9.4.

TRUSSES
Truss is a connection with roof frames, is used in the sense of define the action of a triangular
roof framework where the spread load of sloping rafters is resisted by the horizontal tie member,
secured to the feet of the rafters, which trusses or ties them against spreading, Lattice is used in
the sense of an open grid or mesh of slender members fixed across or between each other,
generally in some regular pattern of cross-diagonals or as a rectangular grid.
The single bay shed frames shown in figure is to these days one of the cheapest forms of
structure. The small section, mild steel members of the truss can be cut and drilled with simple
tools, assembled with bolted connections and speedily erected without the need for heavy fitting
equipment. This steel angle members of the truss are welded to the gusset plates. The end plates
of trusses are bolted to columns and purlines, and sheeting rails are bolted to cleats bolted to
rafters and columns. The figure of after fixing trusses are shown in figure.

9.4.1. STEEL TRUSS CONSTRUCTION

The steel trusses are often fabricated from one standard steel angle sections with two angles,
back to back, for the rafters and main tie and a single angle for the internal struts and ties. In our
site we used 65x65x6 mm double angles for the top chord and 50x50x6 mm double angles for
bottom chord in a trusses. The usual method of jointing the members of a steel truss is by the use
of steel gusset plates that are cut to shapes to contain the required number of bolts at each
connection. But in our site we welded the angles for jointing the members. The flat steel gusset
plates are fixed between the two angle sections of rafters and main tie and to the intermediate ties
and struts. The members of the truss are welded together with gusset plate. A steel base plate
that 10mm thick is welded or fixed with bolted connections with gusset plates and angle cleats
that are 200 mm long to the base of the columns. The column base plate is leveled on a grout of
cement on the concrete.

The materials that used for construct the trusses

Steel
Wood
Concrete

The disadvantages of this structural framework are the vary considerable volume of roof space
inside the triangular roof frames that cannot be used for any purpose other than housing services
such as lighting and heating, and the considerable visible area of roof that is not generally
accepted as an attractive feature of buildings. The bolted, fixed base connection of the foot of
the columns to the concrete foundation bases provides sufficient strength and stability against
wind pressure on the side walls and roof. Wind bracing provides stability against wind pressure
on the end walls and gable ends of the roof. Because of the limited penetration of daylight
through side wall windows, a part of the roof is often covered with glass or translucent plastic
sheets which are fixed in the slope of roof.
Functional requirements of a framed structures are :
1. Strength and stability
2. Durability and freedom from maintenance

3. fire safety

9.4.2. STRENGTH AND STABILITY

The strength of a structural frame depends on the strength of the material used in the fabrication
of the members of the frame and the stability of the frame or frames on the way in which the
members of the frame are connected, and on bracing across and between frames.
Steel is the material that is most used in framed structures because of its good compressive and
tensile strength and favorable strength to strength to weight ratio. The continuous process of hot

rolling steel and cold forming steel strip products a wide range of sections suited to the
fabrication of economical structure frames.

9.4.3. DURABILITY AND FREEDOM FROM MAINTANANCE

On exposure air and moisture , unprotected steel corrodes to from an oxide coating, means rust,
which is permeable to moisture and thus encourages progressive corrosion which may in time
adversely affect the strength of the material. To inhabit rust, steel is either painted or coated with
zinc. In our site we apply two coats of anticorrosive paint for all angle irons.

In our site there is a steel angle iron trusses on a reinforced concrete columns. Roof frame from
of construction consisted of brick side wall or steel columns supporting triangular frames or
trusses. My site according to the design of the roof the steel angle iron trusses are placed on a
concrete columns. The trusses are fabricated from small section steel members, pitched 25; to
support purlines, rafters and asbestos sheet roofing. In steel trusses we used 65x65x6 mm angle
irons for top chord of the truss and 50x50x6 mm angle iron for bottom chord.
The advantage of using steel for the roof are construction was economical in first cost in the use
of materials, light weight, easy to handle and quickly erected to provide the limited requirements
of shelter expected of such small structures at the time. With increase in the span of a triangular
roof truss the volume of unused roof space and the roof framing increases and it is, therefore , of
advantage to several bays of the shed frame construction to provide cover with the least volume
of roof space and roof framing. To minimize the internal columns that would otherwise the floor
umbrella or cantilever roof was adopted,

9.4.4. PURLINS AND SHEETIN RAILS.

Purlines are fixed across the rafters and sheeting rails across the columns and frames to provide
support and fixing for roof and wall sheeting and insulation. The spacing of the purlines and
sheeting rails depends on the type of roof and wall sheeting used. The deeper the profile of
sheeting the greater its safe span and the further apart the purlines and sheeting rails may be
fixed. The section of the purlines and sheeting rails depends on the most economic spacing of
the structural frames.
The grater the spacing of frames the grater the dead weight of sheeting and imposed loads, and
the deeper the section of purline and necessary to support the weight of the roof and wall
covering and loads from wind. Now a days in a construction field, most purlines and sheeting
rails are of standard mild steel sections, angle sections being common for closely spaced frames
and channel sections for more widely spaced frames. Angle and channel sections are suited to
the hook bolt fixings then used for corrugated asbestos cement and steel sheeting. In our site we
used steel angle irons and corrugated cement asbestos sheets.

Angle and channel section purlins and sheeting rails are fixed to short lengths of steel angle cleat
bolted to the top flange of rafters and to columns. The figure

is illustrated of the bolted fixing

of steel angle purlines to cleats with a short length of cleat for fixing along the length of a purline
and a longer length of cleats to make connection and provide fixing at butt ends of purline
connections.
columns.

Similar angle section sheeting rails are bolted to cleats welded or bolted to