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Introduction

Wireless sensor network in collection of different sensor node, which is


used to sense the environment conditions or physical condition such as
vibration, temperature, pressure, sound, motion and pollutants in
environment. It is also known as wireless sensor and actuator networks
(WSAN). WSN is made of several node or hundreds or thousands of
node, where every node is associated to one (or sometimes many)
sensors node. These sensor node is an autonomous device which
contains communicating device, sensing devices and memory. Which
effectively exchange the data among multiple sensor nodes. WSN have
employed the medium access control protocol to co-ordinate the signal
transmission over the shared wireless radio channels. Otherwise,
multiple nodes may try to access the transmission medium
simultaneously, which leads to signals collision, data loss,
retransmission, wastage of energy, delay in data transmission and so on.

Fig.1 Architecture of wsn.

WSN have limited resources which is uses for computation,


communication bandwidth and to supply energy. These resources are
directly affecting the quality of services parameter such as packet
delivery, end to end delivery and energy consumption for sensor node.
Due to event driven nature of WSN, Resource Constraints, Many to one
communication, Topology arrangement of sensor node and high traffic
of sensor node create congestion in network.

Fig.2 Component of sensor node.


Mainly there are two type of congestion occurs in WSN Known as
buffer overflow and link collision. Buffer overflow occurs when
Buffer overflow occurs when a node receive data with higher data rate
as compared to his transmission rate in this case packet will be dropped.
And Link collision occurs when multiple node send a data
simultaneously at some point of time collision occur between the node.
Fig. 3a and 3b illustrate these congestion.

Fig- 3(a) Buffer overflows.

Fig. 3(b) Link collision.


The more recent networks are bi-directional, furthermore permitting
achieve of sensor attempt. The growth of wireless sensor networks used
to be encouraged via military purposes reminiscent of battlefield
surveillance; at present such networks are utilized in many industrial and
patron purposes, similar to industrial approach monitoring and
manipulate, desktop well-being monitoring, and many others.

Motivation:
Wireless sensor network have a limited resources such as power,
bandwidth, computing capability and storage space. Energy is the very
important in wsn because battery power is consumed it is difficult to
replace or charge exhausted batteries.
The bandwidth in a WSN is pretty low as compared to wired network
such as fiber optical networking.
Wireless sensor network uses wireless channel as transmission media for
data transmission, which suffer signals distortion and loss due to
attenuation, reflection, diffraction, scattering.
The hidden terminal problem indicates that carrier sense in wireless
networking may fail in avoiding collision. Carrier sense can result in
channel underutilization in wireless networking.
When two or more sensor nodes send a data to other nodes
simultaneously with same transmission medium, then there is chance of
collision between multiple signals at some point of time. To ensure
reliable data transmission retransmissions of data are occurs to recover
data from the collision. A collision result in wastage of energy,
Bandwidth and larger data loss occurs. In wired networking collision
can be detected easily by sent signal to received signals at sender side.
But in wireless sensor network, the signal sent from the sender is not
same as signals receive from the receiver due to signal loss or obstacles.

Objectives:

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