction is derived. Analysis
shows that shared access achieves at least the overall throughput of open access while also
satisfying rate requirements, while closed access fails for cellular users and open access fails
for the home user.
Aderemi A. Atayero et.al, 2012 [21] proposed that post third generation (3G)
broadband mobile networks such as HSPA+, LTE and LTE-Advanced offer improved spectral
efficiency and higher data rates using innovative technologies such as relay nodes and femto
cells. In addition, these networks are normally deployed for parallel operation with existing
heterogeneous networks. This increases the complexity of network management and
operations, which reflects in higher operational and capital cost. In order to address these
challenges, self-organizing network operations were envisioned for these next generation
networks. For LTE in particular, Self-organizing networks operations were built into the
specifications for the radio access network. Load balancing is a key self-organizing operation
aimed at ensuring an equitable distribution of users in the network. Several iterative
techniques have been adopted for load balancing. However, these iterative techniques require
precision, rigor and certainty, which carry a computational cost. Retrospect, these techniques
use load indicators to achieve load balancing. Two neural encoded fuzzy models are proposed,
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developed from network simulation for load balancing. The two models use both load
indicators and key performance indicators for a more informed and intuitive load balancing.
The result of the model checking and testing satisfactorily validates the model.
Aderemi A. Atayero et.al, 2012 [22] proposed that ANFIS is applicable in
modeling of key parameters when investigating the performance and functionality of wireless
networks. The need to save both capital and operational expenditure in the management of
wireless networks cannot be over-emphasized. Automation of network operations is a veritable
means of achieving the necessary reduction in CAPEX and OPEX. To this end, next
generations network such WIMAX and 3GPP LTE and LTE-Advanced provide support for
self optimization, self-configuration and self-healing to minimize human-to-system interaction
and hence reap the attendant benefits of automation. One of the most important optimization
tasks are load balancing as it affects network operation right from planning through the
lifespan of the network. Several methods for load balancing are proposed. While some of them
have a very buoyant theoretical basis, they are not practically implementable at the current
state of technology. Furthermore, most of the techniques proposed employ iterative algorithm,
which in itself is not computationally efficient. The use of soft computing is proposed,
precisely adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for dynamic QOS-aware load balancing in
3GPP LTE. Three key performance indicators (i.e. number of satisfied user, virtual load and
fairness distribution index) are used to adjust hysteresis task of load balancing.
Christos Bouras et.al, 2012 [23] proposed that LTE has developed a new
technology in order to enhance indoor coverage. This new technology is called femtocells and
is achieved with the use of access points installed by home users. However, interference
problem between the femtocell and the macrocell decreases the system's capacity and as a
result users' throughput. A frequency reuse mechanism is proposed that leads to increased
overall system performance. In particular, the mechanism aims to maximize throughput via a
variety of combinations between inner cell radius and frequency allocation to the macrocell.
Additionally, a position minded frequency allocation to the femtocells targets to further
optimize the total throughput of the cell.
Josep Soler-Garrido et.al, 2012 [24] proposed that Antenna selection represents an
attractive technique that allows to improve performance of wireless systems due to its
simplicity and ease of implementation. Antenna selection is able to provide diversity through
the use of multiple antennas while keeping low cost and energy consumption by selecting only
a subset of the available elements at any given time, hence requiring a smaller number of RF
transmitter and receiver chains. This makes it especially suitable for femtocell or small-cell
base stations, typically employed by cellular operators to provide indoor radio coverage in
customer premises. An analysis and validation of antenna selection is presented using a LTEFDD femtocell prototype. The effects on antenna selection performance of different antenna
training schedules and channel variation rates are investigated under realistic propagation
conditions. It is observed that antenna selection is able to provide substantial gains in terms of
10

channel quality and reliability in interference-limited scenarios, attesting its suitability for
large-scale femtocell deployments.
J.M. Ruiz-Aviles et.al, 2012 [25] proposed that with context to Long-Term
Evolution (LTE), the next generation mobile telecommunication network, femtocells are low
power base stations that efficiently provide coverage and capacity indoors. A computationally
efficient dynamic system-level LTE simulator is presented for enterprise femtocell scenarios.
The simulator includes specific mobility and traffic and propagation models for indoor
environments. A physical layer abstraction is performed to predict link-layer performance with
low computational cost. At link layer, two important functions are included to increase
network capacities which are Link Adaptation and Dynamic Scheduling. At network layer,
other Radio Resource Management functionalities, such as Admission Control and Mobility
Management, are also included. The resulting tool can be used to test and validate
optimization algorithms in the context of Self-Organizing Networks (SON).
Jingyu Li et.al, 2012 [26] proposed that for reducing capital expenditures
(CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) in network operations, self-organizing
network (SON) has been introduced as a key part of long-term-evolution (LTE) system. Selfoptimization of coverage and capacity is one of the most important tasks in the context of
SON. A central control mechanism is proposed that utilizes the fuzzy Q-learning algorithm in
a decentralized fashion for this task. In the proposed approach, each eNB is a learning agent
that tries to optimize its antenna down tilt automatically using information from its own and its
neighboring cells, and the initialization and the termination of the optimization processes of all
agents are in the control of the central entity. The simulation results verify that the proposed
approach can achieve remarkable performance enhancement as well as fast convergence,
indicating that it is able to meet different levels of demands defined by 3GPP for coverage and
capacity optimization.
Markus V. S. Lima et.al, 2012 [27] proposed a physical-layer simulator for both
uplink and downlink connections of LTE systems, whose performances are assessed by
simulating standardized environments. The simulator is compliant with Release 9 of LTE
standard and it is publicly available for educational purposes, allowing students and
researchers to test the performance of Signal Processing and Digital Communications
techniques in an easy-to-use MATLAB framework. Users may benefit from implemented
features such as channel estimation using different demodulation reference signals, channel
coding, and equalization, multiple access schemes in which multiple cells are employed, as
well as diversity, spatial multiplexing, and beam-forming transmissions. The impact on the
performance of an uplink connection is evaluated due to inaccuracy in channel estimation and
multi-user interference. In addition, the evaluation of using diversity and spatial multiplexing
transmissions on downlink connections is included.

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Wen-Ching Chung et.al, 2012 [28] proposed an intelligent priority resource

allocation (IPRA) scheme for long term evolution advanced (LTE-A) downlink systems with
multimedia traffic. The IPRA scheme intelligently computes priorities for users by using fuzzy
inference system so as to enhance system throughput and attain high Jain fairness index while
guarantee QOS requirements. Simulation results show that the IPRA scheme can achieve
higher system throughput and better QOS requirement guarantee than conventional radio
resource allocation schemes in high traffic load, while attains a rather large Jain fairness index.
Kanagasundaram.k et.al, 2013 [29] proposed an Optimized Resource Block
Allocation and Scheduling technique for real-time Services in LTE networks. This technique
considers both the resource block allocation and the scheduling process. The resource block
allocation considers the instantaneous data rate and the average data rate. It will allocate the
resources that are required to perform the real-time connection. If the resources are busy then,
the user connection is scheduled using the lower level of the scheduler. The scheduler has a
timer based on which the user connections are updated. In the scheduling period, the available
resources are assigned to the user. The advantage of this approach is that it is possible to
assign the reserved blocks to real-time users so that average throughput is improved. By
simulation results, we show that the proposed technique improves received bandwidth and
fairness while reducing the delay and packet drops.
Xiang Xu et.al, 2013 [30] proposed a downlink power control scheme based on
channel quality indicator (CQI) for LTE femtocells. Unlike the conventional methods, this
scheme takes the service types of users into account. Without making strong assumptions,
such as full knowledge of the network or perfect coordination among base stations, a
completely decentralized solution is provided. Simulation results confirm that comparing to
the conventional schemes, better throughput and coverage can be achieved simultaneously by
the proposed algorithm.
A. Daeinabi et.al, 2013 [31] proposed that the Inter-cell Interference (ICI) problem
is one of the main challenges in Long Term Evolution (LTE) downlink system. In order to deal
with the ICI problem, this paper proposes a joint resource block and transmit power allocation
scheme in LTE downlink networks. The proposed scheme is implemented in three phases.
Firstly, the priority of users is calculated based on interference level, Quality of Service (QOS)
and Head of Line (HOL) delay, secondly users in each cell are scheduled on the specified subbands based on their priority and lastly eNodeBs dynamically control the transmit power using
a fuzzy logic system and exchanging messages to each other. Simulation results demonstrate
that the proposed priority scheme outperforms the existing Reuse Factor one (RF1) and Soft
Frequency Reuse (SFR) schemes in terms of cell throughput, cell edge user throughput, delay
and interference level.
D. Karunkuzhali et.al, 2013 [32] proposed that the IEEE 802.16m standard for
Advanced mobile broadband wireless access provides a seamless application connectivity to
12

other mobile and IP networks like UMTS, LTE and WLAN. In order to meet the ubiquitous
service delivery for users, WIMAX 16M supports integration of these diverse networks which
are having great difference in terms of data transmission rate, Coverage, cost and supporting
of service types. Here, buffer allocation is the major problem to be handled for offering
Quality of Service (QOS). The lack of buffers increases the packet loss and queuing delay. In
order to overcome these issues, a fuzzy based dynamic buffer scheme is proposed to improve
RRM in WIMAX 16m network. The base station (BS) estimates the parameters such as
number of user requests, flow rate, queue length and received signal strength for each user and
updates them periodically. When a request arrives at BS, buffer allocation factor is estimated
by applying fuzzy logic over these parameters. Then the flow request with high buffer
allocation factor is admitted first and rest of the flow requests waits in a queue. Upon new
request arrival, if its buffer allocation factor is low, the request is rejected. Otherwise, the
pending request packet in the queue is emptied on analyzing their channel condition and buffer
is allocated for new request. By simulation results, the proposed technique FBDBM achieves
better utilization when compared with MWRR scheme, while increasing the traffic flows.
1.3 PROBLEM FORMULATION
After reviewing the literature, I come to know that there are problems with the
throughput of cell edge users and with the throughput of macro users due to the interference
from femto cells. The problem is identified as follows
(a) Interference between macro users & femto cells & macro cell coverage.
(b) Channel condition becomes bad at smaller distances due to urban area environment,
Power consumption also increased.
(c) To increase the throughput at different points for femto & macro users.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF PROPOSED WORK
Objective identified on the basis of literature survey are pointed out as follows
(a) Through study of LTE-Advanced Network.
(b) By taking the pathloss models of a dense urban area environment a heterogeneous
LTE-Advanced network to be designed.
(c) To simulate the network for optimal performance using MATLAB.

1.5 METHODOLOGY USED

13

The methodology includes different power control algorithms in femto cells to

reduce interference for macro users and to increase throughput for macro users, different
fractional frequency reuse mechanisms used to reduce interference, different co-ordinated
multipoint mechanisms used to increase throughput for edge user and gives throughput after
signaling overhead reduction. It is implemented in MATLAB.
1.6 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
Firstly, User input is given in the form of the random location coordinates of
femtocells, femto users, fixed macro cell coordinates, the number of expected users required,
channel bandwidth, desired femtocell range, target SINR as shown in Fig. 1.2.. Based on the
selection of user input, path-loss and gain are calculated.
For edge users for which the path-loss of the original base station is more than the
adjacent base station, COMP is applied. There are two different approaches for applying
COMP. They are coordinated scheduling, or coordinated beam-forming (CBF) and joint
processing/joint transmission (JP/JT). In the first category, the transmission to a single UE is
transmitted from the serving cell, exactly as in the case of non-COMP transmission. However,
the scheduling, including any Beam-forming functionality, is dynamically coordinated
between the cells in order to control and/or reduce the interference between different
transmissions. In principle, the best serving set of users will be selected so that the transmitter
beams are constructed to reduce the interference to other neighboring users, while increasing
the served users signal strength. For JP/JT, the transmission to a single UE is simultaneously
transmitted from multiple transmission points, across cell sites. The multi-point transmissions
will be coordinated as a single transmitter with antennas that are geographically separated.
This scheme has the potential for higher performance, compared to coordination only in the
scheduling, but comes at the expense of more stringent requirement on backhaul
communication.
Afterwards, based on the selection of the user, the selected parameters on power control are
calculated. Power control is of two types: adaptive range power control and adaptive signal to
interference + noise ratio (SINR) power control. These two power control algorithms in femto
cells helps in reduction of interference for macro users and to increase their throughputs.
Adaptive range power control ensures a constant coverage femtocell radius. Each femtocell
sets its power to a value that on average is equal to the power received from the closest
macrocell at a target femtocell radius r, subject to a maximum power of Pmax. In adaptive
SINR power control we adjust the power of femto cells according to the target SINR required,
subject to a maximum power for femto cells. Then inter cell interference coordination (ICIC)
is selected. They are of three types: incremental frequency reuse (IFR), fractional frequency
reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (SFR). Afterwards, depending on the interference
technique chosen, the signal to interference + noise ratio (SINR) is calculated, followed by the
throughput evaluation.
14

Fig. 1.2 System architecture design

1.7 SIMULATION PARAMETERS

15

We have taken these simulation parameters in our work to simulate the LTE-A
network to enhance throughput for macro cell and femto cell as shown in the Table 1.1
Table 1.1 Simulation parameter table

PARAMETERS

VALUE

MACROCELL RADIUS

250 m

FEMTO CELL RADIUS

20 m

FREQUENCY

2 GHz

MACRO BS POWER

46 dBm

FEMTO BS POWER

20 dBm

OUTDOOR WALLS LOSS

15 dB

INDOOR WALLS LOSS

7 dB

BANDWIDTH (MHZ)

20

MODULATION SCHEME

64 QAM

SUBCARRIER SPACING

15 kHz

WHITE NOISE POWER DENSITY

-174 dBm/Hz

16

CHAPTER 2
CELLULAR NETWORKS

2.1 HISTORY OF CELLULAR NETWORKS

The tremendous growth in wireless cellular industry reached to 4 billion over the
past decades. In 1981, the first international mobile communication system, namely the Nordic
Mobile Telephony (NMT) system was introduced in the Nordic countries. At the same time,
the analog Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was introduced in North America. The
First Generation (1G) analogue network only supported voice with limited roaming. With the
introduction of digital communication during 1980s, the interest in developing a successor to
the analog communication system appeared and provided the foundation towards the evolution
of the 2G mobile communication systems. The second generation digital network supported
better quality voice, enhanced capacity and widespread roaming then did by the analogue
system counterpart. Enhancement in roaming part was due to few standards and common
spectrum allocation particularly in Europe. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM)
and IS95 standards, 2G technologies are two widely deployed cellular systems. GSM is based
on Frequency and Time Division Multiple Access (FDMA/TDMA) while IS95 is based on
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique. The 2G cellular networks are mainly
designed for voice communication; in later release they are made capable for data
transmission but still data rates were lower than dialup. Both GSM and CDMA systems
formed their own standards, 3G partnership projects (3GPP) and 3GPP2 respectively so that to
develop newer technologies based on CDMA technology. The International
Telecommunication Union-Radio (ITU-R) project on International Mobile Telecommunication
IMT-2000 smoothed the way for 3G networks, the main features were high data rates i.e. 2
Mbps and vehicular mobility. In 1980s, ITU-R initiated the Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS) which is referred to as the 3G mobile communication
system. 3G system is based on Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). The 3G standard technology in
3GPP is referred to WCDMA which uses 5 MHz bandwidth while CDMA2000 in 3GPP2 uses
1.25 MHz bandwidth. Later on 3GPP2 also developed its own standard and the frequency
band was extended to 5 MHz composed of three 1.25 MHz which is then called CDMA20003x. To differentiate both standards, 5 MHz CDMA is called CDMA-3x and single carrier of
1.25 MHz CDMA is called CDMA-1x or 3G-1x [9]. The first release of these standards didn't
fulfill their promises and the expecting data transmission was too lowered than the practical
one. After serious efforts, 3GPP2 introduced High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) service which
uses advance techniques for data optimization such as channel sensitive scheduling, fast link
adaptation and hybrid ARQ etc. However, HRPD required a separate 1.25 MHz subcarrier for
17

data transmission only with no voice on the same carrier and hence initially it was called
CDMA2000-1x EVDO (evolution data only). 3GPP followed the same way and enhanced
WCDMA; developed HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) and used the same access techniques,
the only difference was that the voice and data use the same bandwidth of 5 MHz, they are
multiplexed in downlink. 3GPP2 also developed CDMA2000-1x EVDO to CDMA2000-1x
EVDV which means (evolution data and voice). Both data and voice use the same subcarrier
of 1.25 MHz but never used commercially. Later on, in HRPD Voice over IP (VoIP) was
introduced to support both voice and data on the same carrier. Both of these new technologies
fulfilled the need for high data transmission in 3G and deployed in major markets of world.
2.2 EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
A number of technologies and standards have been developed to cope with the
increasing demand. The standards like 3GPPs High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Long Term
Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced, 3GPP2s Evolution-Data Optimized (EVDO) and Ultra
Wide Band (UWB) and Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) have
been developed to provide high speed communication to end users. The characteristics of
various generations are as shown in Table 2.1
Table 2.1 Characteristics of various generations

Characteristics

2G

3G

4G

Frequency Band

350-1900 MHz

1.8-2.5 GHz

2-8 GHz

Bandwidth

200KHz

5 MHz

5-20 MHz

Data Rate

56-115 Kbps

Up-to 2 Mbps

Up-to 20 Mbps

2.3 BEYOND 3G NETWORKS

While HRPD and HSPA were in the process of deployment, in the meanwhile
IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN/MAN Standard Committee) introduced a new standard that is IEEE
802.16e for mobile broadband wireless access which is the enhanced version of IEEE 802.16
for fixed wireless broadband. This standard uses new access technology OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access) and provides better data rates than HSPA and HRPD
technologies. The IEEE 802.16 family of standards is officially called Wireless MAN in IEEE.
18

It is also titled as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX) by an industry

group named the WIMAX forum. The duty of WIMAX forum is to check the compatibility
and interoperability. The WIMAX supported mobility just as in IEEE 802.16e standard is
called mobile WIMAX. With the introduction of new standard specifically Mobile WIMAX
led both 3GGP and 3GPP2 to their own newer version beyond 3G by utilizing new access
technology OFDMA and similar network architecture like Mobile WIMAX. The beyond 3G in
3GPP standard is called Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (EUTRA) technology.
This technology in 3GPP is widely known as Long Term Evolution (LTE). While in 3GPP2
standard, similar is developed which is known as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB). Fig. 2.1
shows the evolution of 3GPP standards.

Fig. 2.1 Evolution of 3GPP standards

2.4 LONG TERM EVOLUTION (LTE)
HSPA is treated as 3.5G, beyond 3G or Super 3G. LTE is regarded as a pre-4G as
it does not fulfill the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) requirements for data
rate and heterogeneity of networks. However, businesses roll-out with LTE is often called 4G.
LTE can operate in the frequency range from 900 MHz to 2.6 GHz. LTE is aimed to provide
high data rate, low latency and packet optimized radio access technology supporting flexible
bandwidth deployment. LTE supports a wide range of bandwidth from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz.
The 20 MHz bandwidth gives peak data rate of 326 Mbps using 4x4 Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO). For uplink, MIMO is not yet implemented so the uplink data rate is limited
19

to 86 Mbps. It supports Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) which

gives 8 high robustness and spectral efficiency against multipath fading. While comparing to
HSPA, LTE provides high spectral efficiency of two to four times. Moreover, LTE system in
terms of its radio interface network is capable of providing low latency for packet
transmission of 10 ms from network to User Equipment (UE). Similarly, there is some
improvement in cell edge performance, utilizing the same macro network. LTE supports both
unicast and multicast traffic in microcells up to 100 of meters and in macro cells more than 10
km in radius. LTE system also supports FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time
Division Duplex), in its Half-FDD, UE is not require to transmit and receive at the same time
which avoids the requirement of costly duplexer in UE. Generally, it is optimized for 15 km/h
but can be used up to 350 km/h with some tolerance to performance degradation. For its
uplink it uses Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) access technique which gives greater
coverage for uplink with the fact of low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR).
2.5 LTE-ADVANCED
As a result of the continuous growth in the mobile data traffic; and with the
considerable desire to meet the big growth in achieving this big traffic demand, air interface
efficiency continuous improvement and unequal spectrum allocation have to be worked on to
be able to tailor the developing new radio technologies as an evolution towards an
International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) Advanced System (IMT-Advanced). The
IMT-Advanced is an initiative of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Radio
communication Sector (ITU-R) initiative towards the Fourth Generation (4G) mobile for radio
access technologies beyond IMT-2000. A major effort was made in standardizing IMTAdvanced to the LTE-Advanced by setting out some capabilities for the LTE Release 10. The
LTE Release 10, sometimes known as the LTE-Advanced became the standard candidate that
evolved from the LTE to new improved performance.
A significant reason why the LTE Release 10 is referred to as LTE-Advanced is
because it has compliant radio access technology with the IMT-Advanced requirement. Also,
some of the most important new features in the enhanced LTE are
(a) Carrier Aggregation (CA);
(b) Enhanced Multi-Antenna Support (enhanced MIMO);
(c) Coordinated multipoint (COMP) Transmission/Reception technologies;
(d) Improved Support for Heterogeneous Network Deployment (Het-Nets)
(e) Relaying.

Fig. 2.2 show the LTE-Advanced Technology Evolution

20

Fig. 2.2 Technology evolution enabled for LTE-Advanced

The main goals of the LTE-Advanced are as follows
(a) Flexible and Faster Network Deployment (Heterogeneous Networks)
(b) Better Coverage and Improved Spectral efficiency (Cell Edge and Average) Robust Interference Management
(c) Greater Flexibility with Wideband Deployments - Wider Bandwidth by Carrier
Aggregation across Bands
(d) Ubiquitous and Cost Effective Broadband (Higher Peak User Rate by Higher
Order DL and UL MIMO); with increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL 1.5
Gbps

21

CHAPTER 3
FEMTOCELLS

3.1 INTRODUCTION
A femtocell serves as a small range and consumer installed data access point
situated around high user density hotspots serving stationary or low mobility users. Typically
the range of a femtocell is 10-50m. Users transmitting to femtocells experience superior signal
reception and lower the transmitting power, consequently prolonging battery life as shown in
Fig. 3.1. Femtocells are judiciously placed in traffic hotspots improving network capacity and
quality of service (QOS), high user capacity can be ensured by higher re-use through
femtocells and interference avoidance by way of antenna sectoring and time hop CDMA to
each tier. Access control in femto cell can be done by interference coordination [3][5][16][18]
[30].
Deployment of femtocells proves to be beneficial for operators in the sense that
cost gets optimized along with enhanced coverage. The subscriber satisfaction improves due
to better spatial correlation between capacity need and infrastructure. Reliability of the
microcell gets assured as well. Adaptive power control and resource allocation in femto cell
increase its capacity [4][7][11][13][14][24][28][29].
User advantages include, low power transmission which results in a prolonged
battery life [1]. Better indoor reception cheaper services are collateral benefits as well [10].
Overall the bandwidth subscribed for is used more effectively. Initial investment costs may be
high as this technology is fairly new. Broadband may get congested due to backhauling. IP
security is also an issue which must be paid heed to. Open and closed access femto cells are
also there [20]. Interference mitigation in LTE femto cell BS is also done by uplink antenna
selection [23].
Femto cells are also called as small cells. In the future these small cells will be the
future of the LTE-A or 5G network. In 5G network these cells will be very power efficient
with providing a very high bit rates [2][24].

22

Fig. 3.1 UE connected to an operators core network in a femto-cell

An FAP is a simple, low-power and low-cost base station installed at the users
premise, e.g., house, office, warehouse, etc., that provides local access to the network by
means of some cellular technology (e.g., 2G, 3G) as shown in Fig. 3.2. Using femto-cells
benefits both users and operators. Due to the proximity between the transmitter and receiver,
indoor users experience better signal quality and communicate with higher throughput. Since
most indoor users (e.g., the ones in their own apartments) are connected to an FAP, there are
fewer indoor users transmitting in the macrocell and the overall capacity and QOS of the
network improves. From the operators point of view, femtocells can improve spectrum reuse
and provide high network capacity and spectral efficiency. In addition, given that FAPs are
paid for and maintained by the owners, the operating costs of the network is reduced.

23

Fig. 3.2 A typical indoor femto-cell

3.2 FEMTOCELL HANDOFF
The ability to seamlessly switch between the femtocell and the macrocell networks
is a key driver for femtocell network deployment. The handover procedures are basically
divided into two phases: handover preparation phase (information gathering, handover
decision), and handover execution phase. During the information gathering phase, the
transceiver collects information about the handover candidates, and authentications are
acquired for security reasons. In handover decision phase, the best handover candidate is
determined. Finally, after deciding to perform the actual handover, the mobile station (MS)
initiates to connect with a new access point.
3.3 BENEFITS OF FEMTOCELL
The femtocell offers some significant advantages
(a) Coverage and Capacity: The femtocells operate within a small distance, which helps to
have a comparative low transmit power and help to have higher SINR. As a result,
there is always excellent signal reception for coverage and higher capacity.
(b) Macrocell Reliability: The use of the femtocell helps to reduce the load on the
macrocells.
(c) Cost: In terms of cost reduction, the deployment of femtocells has been studied to
reduce the CAPEX and OPEX for the service providers.
24

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATOR

The red circles shows the femto cells, the hexagonal structure shows macro cell,
square structures shows the buildings which are used for interference calculation, in the
middle of the picture there is an macro enodeB, blue dots shows femto users, green dots shows
macro users, outdoor walls are shown between users and base stations. Distances between
users and base stations are also shown.
4.2 DEPLOYMENT SCENARIO
In this the simulation is done on centre macro base station .Adjacent base stations
as well as adjacent to adjacent base stations are taken, to take into account the interference
from adjacent base stations. If the scenario is co-channel the interference will be from adjacent
base stations on the centre base station users. If the scenario is IFR, the interference will be
from adjacent to adjacent base stations because same frequencies are not allocated to adjacent
base stations. Fig. 4.1 shows the perfect deployment of base stations but practically this is not
possible at all times in an urban area scenario, as shown in Fig. 4.2 due to social and other
factors. There are coverage gaps left in between which can be overcomed by relaying.

25

Fig. 4.1 Perfect deployment

Fig. 4.2 Imperfect deployment

4.3 THROUGHPUT AT DIFFERENT USER POSITIONS

26

In this different positions of femto and macro users, with different no. of walls in between
users and base stations, with user distances from their serving base stations, users indoor or
outdoor are shown and their effect on throughput. Fig. 4.3 shows the first position of users. In
this femto user is 11m away from FBS and is indoor user with no wall in between user and its
serving base station having throughput 376.2014 Mbps whereas macro user is 138m away
from MBS and is indoor user with one wall in between user and its serving base station with
throughput 17.5818 Mbps. With user mobility new position of users are obtained which is
shown in Fig. 4.3. In this femto user is 14m away from FBS and is outdoor user with one wall
in between user and its serving base station having throughput 133.4678 Mbps whereas macro
user is 108m away from MBS and is indoor with no wall in between user and its serving base
station having throughput 297.9505 Mbps.

Fig. 4.3 First position of users

27

Fig. 4.4 Second position of users

4.4 THROUGHPUT AT DIFFERENT COMP MECHANISMS
COMP mechanism is used to increase the throughput of macro edge users in which users are
served from one or more adjacent base stations simultaneously when the path loss of serving
cell is more as compared to adjacent base station. Coordinated multipoint (COMP) is of two
types coordinated beam-forming / coordinated scheduling (CB / CS) and joint processing /
joint transmission (JP / JT). Fig. 4.5 shows throughput of macro user at edge when it is 245m
away from MBS with no COMP applied and is indoor user with three walls in between user
and its serving base station having throughput approx 18 Kbps. Fig. 4.6 shows throughput of
macro user at edge when it is 245m away from MBS with coordinated beam-forming /
coordinated scheduling (CB / CS) COMP applied and is indoor user with three walls in
between user and its serving base station having throughput approx. 23 Kbps. In this the user
is served from one base station but not from center base station but from adjacent base station
4 Fig. 4.7 shows throughput of macro user at edge when it is 245m away from MBS with joint
processing / joint transmission (JP / JT) COMP applied and is indoor user with three walls
walls in between user and its serving base station having throughput approx. 95 Kbps. In this
the user is served from three base stations simultaneously i.e. centre base station and adjacent
base stations 2 and 5.

28

Fig. 4.5 Throughput with no COMP applied

Fig. 4.6 Throughput with single COMP applied

29

Fig. 4.6 Throughput with joint COMP applied

4.5 COMPARISON
In this table a comparison is made for femto cell user and macro cell user as
shown in Table 4.1
Table 4.1 Comparison between

30

This table shows the increase in the throughput that is achieved for femto and
macro users from a previously available simulator.

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

5.1 CONCLUSION
LTE-A is a very advanced and very adaptive intelligent network. Use of femto
cells increases its capacity without increasing the installation cost of the network. Mostly
femto cells are deployed by home users itself so a service has not to worry about installation
cost. But due to co-channel operation interference increase between femto & macro users
which can be reduced by using cross-tier interference cancellation strategy.
5.2 FUTURE WORK
Simulate the simulator for different scenario by taking into account different no. of
users for femto cells, different number of users for macro cells, different no. of femto cell.
Then Calculate throughput at different points for femto cell and macro cell. Also calculate the
performance of different power control algorithms of femto cells to check the reduction in
interference for macro users.

31

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