BKF 2423 Heat Transfer

Chapter 2-1:

CONDUCTION

One Dimensional Conduction

NH Hamidi

Chapter 2: Principles of Steady-State Heat Transfer in Conduction

1.

One-Dimensional Conduction Heat Transfer

2.

Combined Conduction and Convection and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

3.

Conduction with Internal Heat Generation

4.

Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder

Fouriers law of heat conduction

For heat conduction, rate equation is used to compute the amount of energy being transferred per unit time.

qx
dT
= -k
A
dx
Where:
qx = heat transfer rate in the x-direction (W)
A = cross-sectional area (m2)
k = thermal conductivity (W/m.K)
dT/dx = temperature gradient in the x direction
After
integration

qx
k
=
T1 - T2

A x -x
2
1

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier

(1768-1830)

Why does metal feel colder than wood, if they are both at the same
temperature?
Metal is a conductor, wood is an insulator. Metal conducts the heat away from your hands
quickly. Wood does not conduct the heat away from your hands as well as the metal, so the
wood feels warmer than the metal.

conductor
Insulator

Thermal Conductivity
Material

Thermal conductivity
(W/m K)*

Material

Thermal conductivity
(W/m K)*

Silver

406.0

Hydrogen at 0 C

0.14

Copper

385.0

Helium at 0 C

0.14

Brass

109.0

Oxygen

0.023

Aluminum

205.0

Snow (dry)

...

Iron

...

Fiberglass

0.04

Steel

50.2

Brick,insulating

0.15

Lead

34.7

Brick, red

0.6

Mercury

8.3

Cork board

0.04

Ice

1.6

Wool felt

0.04

Glass,ordinary

0.8

Rock wool

0.04

Concrete

0.8

Styrofoam

0.01

Water at 0 C

0.57

Wood

Asbestos

...

*From Young, Hugh D., University Physics, 7th Ed. Table 15-5.

Air at 0 C

0.12-0.04
0.024

Measure of
a materials
ability to
conduct
heat

Thermal Conductivity

One Dimensional Conduction

q
Where:
R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)

T1

T2
R

Electrical analogy Recall!

Current ( I) =

Voltage (V )
Re sis tan ce (R )

A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)

k = thermal conductivity of wall (W/m. K)
Dx = thickness of wall/slab (m)
T1,T2 = temperature at point 1 & 2, respectively (K)

Plane walls in series

Plane walls in series (Electrical analogy)

RA

RB

VA

RC

VB

qA

qB

RA

T1 = 100 C

VC

qC

RB

T2

RC

T3

T4 = 20 C

q
T1=100 C

T2 = 20 C

Exercise 1

T1

AA
A

T2

= I1 + I
= V

= V

+ I

2
3

AB

q
T3

T1 =T3

T4

q =qA +qB

T2 =T4

T 1 - T 2 ) (T 3 - T 4 )
(
q=
+
=
R

T1

RA

RB

T2

1
1
+

RB
R
A

T 1 - T 2

Where:
AA = area perpendicular to heat flow for wall A (m2)
q = total heat transfer rate (W)
qA = heat transfer rate for wall A (W)

Exercise 2,3

q=

ln

T2
T1

r1
L

(T 1 - T 2 ) = (T 1 - T 2 )

r2

r2
r

2 p kL
r
ln r 2
1

R =
2 p kL

R = heat transfer resistance (K/W)

A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2)

T1

T2

r1 = inside radius (m)

r2 = outside radius (m)
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)

T2

T1
R

The cross sectional area (A) normal to the heat flow:

The log mean area:

Exercise 4

For a single cylinder:

q=

(T 1 - T 2 ) = (T 1 - T 2 )
ln

r2
r

2 p kL

T2

T1
RA

T3
RB

For multilayers cylinder:

(T 1 - T 4 ) = (T 1 - T 4 )
q=
RA +RB +RC
R

T4
RC

where
R

r
ln r 2

2pk A L

r
ln r 3

2pk BL

RC =

r
ln r 4

2p k C L

Exercise 5

For a single sphere:

T2
T1

q=

(T 1 - T 2 )

1 1
r 1 r 2

(T 1 - T 2 )
R

4pk

T2

T1
R

Where:
A = area perpendicular to heat flow (m2) = 4pr2
r1 = inside radius (m)
r2 = outside radius (m)
T1,T2 = inside and outside temperature, respectively (K)

Exercise 6

To be continued.

Chapter 2 (Part 2) Combined Conduction & Convection, Conduction

with Internal Heat Generation, Critical Thickness of Insulation for a Cylinder